miles. There were besides 177 miles of private railroads. The Government lines cost £8,872 a mile, or altogether £14,186,452. The gross receipts in 1887 were £1,271,124, and the expenses £681,837. The Cape Parliament passed new railroad bills in the session that closed on Aug. 14, 1889. The various projects approved by the parliamentary committee on railroad extension and works involve an expenditure of £7,500,000, which must be obtained from London money-lenders. The works on the northern extension of the railroad from Kimberley to the border of the Transvaal Republic have been indefinitely postponed, and the Government has expended a considerable sum in improving the road to the Vaal river, in order to accommodate the traffic. The new railroads will connect the eastern and midland systems, a road will be built to the coal fields on the eastern border, and another will connect Simonstown on Simon's Bay, which is an important coaling station, with Cape Town. The Government is to purchase railroads from Worcester to Ashton and from Grahamstown to Kowie.

The Post-Office and Telegraphs.-The number of letters posted in 1887 was 7,435,968; of newspapers, 4,065,524.

The telegraph lines had a total length of 4,310 miles in the beginning of 1888. The messages in 1887 numbered 851,294. The receipts amounted to £54,205, and the expenses to £47,393.

Finances. The revenue for the year ending June 30, 1887, exclusive of £142,174 of loans, was £3,160,658, and the expenditure £3,332,907. In 1888 the receipts amounted to £3,426,254. A third of the revenue is derived from railroads, and another third from customs. Of the expenditure the public debt consumes one third, and the expenses of operating the railroads take one fifth. The debt of the colony on Jan. 1, 1888, amounted to £21,194,286, besides £1,323,716 for harbor improvements guaranteed by the Government. The public finances were in a more prosperous state in 1889 than they had been for a long series of years. The docks and fortifications at Table Bay, which have been built at the expense of the colony, will be completed in 1890. The Government has decided to extend the harbor works in order to afford shelter for the imperial navy and for passing vessels. In view of the fact that the British Government uses the repair docks at Table Bay, and that the Simon's Bay works are intended for naval and defensive purposes, and also that the extensive fortified harbors at the Cape of Good Hope are intended to hold the alternative naval route to India open in case of the closure of the Suez Canal, an equitable contribution was asked from the imperial treasury. The home Government, however, adhered to the rule followed in other colonies, that the local Government should construct all the defensive works and the Imperial Government provide the armaments. Money was voted also for dredging and other operations at East London so as to facilitate the great additional trade that is expected when the proposed railroads are completed. After remitting taxation to the extent of £270,000, the Prime Minister estimated the revenue for 1889-'90 at £3,889,000, and the expenditure at £3,787,000. The accounts for 1888-'89 showed

a surplus revenue of £400,000, which was utilized to cover the deficits of previous years.

Change of Governors.-Sir Hercules Robinson was the prime mover in the annexation of Bechuanaland and the extension of the sphere of British influence to the Zambesi; yet, far from agreeing with the advocates of an imperial policy who prevailed on the British Government to expel the Boer settlers from Bechuanaland in the hope of peopling the country with British colonists, he is regarded at the Cape as the embodiment of the idea of "Africa for the Afrikanders," and is anxious to have Bechuanaland transferred to colonial rule as soon as possible. On taking leave of absence for a visit to England, he defined in a notable speech the policy that he desired to represent if he continued in his post. From a very early period of my administration," he said, "I cast longing eyes upon the high, healthy, central plateau to the north of Cape Colony, which, as the gate to the interior of South and Central Africa, seemed to me of infinitely greater importance than the feverstricken mangrove swamps on the east coast or the sandy, waterless fringe on the west. I accordingly devoted my best efforts to the acquisition of that territory. For a time my advocacy was as the voice of one crying in the wilderness; but the ultimate result has been that instead of the Cape Colony being, as it were, hide-bound, and shut in on the north by a foreign power, we have to-day in that direction

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first, the Crown colony of British Bechuanaland, next the Bechuanaland protectorate, extending to the twenty-second degree of south latitude, and beyond it the exclusive sphere of British influence extending to the Zambesi. The true British policy for South Africa seems to me to be what may be termed colonialism through imperialism, in other words, colonial expansion through imperial aid, the home Government doing what the colonies can not do for themselves, having constitutionally no authority beyond their borders. There are three competing influences at work in South Africa. They are colonialism, republicanism, and imperialism. As for the last, it is a diminishing quantity, there being now no longer any permanent place in the future of South Africa for direct imperial rule on any large scale." He scouted the idea of a "South African India in the Kalihari," of a Governor-General "who is to administer, as in India, a system of personal, as distinguished from parliamentary rule, and round whom the several colonies and states are to rally." All the Imperial Government can do in South Africa, he thinks, is "by means of spheres of influence, protectorates, and Crown colonies, to gradually prepare the way for handing native territories over to the Cape and Natal so soon as such transfers can be made with justice to the natives and advantage to all concerned." The Cape Colonists had no cause to feel aggrieved, in his opinion, at the denial of their request for the annexation of British Bechuanaland; for the country is British, the trade route is secure, and the land is as available for every Cape Colonist who desires to purchase it at one shilling an acre as if it were already a part of the colony. The territory must sooner or later revert to the Cape, and meanwhile the British tax-payers are supporting the

burden of its administration and improvement. Colonialism and republicanism are the forces that are contending for future supremacy, and in the contest British colonialism is heavily handicapped by what the Governor calls "the well-meant, but mistaken interference of irresponsible and ill-informed persons in England," whose meddling is injurious in the long run to the natives," while it makes every resident in the republics, English as well as Dutch, rejoice in their independence, and converts many a colonist from an imperialist into a republican." Sir Hercules Robinson's remarkable speech, which stirred the indignation of a strong section of the Tory party in England, rendered impossible his return, and made it difficult for the Imperial Government to find a suitable man to succeed him. The Governor left for England on May 1, leaving the question of his return or retirement open until he had expounded his views to the British Government. His programme being rejected, he gave in his resignation, which was accepted at once. The entire press of Cape Colony applauded the sentiments of Sir Hercules Robinson. The imperialist party at the Cape, which was composed of English merchants and speculators who hoped for material advantages through the patronage of the Imperial authorities, has practically ceased to exist. On motion of the Prime Minister, both houses of Parliament unanimously passed a resolution expressing regret that the Governor's resignation had been accepted, and the hope and belief that the future policy of the Imperial Government would be in accordance with the views that he had enunciated, which were held by a vast majority of the people, "as a divergence from them would be detrimental to the interests of South Africa and of the Empire." After Sir Hercules Robinson's retirement from the governorship, the office was offered to several persons, and the Government was almost driven to the alternative of sending Sir Hercules Robinson back on his own terms, namely, that South Africa should be allowed to work out its own political future without English interference. Finally Sir Henry Loch, the popular Governor of Victoria, was induced to accept the posts of Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner of South Africa. Until his arrival, shortly before the end of the year, General Smyth acted as administrator of Cape Colony.

Customs and Railway Convention.-Delegates from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State met early in 1889 at Bloemfontein to discuss the extension of railroads into the Free State and a customs convention. The delegates of the Cape and of the Orange Free State insisted on the scheme of a customs union adopted at a conference at Cape Town between the Colony and the Republic in 1888, and since ratified by the two legislatures. The Natal delegates were unable to agree to that basis of discussion, as the people of Natal desired to continue the low rates of duty that have given them an advantage in the trade with the Dutch republics and the native communities, especially in view of the existing commercial prosperity and growth of revenue. They therefore withdrew from the conference on the understanding that Natal might come in later if she should so choose.

After the withdrawal of Natal the Cape and Free State representatives revised the convention in accordance with the interests of their own governments irrespective of Natal. The conference separated on March 28. The customs union between the Cape and the Free State went into operation in July. The railroad from Orange river to Bloemfontein is expected to be opened for traffic before the end of 1890. It will probably be extended eventually to the Vaal, through Johannesburg to Pretoria, and thence into the gold regions beyond the boundaries of the Transvaal The extension from Colesberg to Orange river, authorized in the session of 1888, was completed and opened for traffic in June. The continuation of the railroad to Bloemfontein had been authorized by the Orange Free State Volksraad in May. The line is being constructed by the Cape Government at the cost of the Free State. The Cape Government was deterred by protests of the South African Republic from proceeding with the construction of the northern extension authorized in 1888 from Kimberley to the Vaal river. President Krüger opposes this railroad not merely because he wishes to establish independent communications with the sea, but in order to prevent the British, in the event of another war, from putting down a force of regulars on the Transvaal frontier at the first outbreak of hostilities. The Natal Government pushed forward its railroad system to the borders of both republics.

Natal. The maritime British colony on the east coast of South Africa possesses representative government under the amended charter of 1879. It is not ready to undertake the rights and duties of responsible government, which would throw upon it the burden and risk of defending its borders against the savage peoples on the frontiers. Negotiations on this subject are pending between the colonial and home governments. It is proposed to annex Zululand to the colony, with guarantees for protection of the rights of the Caffres and the reservation of land for their occupation.

The Governor is assisted in the administration by an Executive Council, composed of the Chief Justice, the officer commanding the imperial forces, the Treasurer, Attorney-General, and Secretary for Native Affairs of the Colony, the Colonial Engineer, and two nominated members. The Legislative Council, which shares the lawmaking power, under an act passed by the British Parliament in 1883, consists of thirty members, of whom 7 are nominated by the Crown and 23 elected by the counties and boroughs. The present Governor, who is also Governor of Zululand, is Sir Arthur Elibank Havilock, appointed in October, 1885.

The total population in 1887 was 477,100, consisting of 35,866 Europeans, 32,312 East Indians, and 408,922 natives. The European population has increased by 50 per cent., the Indian population by 100 per cent., and the native population by 32 per cent. since 1879. Durban, the capital, had 16,943 inhabitants on July 31, 1887, and Pietermaritzburg 15,767.

The imports by sea in 1887 amounted to £2,263,920, and the exports to £1,056,959. The main part of the exports, especially wool, which constitutes nearly half of the total, are the

produce of the neighboring Dutch republics, which absorb about one third of the imports. The export of gold during six months of 1888 was £191,439. The export of sugar from Natal declined nearly half between 1881 and 1887. The tonnage entered and cleared at the seaports in 1887 was 466,791. The principal crops are sugar and grain. Of the total area of the colony 2,000,000 acres are reserved for the natives, 8,000,000 acres have been sold to Europeans, and 2,778,000 acres remain the property of the Crown. There are large coal fields, as yet undeveloped, in the northern part of the colony, and iron ore of good quality has been found in their vicinity. Silver ore was discovered in 1889, near Greytown. Trade has grown rapidly since the gold discoveries in Witwatersrand. The returns for the first half of the year 1889 show an advance of one third in both imports and exports on the trade for 1888.

The revenue of the colony in 1887 was £816,680, and the expenditure £363,154, not reckoning £104,575 expended on public works and defrayed by loans. Next to customs, which yielded £231,411 in 1887, the largest source of revenue is the native hut tax, producing in that year £73,273. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1887, amounted to £4,035,126. During the six months ending June 30, 1888, the receipts of the Treasury from ordinary sources amounted to £205,034 and the disbursements to £363,154. There was a surplus of £431,000 at the end of 1888. The revenue for 1889 was estimated at £1,200,000, exceeding the estimated expenditure by £172,000. The increase in the revenue is chiefly due to the Transvaal gold fields, and in order to develop that trade as much as possible the Natal Government hastened to extend the railroads.

The length of the lines in operation on Jan. 1, 1888, was 220 miles.

The Legislative Council in the session closing on March 22, 1889, authorized the extension of the system to the Free State and Transvaal borders. The Natal Governinent has contracted to build the Free State railroad as far as Harrismith, where the Republic will collect duties from July 1, 1889. The line to the Transvaal border is expected to reach Newcastle before the end of 1890, and Coldstream a year later. The Legistive Council sanctioned bills for raising £1,500,000 by a loan, for building the railroads.

The Legislative Council was convened again in April to consider the question of joining the Cape and Free State conventions. The Natal delegates at the Bloemfontein Conference had taken part in framing the railroad convention, and to this the Council gave its adherence. The Governor negotiated for a compromise after the dissolution of the conference without being able to obtain terms that were considered satisfactory for Natal. The Colonial Secretary therefore concurred with the resolve of the Council to adhere to a free-trade policy. The railroads are expected to support the Government of Natal without taxation, and, with Durban a free port, the merchants of Natal hope to monopolize the trade of the interior. The alliance between Cape Colony and the Free State was condemned as an unholy one, taxing other parts of South Africa for the benefit of the two governments. On May 7 the Legislative Council unanimously de

clined to join in the Bloemfontein convention, and approved the proposal of the Natal delegates in favor of imposing a transit duty of 5 per cent. The import duties were reduced to a uniform rate of 5 per cent. ad valorem, the free list was enlarged by the addition of timber and other articles, and the Governor was empowered to make special reductions at his discretion on goods going to the interior. The new duties went into operation immediately. The Cape Parliament, in adopting the convention tariff, conferred on the Government similar powers of granting rebates in order to place Cape merchants on an equality with those of Natal. The Natal Government asked the colonial authorities in England to veto the convention, on the ground that it was injurious to the interests of Natal, and received a reply from Lord Knutsford refusing to disallow the customs union, which Natal had the opportunity to join but declined.

Zululand. The entire Amazulu Kingdom was formally incorporated in the British Empire by proclamation on May 14, 1887. Its area is about 8,000 square miles. The population has greatly decreased as the result of wars and consequent famines. There are no returns regarding the number of Zulus remaining. The proclamation of British sovereignty was not followed by any attempt to set up an effective government. Usibepu, a protégé of the English and rival king, who had been driven from Zululand by the Usutus or adherents of the dynasty, and was replaced in power over a part of the country under the settlement of 1887, was emboldened to plunder the partisans of Dinizulu, the son of Cetewayo and inheritor of his father's royal dignity in the eyes of the Zulus, upon which Dinizulu collected his warriors to attack the followers of Usibepu. British troops put an end to the feud, and Dinizulu fled to the Transvaal. He surrendered himself after the arrest of his uncle Undabuko and others of his chiefs, and was placed under arrest on the charge of murder, which was afterward withdrawn, on Nov. 15, 1888, the day after his arrival in Pietermaritzburg. A special court was held at Etshowe, which passed severe sentences on all members of the Usutu party that were brought before it. Dinizulu appealed against a warrant transferring him from Natal to the jurisdiction of this tribunal, which tried. his generals Undabuko and Tshingana and himself on the charge of high treason, and on April 27, 1889, found them guilty and sentenced them to fifteen, twelve, and ten years' imprisonment respectively. The court-house was surrounded by a military guard to prevent a popular rising when the sentence was delivered, and the court at once adjourned on disposing of the case. Usibepu was afterward brought before a magistrate for a murder that had been committed during the troubles. The charge was dismissed, but the Governor was not satisfied with this disposal of the case, and ordered a further investigation. The harsh sentences passed upon Dinizulu and his friends, the unequal treatment of Usibepu, and the dissatisfaction prevailing among the Zulus impelled the Aborigines' Protection Society and other friends of the natives to press for justice and mercy to the chiefs under sentence, a satisfactory apportionment of lands among the Zulus, and a readjudication of the rival claims

of the Usutus and their enemies. The garrison of British regulars kept in Zululand after the disturbances of 1888 numbered 1,000 men.

Bechuanaland.-The Crown colony of British Bechuanaland extends north of Cape Colony along the western frontier of the South African Republic, being bounded on the north and west by the Molopo river. West of the Crown colony the Bechuanaland protectorate extends over the Kalahari Desert to 20° east longitude, and north of it as far as 22° south latitude. The total area of both sections is 162,000 square miles. The Crown colony was annexed by proclamation in 1885, in accordance with a convention concluded with the South African Republic in 1884. It then contained 44,135 inhabitants. The area is about 45,000 square miles. Only a part of it is fertile, and only one third of the surface is populated. The European element, both British and Dutch, is gaining upon the native population, which has declined not only relatively but absolutely since the British annexation. The European settlers pay no attention to agriculture, depending by preference on the chance gains of transport riding. The native farmers are more industrious, but improvident. Large profits have been made by traders in buying grain from the natives at low prices and after a few months selling it back to them at much dearer rates. There is a large contraband traffic in brandy, which the Caffres help to conceal. Cattle-stealing, though still common, is being gradually stamped out. Freebooting," or the unauthorized occupation of land, has ceased, and in consequence the border police force was reduced from 500 men to 350; but in 1889 it was again increased. The cost of administration exceeds the receipts both in the colony and the protectorate. The total expense of Bechuanaland up to 1889 has amounted to £1,500,000. In 1886 the revenue was £6,700, and the expenditure, including £84,253 for police, was £110,000. In 1887 the revenue was £9,690, and the expenditure £105,650, of which £79,000 was for police. In 1888 the expenditure exceeded the revenue by £66,000, of which £59,929 represents the police expenses. The chief sources of revenue are the tax of 10s. per annum on every native hut, and 10s. on each wife of a native. The post-office does not pay its expenses, notwithstanding a large demand for the stamps among foreign collectors.

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The Grobelaar-Khama incident was adjudicated by the Imperial Government on the report of an investigation on the spot conducted by Sir Sidney Shippard, Deputy Commissioner for the Bechuanaland Protectorate, within the borders of which the attack on the Boer command by Khama's men took place. Sir Hercules Robinson had rejected a proposition of the Transvaal Government to refer the difficulty to the arbitration of the President of the French republic or the President of the United States. The investigation was begun on the Limpopo river in January, 1889. Gen. Joubert was present as commissioner for the South African Republic. The dispute was referred, after the evidence was collected, to the decision of Sir J. H. de Villiers. It was shown that Grobelaar was not a freebooter, but an accredited consul of the South African Republic returning to his own country, and

without entering into the question of the disputed boundary, the arbitrator decided that £200 should be paid by Khama annually to Grobelaar's widow as compensation.

The discussion of the future destiny of Bechuanaland has caused bad blood between the dominant Dutch party and the jealous advocates in England and in South Africa of British supremacy. The latter, represented by a South African committee, propose to preserve Bechuanaland and the regions beyond as a Crown colony and a field for British emigrants, who would act as a counterpoise to the anti-English population of Cape Colony as well as of the republics. The Afrikander Bond retorted with a demand for the immediate incorporation of Bechuanaland in Cape Colony. The Cape Government has twice refused to take over the administration, and when finally it offered proposals to that end, the Imperial Government announced its determination to retain the charge of the country.

Bechuanaland has an elevation of from four to five thousand feet above the sea-level. Although much sickness prevails among the natives, it is due to poverty and unsanitary conditions of life. The country is considered healthful for Europeans. The land is adapted for cultivating maize and raising cattle. Corn, wool, hides, cattle, and wood are exported, and experiments are being made in the cultivation of tobacco. There is a telegraph line from Barkly West to Mafeking, the commercial center of the country. The seat of the administration is at Vryburg, the capital of the suppressed Boer Republic of Stellaland.

Matabeleland.--The sphere of British influence embraces the half of Khama's country that is not included in the protectorate and Matabeleland, extending from the Limpopo to the Zambesi. This region, which was declared subject to British influence in 1888, is bounded on the west by the twentieth degree of east latitude, and on the east by the Portuguese colony of Sofala. The entire area is 240,000 square miles. This includes Mashonaland, over which the Portuguese claim suzerain rights by virtue of treaties with former native rulers. In answer to a protest against the assertion of British claims over this region, the High Commissioner, in March, 1889, conveyed the information to the Portuguese authorities that Mashonaland, being under the rule of Lobengula, is within the sphere of British influence. The Transvaal Boers lay claim to a protectorate over Lobengula's country under a treaty with Moselikatze, whom they drove over the Limpopo out of his former country fifty years ago. This claim the British Government treats with indifference, and the Government of the South African Republic does not venture to insist upon it. The frontier Boers, however, many of whom have sold their farms to English mining speculators, covet the lands across the Limpopo, and are not likely to be restrained by interdicts of the British or of their own Government, if they can muster commandos strong enough to cope with the forces of Lobengula. In order to forestall the Boers and the Portuguese and establish a colorable claim to the most promising auriferous region in Africa, the British authorities encouraged the efforts of mining speculators to get a foothold in Loben

gula's country. The High Commissioner gave a provisional consent to a concession obtained by a man named Rudd, acting for Cecil Rhodes and his associates in the De Beers Mine, whereby Lobengula granted to the syndicate exclusive mineral rights in all parts of his dominions excepting the Tati district, in consideration of an annual payment of £1,260 and a present of 1,000 Martini rifles, 100,000 rounds of ammunition, and a gunboat. The same reasons of public policy that led Sir Hercules Robinson to approve these negotiations caused the British Government later, when its position in Matabeleland was more secure, to open Lobengula's eyes to the insufficiency of the consideration for so vast a monopoly and to prompt him to repudiate the bargain. A flaw was discovered in the formalities that attended the grant, and on the ground that only two chiefs were present instead of the full council of indunas mentioned in the concession, and that there was no qualified interpreter to explain its import, the Matabele King demanded the return of the instrument. In the spring of 1889 Lobengula sent two of his chief indunas as envoys to England to ascertain the power of his protectors and to devise a scheme for the protection of his country against the enemies threatening it, with the help of the British. In May there were rumors of an expedition of seven or eight hundred Boers from the Transvaal, the Orange river territory, and Cape Colony, who intended to found new homes in a hilly district, salubrious and rich in game, where there were no black inhabitants, not far from the Zambesi. On Oct. 29, 1889, a charter, resembling in scope and character that of the old East India Company, was granted to the Duke of Abercorn, the Duke of Fife, and Albert Grey, directors for life, and others, among them Lord Gifford and Cecil Rhodes, forming the British South Africa Company, which is endowed with absolute control over the British protectorate and the regions beyond, as far as it may wish in the future to extend its operations. The company is empowered to establish civil government, to raise a force of police, to grant concessions for banks, railways, docks, telegraphs, etc., to hoist the British flag in its territories and on its vessels, to control the traffic in spirits, to enforce game laws, and in general to exercise all political and legislative authority. The British Government reserves the right to resume the public powers delegated to the company at the end of twentyfive years. The territory over which the company's principal field of operations extends has received the name of British Zambesia, comprising the Bechuanaland protectorate and the country occupied by Khama, Lobengula, and the Mashonas. The grantees who obtained rights over the Tati district from Lobengula in 1880 claim the right of autonomous administration. British Zambesia is said to be not only fabulously rich in gold, but to contain abundant deposits of half a dozen other metals. The forests are full of elephants and large game, and between the wooded hills are fertile valleys where grain and other agricultural products thrive with the easiest cultivation. Unfailing streams and the absence of the tsetse fly make the country valuable for stock-raising, and the climate is very favorable for European colonization. Whether the

company can reap the advantages of its extraordinary political and commercial privileges will depend on the disposition of Lobengula, whose jurisdiction over his hereditary dominions is not taken account of in the charter, but who has an army of 15,000 highly trained and valiant warriors.

Swaziland. By the convention entered into at London with Portugal and the Transvaal in 1884, Great Britain bound herself not to establish any political control over Swaziland or Tongaland, and exacted an engagement to the same effect from the Transvaal Republic and from Portugal in regard to Swaziland. Both governments sent commissioners to delimit the Portuguese territory of Delagoa Bay from Swaziland and Independent Tongaland. The British Government recently sent a political mission to Tongaland to augment its prestige, but was precluded by the treaty from establishing a protectorate over that country, nor would it suffer the Portuguese Government, which exercises direct sovereignty over a part of the dominions of the Queen of Amatonga, to take the rest under its protection. The queen was impelled to pray for the protection first of England and then of Portugal by the sight of the fate of Swaziland. This country, lying west of the Lebombo mountains, 8,000 square miles in extent, is inhabited by about 60,000 natives, who form one of the most civilized branches of the Caffre race, and have become, since the discovery of gold, the prey of British adventurers who are beyond direct control of the British authorities. The king has not been able to exercise any degree of authority over the whites, numbering not more than 600, and the real power has been exercised by the white faction that happened for the time being to have the ear of the drunken tyrant. The cliques of Stoffel Tausen and of Ferreira, which were formerly uppermost, have been displaced through English influence, and a former official, Mr. Shepstone, has acted practically, though not in name, as British resident at King Umbandine's kraal, and has with some success kept freebooting Boers from acquiring the pastoral lands. Yet under the auspices of Shepstone, as chief adviser of the king, and a council of fifteen whites under his presidency, traders and miners have exploited the country without restraint. The entire surface of the kingdom has been divided into mining concessions. The king was induced to grant licenses and monopolies of all kinds, and even to sign away his revenues. Finally he determined to get rid of his false friends. The Shepstone party threatened the intervention of British troops, and with every artifice intrigued to retain their position. Umbandine turned to the Boers, and when ill and not expecting to live was on the point of making Gen. Krüger guardian to his son and heir. At last he dismissed Shepstone and appointed a man named Miller in his place as chief adviser. A request of the king for a British protectorate was refused by Sir Arthur Havelock. The Transvaal Government, which was likewise precluded by treaty engagements from annexing the country or establishing a protectorate, offered to assume the government of the whites in Swaziland, guaranteeing the king full independence and a recognition of all legal rights granted by him. Col.