ductor of Prince Alexander, who has since lived in Russia and organized the conspiracies of Bourgas, Silistria, and Rustchuk for the overthrow of the Bulgarian Government. The Bulgarian authorities, in order to diminish the danger of the plottings of banished conspirators in communication with malcontents at home, issued a decree requiring caution-money from Bulgarians going abroad. Ex-Ministers Radoslavoff and Ivantchoff, chiefs of the regular Opposition and probable successors of the Stambuloff ministry, published in their newspaper, the " Narodni Prava," a telegram sent to Prince Ferdinand, complaining of compulsion put upon voters by Stambuloff's officials during the last elections. For this they were tried and condemned on April 8 to a year's imprisonment for libeling. the Premier and insulting the sovereign, but appealed from the decision of the court. In August, the semi-official Plodiv" in Philippopolis, raised the question of the proclamation of Bulgarian independence, and committees were formed to work for this end and for the formal recognition of Prince Ferdinand by the powers. From London and Vienna Stambuloff received remonstrances against this perilous movement, and in consequence he disavowed the committees and put a stop to the agitation. The Bulgarian Government made earnest representations to the Porte to induce it to recognize Prince Ferdinand, an object that has the moral support of the English and Austrian governments, but is firmly resisted by Russia. Count Kálnoky at first disapproved the intention which the Porte is said to have formed to issue a circular note to the powers, inviting them to concur in the union of Bulgaria with Eastern Roumelia and in the formal recognition of Prince Ferdinand. After the Servian elections, however, the Austrian official press urged the Porte to persevere in its purpose. Prince Ferdinand left Bulgaria in October, taking the unusual step of nominating Stambuloff as Regent, as though he might not return. He was at Munich during the Czar's visit in Berlin, and Prince Bismarck is said to have made overtures to the Czar for a meeting and reconciliation with the Prince, but without success. While Ferdinand was absent, Prince Dolgorukoff appeared in Sofia, and attempted with lavish use of money to organize a revolutionary movement, but was expelled.

Postal Convention with Turkey.—Turkish and Bulgarian delegates signed a postal convention on April 29. The Ottoman Government agreed to satisfactory postal and telegraphic connections, and withdrew the annoying refusal to recognize Bulgarian stamps on letters mailed from places in Eastern Roumelia. The Turkish officials often lacked the geographical and linguistic knowledge that would enable them to distinguish such letters, and therefore the order to charge double postage on South Bulgarian letters as though they bore no stamps was not universally observed. The Porte, in recognizing Bulgarian postage stamps as valid in South Bulgaria, performed an act of neighborly good will without yielding its reservations on the political question of the amalgamation of the two Bulgarias. On this account the convention was concluded without any official formalities.

Suppression of Brigandage.—Brigandage has been stamped out except on the Macedonian frontier, where the robbers have been able to escape the pursuit of the Bulgarian military and obtain refuge and succor from their friends in the Turkish dominions. Recently the Turkish authorities have loyally co-operated with the Bulgarians. In the early months of 1889 they conducted a systematic hunt, and broke up a band nearly every week. At Serres, a band led by the dangerous outlaw Ilia was destroyed, and near Drama a larger company containing some of the robbers who had captured the railroad officials at Bellova. In the same district a troop of twenty-seven individuals was surrounded and captured. The Rilo band, which carried on its depredations in the vicinity of Bellova, was broken up by the Bulgarian authorities, but not before they had threatened to expel the monks of Rilo, who sheltered the bandits, and to tear down their monastery. Five robbers, of whom four were brothers, were sentenced to death by a court-martial, and two to imprisonment. These men pretended to be working in the interest of Russia. Two noted robbers-Yako and Omerthe latter a Mohammedan, were captured on Turkish soil, and handed over to be tried by court-martial for crimes committed in Bulgaria. Several young men of the town of Dupnitza were taken by the gendarmes as they were about to seek the Turkish frontier to recruit the band of the robber chief Kosta Gurdshuklia.

CALIFORNIA, a Pacific-coast State, admitted to the Union in 1850; area, 158,360 square miles; population, according to the last decennial census (1880), 864,694; capital, Sacra

mento.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, R. W. Waterman, Republican; Lieutenant-Governor ex officio, Stephen M. White, President pro tem. of the Senate; Secretary of State, W. C. Hendricks; Comptroller, John P. Dunn; Treasurer, Adam Herold; Attorney-General, George A. Johnson; Surveyor-General, Theodore Reichert; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Ira G. Hoitt;

State Engineer, William H. Hall; Railroad Commissioners, A. Abbott, P. J. White, J. W. Rea; Insurance Commissioner, J. N. E. Wilson: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, W. H. Beatty; Associate Justices, J. D. Thornton, John D. Works; J. R. Sharpstein, Jackson Temple, (who resigned in May, and was succeeded on June 25 by

Charles N. Fox, by appointment of the Governor), A. Van R. Patterson, T. B. McFarland.

Finances.-The State Treasurer reports a balance in the treasury on July 1, 1886, of $1,103,680.87: the total receipts for the year ensuing were $5,454,419.97, and the total expenditures for the same time $5,243,430.89, leaving a bal

The legislation includes an unusual number of acts establishing new institutions. The sum of $350,000 was appropriated for constructing a new asylum in Southern California, to be known as the South California State Hospital for the Insane. Another asylum was established at Ukiah, Mendocino County, to be called the Mendicino Insane Asylum; and provision was made for the levy of a special tax to raise $175,000 in each of the years 1890 and 1891 for the purchase of land and for building. At Ione City, Amador County, was established the Preston School of Industry for Youthful Criminals, and $160,000 was appropriated for land and buildings. At Los Angeles the State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders was established, with a construction fund of $200,000. The sum of $170,000 was appropriated for a site and buildings for the California Home for FeebleMinded Children. Other appropriations were as follow: For completing the Normal School buildings at Chico, $40,000; for erecting buildings at the State Home for the Adult Blind, $155,000; for additional buildings at the Hospital for the Chronic Insane at Agnew's, $205,000 for building and furnishing the Home for Soldiers' Widows and Orphans and Army Nurses, $25,000; for constructing two infirmaries at the Napa Asylum for the Insane, $28,000; for buildings at the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Asylum, $79,500; for improvements in and about the State Capitol, $63,370. The total amount to be raised by taxation of property was fixed for 1889 as follows: For the General fund, $4,822,970; for the School fund, $1,893,500; for the Grammar-School Course fund, $75,000; for the Interest and Sinking fund, $200,000. For 1890 the general fund levy is $3,199,040; the figures for the other funds are the same, and for the special Mendocino Insane Asylum fund, $175,000 is added. Other acts of the session are collected below.

Changing the time for the meeting of presidential electors to the second Monday of January. [But this conflicts with the Constitution of the United States.Editor.]

Enlarging the duties of the State Board of Horticulture, and requiring annual reports.

Punishing seduction under promise of marriage by imprisonment for not more than five years, or by a fine of not more than $5,000, or both. A subsequent marriage of the parties is a bar to prosecution for the offense.

Providing for changing the boundaries of irrigation districts.

Imposing a penalty for fraudulently obtaining registration of cattle or other animals.

Directing the Surveyor-General to direct and establish by survey the eastern boundary of the State, near Lake Tahoe, adjoining Nevada, and inviting the cooperation of the latter State.

Declaring that any person who obtains food or accommodation at an inn. or boarding-house without paying therefor, with intent to defraud the proprietor or manager thereof, or who obtains credit at an inn or boarding-house by the use of any false pretense, or who, after obtaining credit or accommodation, absconds and removes his baggage, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Adding the 9th day of September to the list of legal holidays.

Providing that streams not navigable may be declared public highways for the floating of logs and

timber.

Allowing towns, cities, or counties to establish a fund to provide pensions or benefits for the relief of aged, infirm, or disabled firemen.

Creating the county of Orange out of the southeastern part of Los Angeles County.

Authorizing the Governor to proceed with an investigation of the State Prison authorities, at the expense of the State.

Depriving cities and counties of the management of their public parks, by providing that all local boards of park commissioners in such places shall be appointed by the Governor, and regulating their duties.

Amending and revising the public-school law.

Providing for the burial at public expense of exUnion soldiers, sailors, and marines, if they die without means to defray such expenses.

Granting to the United States certain tide-lands in Humboldt Bay to enable the Government to construct a breakwater and otherwise to improve the bay. Imposing a penalty for the capture or destruction of blue crane, and for destroying the visit of any white or blue crane.

Providing for the appointment, in any county where it is deemed advisable by the county authorities, of a sheep commissioner, who shall seek to prevent or eradicate contagious diseases among sheep. Raising the age of consent in girls from ten to fourteen years.

Appropriating $100,000 to be used as a fund for the purchase of jute for the State prisons, said fund to be maintained by reimbursement out of the proceeds of the sale of manufactured goods.

Appropriating $2,000 to enable the fish commissioners to import into the State, and to distribute for purposes of propagation, certain game birds, and providíng a penalty for destroying such birds. the Bay of San Diego, and giving Establishing a Board of Harbor Commissioners for control of the harbor, wharves, and shipping of that bay. Providing for publication by the State of an elementary book on civil government, to be used in the common schools in connection with other text-books heretofore issued by the State.

Providing for the formation of reclamation districts, for the purpose of reclaiming large tracts of swamp or overflowed land.

Authorizing the creation of bonded indebtedness by counties.

Imposing a penalty for furnishing intoxicating liquor to any person who is addicted to the inordinate use of such liquors, provided the person furnishing the liquor has been notified of the intemperate habits of

the other.

Providing for a commission to examine the rivers and harbors of the State, and to report plans for rectifying and improving them.

Oakland, Stockton, and San Diego.
Granting charters to the cities of Los Angeles,

Assenting to the act of Congress establishing agricultural experiment stations in the several States, and designating the State University as the beneficiary.

Recognizing the Veteran's Home at Yountville as a State home for disabled veterans, and designating it as beneficiary under the act of Congress providing aid for such homes.

Education. For the school years ending in 1887 and 1888 the Superintendent of Public In

comes from the Fresno district. The year is notable for being the first in which shipments have been made to Europe, the goods being sold in London.

The vintage of 1888 is estimated at 17,000,000 gallons, distributed among the counties as follows: Napa, 3,000,000 gallons; Sonoma, 2,500,000; Santa Clara and Santa Cruz, 2,000,000; Alameda and Contra Costa, 1,500,000; San Joaquin, 300,000; Fresno, 2,200,000; Los Angeles and south, 3,000,000; Sacramento and north, 1,500,000; other counties, 1,500,000. Of this amount at least 4,000,000 will be distilled, producing about 600,000 gallons of brandy. The balance of 13,000,000 gallons will consist of dry and sweet wines. During the past year over 7,000,000 gal lons have been exported, and there was a home consumption of five or six million gallons.

Farms. After a careful examination and numerous inquiries the Governor finds that the average of the holdings of land in the State is as high as 300 acres. Of less than 36,000 farms there are more than 2,500 that have more than 1,000 acres each. The percentage of farms amounting from 500 to 1,000 acres in extent is higher than in any other State.

Mining. It is estimated that California's mining industry will show an increase for the year of more than $3,000,000 over the year 1887. This is largely due to the increased attention being paid to mining in Nevada, Placer, and Amador counties, where the interest has received considerable attention from foreign capital. The Los Burros district, in Monterey County, is coming rapidly to the front as a bullion producer. In the mines

in Alameda and San Bernadino counties a fine quality of coal is being mined. The output of copper has largely increased during the year; many small mines in Arizona and Nevada have helped to swell the sum total.

The receipts of treasure at the port of San Francisco by Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express during the twelve months ending Dec. 31, 1888, were as follow: From the interior, $20,983,483; from the north coast, 529,181; from Mexico (west coast), $1,353,467; total, $22.866,131.

Decision.-The State Supreme Court, in May, 1889, in the case of Central Irrigation District vs. De Lappe, rendered a decision similar to that rendered, in 1888, in Turlock Irrigation District vs. Williams, but covering additional questions affecting the validity of the Wright irrigation law of 1887. The court affirms its former decision favorable to the constitutionality of the act, and, by settling other minor questions, renders procedure under it safe and practicable. Up to the beginning of 1889, only four districts had been organized under this law, and only two had actually issued bonds; but it is believed that this decision will lead to a great increase in the number of organized districts.

CANADA, DOMINION OF. See DOMINION OF CANADA.

CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. The Cape of Good Hope is a British colony in South Africa. The Legislative Council is composed of 22 members, elected for seven years, and the House of Assembly of 76 members, elected for five years, including 2 representatives of the Transkeian territories admitted to seats under an act of 1887. The right of suffrage belongs to

adult male citizens paying rent of £50 or receiving an annual salary of at least that amount. The number of voters registered in 1888 was 70,300. The Governor of the Cape of Good Hope from 1880 till 1889 was Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, who had previously been Governor of New South Wales and of New Zealand. He was succeeded, on Aug. 1, by Sir Henry Brougham Loch, who was attached to Lord Elgin's mission to China in 1857-'60, having served in the army in India and the Crimea, and was Governor of Victoria from 1884 till he received his present appointment.

The executive power, except in imperial matters, rests mainly with the Cape ministry, since responsible government was conferred on the colony in 1872. The Premier and Treasurer of the colony is Sir J. Gordon Sprigg.

Area and Population. The area of Cape Colony, including 14,511 square miles in the annexed territories, is 213,917 square miles. The estimated population of Cape Colony proper in 1887 was 1,001,096. Including the dependencies, Transkei, East Griqualand, and Tembuland, the total population was 1,377,213. The white population does not exceed 350,000. The capital, Cape Town, had 70,000 inhabitants in 1888. The number of marriages in 1887 was 5,017. Government immigration was stopped in 1886. The net adult arrivals in 1887 were 621.

Commerce. The total value of imports of merchandise in 1887 was £5,036,135, and of exports, including diamonds, £7,719,385. The exports of wool were £1,674,931; ostrich feathers, £365,587; hides and skins, £366,660; copper ore, £577,053; Angora hair, £268,446; wine, £18,928; diamonds, £4,242,470. The colony had 1,260,000 head of cattle, 13,100,000 sheep, and 4,230,000 goats in 1888. About 5,586,608 gallons of wine and 1,390,052 gallons of brandy were produced in that year. Some of the wine districts have suffered greatly from the ravages of the phylloxera, and the services of a French expert have been engaged to combat the plague, Parliament having voted a considerable sum to carry out his recommendations. Trade has been stimulated by the development of gold mining in the Transvaal. Every branch of industry has recovered from the late commercial depression. The trade returns for the quarter ending March 31, 1889, showed an increase of ten per cent. in the imports, and of twenty-four per cent. in the exports over the corresponding period of 1887. Independent of the Transvaal gold fields, the increased value of the exports for 1888-'89 over the preceding year exceeded £1,000,000. The recovery of material prosperity, which is marked throughout South Africa, is largely due to the improvement in the wool and agricultural industries. The export of gold from South Africa, which was £69,543 in 1885, was nearly £1,000,000 in 1888, and for the first quarter of 1889 at the rate of £1,200,000 a year.

The number of vessels entered in 1887 was 629, of 848,018 tons, exclusive of coasting vessels, which numbered 1,216, of 1,875,622 tons. The number of vessels cleared for foreign ports was 601, of 818,062 tons, and coastwise 1,231, of 1,890,000 tons.

Railroads.-The Government railroad lines at the end of 1887 had a total length of 1,599