1848, when he was elected a Deputy. Though he had voted with the Orleanists, Louis Napoleon made him Minister of Commerce and Agriculture in 1849. At the end of that year he resigned with Odilon Barrot. He took a prominent part in 1850 in getting a law passed to restrict the suffrage, and in 1851 he returned to office, but resigned with the rest of the Cabinet six months afterward because Louis Napoleon proposed to repeal this act. After the coup d'état he retired from politics until 1864, when he was elected to the Corps Législatif, in which he took his seat with the Moderate Opposition. When Napoleon III turned for refuge to the Liberals in 1870 and appointed a Cabinet with Émile Ollivier at the head, M. Buffet accepted the portfolio of Finance, which he resigned, however, when the Emperor determined to appeal to a plébiscite, upsetting, in his view, the basis of the parliamentary system. After the war M. Buffet sat with the Right Center, the Orleanists, and in April, 1873, was elected President of the National Assembly, in succession to Jules Grévy. Retaining this post till the Assembly was dissolved, he actively and effectively aided the Reactionaries in their plans for forcing President Thiers to resign. In March, 1875, after he had accepted the republic, he became Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior in a Moderate Cabinet containing both Republicans and Royalists. He had disagreements with M. Dufaure and Léon Say in the Cabinet, and gave such offense to the people by the harsh measures that he took as Minister of the Interior and by his reactionary spirit and disagreeable manners, that when the election came in February, 1876, he could not get a seat for any one of the four constituencies in which he was a candidate. Resigning the premiership, he was elected a Senator for life a few months later by a majority of only a single vote in the Senate. Too unpopular to be taken into the Ministry of the Duc de Broglie, he attended the meetings of the Senate faithfully for the rest of his life, cut off from any further prominent part in affairs, and yet a keen debater on fiscal subjects and economic measures. Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, an English painter, born in Birmingham, Aug. 22, 1833; died in London, June 17, 1898. He was of Welsh descent. He went to Oxford with the intention of studying for the Church, and there fell in with William Morris and other young disciples of the preraphaelite school, who so inspired him with their love of art that he left the university in 1856 and went to London with the intention of making painting his profession. There he was strengthened in his hope and determination by his intercourse with Rossetti, whose theory and aims in art coincided with his ideas, and from whose hints and practice he caught the suggestions for his earliest drawings and efforts in color, mystical and romantic pieces, such as "Christ and the Knight." For the first dozen years few people were interested in his work, or ever saw any of it except an occasional drawing shown in the rooms of the Water Color Society. His designs in stained glass and tapestries, carried out by his friend Morris, first attracted the attention of the public, and roused in some unbounded admiration, in others strong aversion. His illustrations for books, also produced by Morris, had the same characteristics, and their working was the same. After the Grosvenor Gallery was opened in 1877 his works were the center of interest in the exhibitions, the most pronounced and characteristic of all the products of the new school that blazed into the public eye. He exhibited in succession the "Days of Creation," "The Golden Stair," "The Beguiling of Merwin," "The Annunciation," the "Pygmalion" series, King Cophetua," and many more. Later, in the New Gallery, his paintings were the objects of the

keenest interest, drawing forth either passionate praise or fierce dislike. Everything that he produced was taken by one or another of his devoted admirers, and there was no standard by which the public estimation of his works could be tested until the largest collection came into the market on the death of its owner in 1886. Then his "Chant d'Amour" brought 3,000 guineas at auction. Shortly before his death his "Mirror of Venus" sold for 5,000 guineas. The faults in drawing that were glaring in his earlier paintings he corrected gradually by the most assiduous study and practice. The most generally admired of all his productions was the "Brier Rose" quartet of paintings. The mosaics in the American church at Rome are striking examples of his religious art, poetic and original, like all his work. In Celtic romance and mystery he showed an inborn racial aptitude. Many objected to the figures in his paintings as unreal types, psychological puzzles, but the wealth of decorative details and the beauty and variety of his coloring were artistic triumphs which no one could gainsay. "The Hours," the "Wheel of Fortune," "Laus Veneris,' "The Resurrection," and "Pan and Psyche are some of his most famous works in oil, and among his water colors "The Four Seasons," "Hope," "Night," and "Love among the Ruins." He designed the beautiful "St. Cecilia" for the window of Christ Church at Oxford. The color schemes, the decorative quality, the imaginative power, the legendary mysticism, the select refinement, the poetical inspiration of his work appeal to the artist nature, and have had influence in France as well as in England, and still more in America. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, exhibited one picture, and in 1893 resigned. He was created a baronet in 1894.

Caird, John, a Scottish divine and educator, born in Greenock in December, 1820; died there, July 30, 1898. He studied at Glasgow University, was ordained a minister of the Scottish Kirk, and in 1845 entered upon the charge of Newton-on-Ayr, which he exchanged in 1847 for one in Edinburgh, where he established a reputation as the most eloquent and impressive, and the most polished and intellectual preacher in the Established Church. He settled in 1849 in Errol, Perthshire, whence during the eight years of his pastorate he was frequently invited to preach in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other towns. His sermon on "Religion in Common Life," preached before the Queen in 1855, was circulated in private form throughout Great Britain and America, and translated into German. After taking a pastorate in Glasgow in 1857, he published a volume of his most famous discourses. He resigned his charge in 1862 to become Professor of Divinity in Glasgow University, and in 1873 he was appointed principal and vice-chancellor of the university. His sermons on "The Unity of the Sciences" and "The Progressiveness of the Sciences," and one, preached before the British Medical Association in 1888, on "Mind and Matter," show a Hegelian tendency that he developed after turning his attention chiefly to philosophy and the philosophical aspects of religion. He published in 1880An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion," the substance of a lecture that he had given at Edinburgh a year previous. In 1888 he published a study on "Spinoza." Having been appointed Gifford Lecturer in Natural Theology at Glasgow, he delivered a course of lectures in 1892 and another in 1895, and during the delivery of the second course he was stricken down with a weakening illness that incapacitated him for strenuous work. Principal Caird was the main contributor to the volume of "Scotch Sermons issued in 1880 as an exposition of the ideas of the Broad Church party in the Church of Scotland.

Calderon, Philip Hermogenes, an English painter, born in Poitiers, France, in 1833; died in London, May 1, 1898. He studied art in Paris, settled in London, and exhibited "By Babylon's Waters" in 1853 at the Royal Academy, where he had one or more pictures every year until he was elected in 1867 a member, and from that time, too, he exhibited almost as regularly, extending his range from the historical subjects that first occupied his brush exclusively into the fields of realistic genre, poetic, and legendary art, portraiture, and other branches of painting. Some of his notable productions have been The Jailer's Daughter" (1858); "The Return from Moscow" (1861); Burial of Hampden" (1864); "Her Grace" (1866); "Whither?" (1868); "Sighing his Soul into his Lady's Face" (1869); "The Virgin's Bower " (1870); “On her Way to the Throne" (1871); "In a Palace Tower" (1872); "The Queen of the Tournament (1874); "Coquettes (1875); "His Reverence" (1876); "The Bird's Nest" (1876); " Joan of Arc" (1878); "Home they brought her Warrior Dead" (1877); "Summer Breezes" (1878); "Captives of Bow and Spear" (1880); "Flowers of the Earth" (1881); " Joyous Summer (1883); “Night" (1884); and "Morning" (1885). Carlingford, Chichester Samuel ParkinsonFortescue, Lord, a British statesman, born in County Louth, Ireland, Jan. 18, 1823; died in Marseilles, France, Jan. 30, 1898. He was a son of Lieut.-Col. Chichester Fortescue, who sat in the Irish Parliament, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, taking his bachelor's degree in 1845, and gaining the chancellor's prize for a Latin essay in 1846. In 1847 he was elected a member of Parliament for County Louth, which he represented continuously for twenty-seven years. He gained the ear of the House by his first speech, delivered in 1848, in support of Lord John Russell's bill for the removal of Jewish disabilities. He became an effective debater on the Liberal side, and in 1854 was appointed by Lord Aberdeen a Junior Lord of the Treasury. After filling various other offices, he was advanced in 1857 to the Under Secretaryship for the Colonies, which he held during the whole of Lord Palmerston's ministry, from 1859 to 1865. On the reconstruction Cabinet, after Lord Palmerston's death, Mr. Fortescue was appointed at a critical juncture in Irish affairs to the responsible post of Chief Secretary for Ireland. On account of Fenian activity the habeas corpus act was suspended in 1866. He suggested a plan for transferring to the Roman Catholics a part of the revenues of the Irish Church, and introduced a bill providing for long leases of land and the compensation of evicted tenants for permanent improvements, to be fixed by official valuers and measured by the increased letting value of the land. The Government fell before this bill came to a vote. When Mr. Gladstone came into power in 1868 he reappointed Chichester Fortescue Irish Secretary, and was aided by him in carrying through the disestablishment bill, and improved the land bill by adding a clause granting tenants compensation for disturbance. In 1870 he introduced a peace preservation bill, and at the beginning of the following year he was transferred to the office of President of the Board of Trade. By a warning circular to railroad companies in 1873 he induced them to guard against accidents, which through their negligence had grown alarmingly frequent. When the Liberal Government went out in February, 1874, Chichester Fortescue was raised to the peerage as Baron Carlingford, and thirteen years afterward he succeeded his brother as Baron Clermont. He was appointed Lord Privy Seal in 1881, and in 1883 succeeded Lord Spencer as Lord President of the Council, retiring when his party

was defeated in 1885.

Carroll, Lewis. See DODGSON.

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Cavalotti, Felice, an Italian statesman, born in Milan, Nov. 6, 1842; died in Rome, March 6, 1898. He belonged to the old Venetian family of BaffoCavalotti. From childhood he was filled with patriotic rage against the Austrian masters of Lombardy, and in 1859 published a political tract_entitled "Germania e Italia." While a law student he joined Gen. Medici's volunteer legion for the deliverance of lower Italy in 1860, and six years later he fought the Austrians with Garibaldi's band, taking part in the battle of Vezza. After the campaign, instead of devoting himself to his profession, he plunged into journalism and politics. He started the republican journal Gazzetina Rosa," which involved him in perpetual legal prosecutions and duels. He first gained celebrity in 1868 by publishing revolutionary and antidynastic poetry, was elected to the Chamber from Corteolona, and took the lead in the Extreme Left by his ardent and eloquent denunciations of political corruption and immorality of all kinds. He was the bitterest opponent of Francisco Crispi, whom he never forgave for deserting the republican principles of Mazzini. In discussions of foreign policy he took the lead of the Radicals who opposed the Triple Alliance and advocated a rapprochement with France. Cavalotti, who had fought 32 duels during his political career, was killed in one by Ferruccio Macola, a Conservative Deputy, whose newspaper he had charged with printing lies. Cavalotti was the author of a dozen plays that have been greatly admired in Italy. "Il Canzone” and “La figlia de Jephta" have been played in other countries. His first drama," I Pezzenti," was produced in Milan in 1871. His " Alcibiades" won a national prize. His last one was " Agatodemon," a comedy in four acts. He translated the poems of Tyrtæus into Italian.

Ceneri, Giuseppe, an Italian politician, born in Bologna in 1827; died there in June, 1898. He left the university as doctor of laws at the age of eighteen, joined the Piedmontese army in 1848, but returned soon, his health not being strong, to teach criminal law in the Athenæum at Bologna. In 1859 he became Secretary of Public Instruction in the Provisional Government, and as a Deputy voted for the abolition of the temporal power of the Pope. Nominated afterward to a judicial office, he preferred to return to his professorial chair. In 1867, however, he offered himself as a candidate for the Chamber, and in 1868 he was arrested in consequence of the political tumults and was deprived of his chair in the university, which shortly afterward was restored to him by the Correnti. He was elected over Minghetti in 1869, and again sat in the Chamber in 1882, voting with the Left. His course on Roman law in the university of Bologna was the most esteemed in Italy. He was one of the most brilliant of Italian orators.

Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe, a Canadian statesman, born in Quebec in 1840; died in Montreal, June 13, 1898. He was educated in a college of his native province, studied law, was called to the bar in 1861, and was made a Queen's counsel in 1875 and appointed in that year Solicitor-General in the Quebec Government, holding the office, with an intermission of a year, till 1878. He was then chosen leader of the Conservative Opposition, and in 1879 was called upon to form a Cabinet. He remained Premier of Quebec until 1883, when he resigned in order to take the portfolio of Secretary of State in the Dominion Government. In 1892 he resigned that office to become Minister of Customs, and in 1893 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the province of Quebec. This post he filled for five years. Having founded in 1872 the Crédit Foncier Franco-Canadien, he was made by President

Grévy a commander of the Legion of Honor. In 1896 he was created a Knight of St. Michael and St. George.

Clark, George Thomas, an English genealogist and archæologist, born in 1809; died at Tal-y-Garn near Llantrissant, Wales, Jan. 31, 1898. He was educated at the Charterhouse School, and in early life was a civil engineer. His attention was directed to archæology early in his career, and for many years he devoted his leisure to examination of mediæval castles, the result of his investigations appearing in 1883 in a work in two volumes on " Medieval Military Architecture in England." He knew his subject more thoroughly than any man of his time, and his great work is a standard authority. He possessed a clear, terse style, and his descriptions and explanations of castle arrangements leave very little to be desired. He published "The Land of Morgan: Its Conquest and its Conquerors a volume relating to Glamorganshire (London, 1880); "Limbus Patrum Morganik and Glamorganik,” a genealogical work (London, 1886); and "Cartæ et alia Munimenta quæ ad Dominum de Glamorgan Pertinent" (London, 1885-'93).

Clarke, Mary Victoria Cowden, English authoress and Shakespearean editor, born in London, England, June 22, 1809; died in Genoa, Italy, Jan. 13, 1898. She was a daughter of Vincent Novello, an eminent musician and composer, and married, July 5, 1828, an intimate friend of her family, twenty-two years older than herself, Charles Cowden Clarke, an author and lecturer. The home of Mr. Novello was a resting place for many of the best literary, artistic, and dramatic persons of the day, and the little Victoria, as she was called in the home circle, became disposed toward literature at a very early age. In her childhood she was taught by Mary Lamb; and Charles Lamb, John Keats, Leigh Hunt, and Shelley were associates of her early years. After leaving the care of Mrs. Lamb she was sent to a boarding school in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, for education in the language and letters of that country. Returning to London, she became a governess and spent the years that intervened until her marriage as such in one family. She began her literary work during this time with the contribution of several interesting articles to Hone's "Table Book." After her marriage her husband and she resided with her parents. Mr. Cowden Clarke was at this time dramatic writer for the "Examiner" and "Atlas" newspapers, and the young wife became deeply interested in the drama and in study of Shakespeare. She began her celebrated concordance to the plays of Shakespeare in 1829, and completed it in 1845. This book has gone through many editions both in England and America, and constitutes the best monument of the gentle compiler's worth. Thence ensued a busy life of book and essay writing, varied with social meetings in which mutually helpful groups of writers, singers, and actors were gathered around her. In an amateur performance of "The Rivals," Nov. 10, 1847, Mrs. Cowden Clarke played Mrs. Malaprop so charmingly that Charles Dickens easily induced her to join his famous company of literary players. With these eminent associates, among whom were Dickens, Mark Lemon, and John Forster, she played in the series of performances given in the principal cities of England in 1848. In 1856 she and husband removed to Nice. About the same time she was introduced to American literature by the Messrs. Appleton, who engaged her to edit an edition of Shakespeare published in 1858, thus bestowing upon her the distinction of being the first woman editor of the great dramatist. From that time she became also a contributor to American magazines. In 1860 her brother Alfred, founder of the music publishing house of Novello,

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Ewer & Co., London, having retired from business, purchased an estate near Genoa, which he named Villa Novello," and persuaded the Cowden Clarkes to make their home with him. After the death of her husband, in his ninetieth year, March 13, 1877, Mrs. Clarke passed much of her time with her sister Clara, Countess Gigliucci, at Fermo, Italy. From 1877 to 1885 she traveled much on the Continent, principally in Germany and Austria, always returning to the Villa Novello. She was actively engaged as a writer of magazine articles during the closing years of her life. Her principal works are: The Complete Concordance to Shakespeare (London, 1845); World-Noted Women (New York, 1858); "The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines"; "The Story of the Drop of Water, a London Legend," under the pseudonym of Harry Wandsworth Shortfellow (London, 1856); “Life and Labors of Vincent Novello" (London, 1864): "Trust and Remittance, Love Stories in Metrical Prose" (London, 1873); " A Rambling Story" (London, 1874); "Honey from the Weed" (London, 1881); "Slippery Ford: or, How Tom was Taught" (London, 1885); “A Centennial Biographic Sketch of Charles Cowden Clarke, by her whom he made his Second Self" (London, 1887); and "My Busy Life," an autobiography (New York, 1896).

Cochrane, William, clergyman and educator, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1831; died in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 17, 1898. He entered the University of Glasgow, but removed to the United States before he had completed the course of study. He was graduated at Hanover College, Indiana, in 1857. He was ordained to the ministry in 1859, and in 1862 became pastor of Zion Presbyterian Church, Brantford. In the conduct of this pastorate, which lasted through his life, he became prominent in all the affairs of his denomination, and he was conceded to be the most distinguished minister of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. He was for many years president of the Young Ladies' College in Brantford. In 1875 Hanover College conferred the degree of D. D. him. upon He published "The Heavenly Vision' (1873); "Christ and Christian Life" (1875); "The Church and the Commonwealth" and "Memoirs and Remains of the Rev. Peter Inglis” (1887); and “ Future Punishment" (1888).

Crespo, Joaquin, ex-President of Venezuela, died in April, 1898. He rose to high political posi tions when Guzman Blanco was President, and was chosen by the latter to succeed him when the Constitution forbade him to occupy the presidential chair. Not content with the role of a substitute, Crespo drove Guzman Blanco from power. When he in turn fell from power in 1892, he took up arms against President Andueza Palacio, overturned him, and had himself elected in his place. After a tranquil administration he yielded up the chair to Gen. Andrade, whom he had chosen for his successor, and replaced the latter as Governor of Miranda. Gen. Hernandez, the opposing candidate, pretending to believe that Crespo had conducted the presi dential election arbitrarily, began to recruit partisans in the interior in February, 1898, and in an encounter with these, in April, Gen. Crespo found his death.

Dauphin, Albert, a French statesman, born in Amiens, Aug. 26, 1827; died there in November. 1898. He was mavor of Amiens in 1870, in 1873 president of the Council of the Somme, and in 1876 was elected to the Senate, where he took his seat in the Left Center and supported the Dufaure ministry. He was re-elected in 1882, presided in 1884 over one of the committees for the revision of the Constitution, and in 1886 received the portfolio of Finance in the Goblet ministry.

Davidson, Samuel, an Irish clergyman, born near Ballymena, Ireland, in 1807; died April 1, 1898. He was educated for the Presbyterian ministry at Glasgow University and at the Theological College of the Presbyterians in Belfast, Ireland, and became Professor of Biblical Criticism at the latter institution in 1835. His sympathies inclining him toward the Congregationalists, he became Professor of Biblical Literature in the Lancashire Independent College, Manchester, in 1842, but resigned this chair in 1857 on account of the dissatisfaction expressed regarding his supposed heterodox views. He then settled in London, which continued to be his home, absorbed in study and authorship. Although his views became somewhat more advanced with the lapse of time, he lived nevertheless to be regarded as comparatively conservative and firmly opposed to what he considered to be revolutionary views. He had great learning and was courageous in the expression of his opinions. He published "Revision of the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament" (London, 1855); "Facts, Statements, and Explanations connected with the Publication of the Second Volume of the Tenth Edition of Horne's Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures"" (London, 1857); "Introduction to the Old Testament" (London, 1862-63); translation of Fuerst's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament" (London, 1865); "An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament" (London, 1868); “On a Fresh Revision of the English Old Testament" (London, 1873); translation of "The New Testament from the Critical Text of Tischendorf" (London, 1875); "The Canon of the Bible: Its Formation, History, and Fluctuations" (London, 1877); "The Doctrine of Last Things contained in the New Testament" (London, 1882).

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Delianoff, Count Ivan Davidovich, a Russian statesman, born in Moscow in 1818; died in St. Petersburg, Jan. 10, 1898. He was of Armenian parentage, and remained through life a communicant of the Armenian Church. He studied at the Moscow University, and at the age of twenty entered the Government service in the legislative department of the Imperial Chancellerie, being employed for a long time in the preparation of a new criminal code. He passed over in 1858 to the Department of Public Instruction, with which he was connected for the greater part of his subsequent career, first as curator of St. Petersburg and dependent provinces, then as assistant to the minister. In 1882 he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction. In carrying out the policy of Russiafying the heterodox and alien populations of the empire under the present Czar he was zealous and energetic. All the educational privileges and distinctions were swept away in the Baltic provinces, Poland, and the Caucasus, and the Russian language and state religion introduced with the teachings of Muscovite patriotism. One of his last acts was to take away from the Armenian patriarchate the control of the Armenian Church schools and place them under the exclusive power of the Government, by which he gave great offense to his own people.

Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, an English clergy. man, born in Daresbury, Cheshire, Jan. 27, 1832; died in Guildford, Surrey, Jan. 14, 1898. He was a son of the Rev. Charles Dodgson, archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire, and was educated at Richmond, Rugby, and Oxford. In 1854 he was appointed mathematical lecturer at Christ Church, and he held that chair until 1881. He became a fellow of Christ Church in 1861 and so remained until his death. In the same year that he attained his fellowship he became a deacon in the Church of England, but he never was advanced to the priesthood. To a circumscribed circle he was known as the author of

abstruse mathematical works, but to the Englishspeaking world in general he was Lewis Carroll author of "Alice in Wonderland." His love for children was a marked feature in his character, and it was to amuse the children of Dean Liddell of Oxford that he began the tale which afterward developed into the delightful child's book which brought him fame, the name of Alice being borrowed from one of the Liddell children for his heroine. But his name never appeared on the title-page of this or his later books for children, and he never acknowledged their authorship in so many words. Only his mathematical works appeared with his own name on the title-page. Of the former, the "Alice" books are by far the best, but the peculiar, inimitable quality of his humor is seen in all. His life was very quiet and retired, and for more than forty years he occupied the same rooms in Christ Church, where children were always welcome. In his latest years he withdrew almost entirely from society and was seen only among the fellows when dining with them in the college hall. His writings include "A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry" (London, 1860); "The Formula of Plane Trigonometry" (Oxford, 1861); "Guide to the Mathematical Student" (Oxford, 1864); "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (London, 1865); "An Elementary Treatise on Determinants" (1867); "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems" (1867); "Through the Looking-glass and what Alice found there" (1871); “Facts, Figures, and Fancies" (1871); "Euclid-Book V proved Algebraically" (1874); "The Hunting of the Snark " (1876); “Euclid and his Modern Rivals" (1879); "Doublets: A Word Puzzle" (1879): Rhyme? and Reason?" (1883); "A Tangled Tale (1885); “Alice's Adventures Underground: A Facsimile Edition of the Original Manuscript of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1886); "The Game of Logic" (1887); "A New Theory of Parallels" (1888); "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1894); "Symbolic Logic," Part I (1896). The second and third parts of the last-named work were in process of completion at the time of the author's death.

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Dowling, Richard, an Irish novelist, born in Clonmel, Ireland, June 3, 1846; died July 28, 1898. He was educated at St. Munchin's College, Limerick, and in 1870 became a member of the editorial staff of "The Nation" in Dublin. He removed to London in 1875, where he engaged in journalism, but soon devoted himself to novel writing. His work displays vigor of style and skill in construction, but the influence of Victor Hugo is apparent in his manner. A nearly complete list of his writings comprises "Babies and Ladders," a collection of humorous essays; The Mystery of Killard: A Novel" (London, 1879); "The Spirit of Fate" (1880) ; Under St. Paul's: A Romance" (1880); London Town: Sketches of London Life and Character" (1880); The Weird Sisters" (1880); "The Duke's Sweetheart" (1881); "The Husband's Secret (1881); "A Sapphire Ring and Other Stories " (1882); "Sweet Inisfail (1882); "The Last Call" (1884); "The Hidden Flame" (1885); "The Skeleton Key (1886); "Tempest Driven' (1886); Ignorant Essays" (1887); With the Unchanged" (1887); "Miracle Gold" (1888); "An Isle of Surrey"; "Indolent Essays"; "A Baffling Quest" (1891); " A Dark Intruder" (1894); “While London Sleeps" (1895); "Catmur's Caves" (1896); "Old Corcoran's Money" (1897); "A Lance in Ambush" (1898).

Ebers, Georg Moritz, a German Egyptologist and novelist, born in Berlin, March 1, 1837; died in Tutzing, Bavaria, Aug. 8, 1898. His education was obtained at the gymnasiums of Kottbus and Quedlinburg and the universities of Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1865 he became lecturer at the Uni

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versity of Jena, and subsequently Professor of Egyption Archæology there. In 1870 he was called to the professorship of Egyptology at the University of Leipsic, and he remained there until his retirement in 1889. He was already famous for his thesis "On the Twenty-sixth Egyptian Dynasty," Egypt and the Book of Moses," and "Scientific Journey to Egypt," which latter book appeared in 1869-'70, and to these works his elevation to the Leipsic chair was due. In 1872-73 he made another journey to Egypt, and among other discoveries made by him at this time was that of the scroll since called the "Papyrus Ebers." In 1876 an attack of paralysis prevented him from walking, and he then turned his attention to the field of historical novel writing, which in 1864 he had essayed by the publication of "An Egyptian Princess." "Uarda: A Romance of Ancient Egypt," appeared in 1877 and was immediately popular, being translated into English, as were a number of his subsequent works, by Clara Bell. His later novels were "Homo Sum" (1878); "The Sisters" (1880); "The Emperor and the Burgomaster's Wife" (1881); "Only a Word" (1883); "Lempis " (1885); "Margery" (1889); "Per Aspera" (1892); Cleopatra" (1894) In the Fire of the Forge" (1895); "In the Blue Pike" (1896); "Barbara Blomberg" (1897); and Arachne" (1898). Among his other works are" Papyrus E: A Hieratic Manual of Egyptian Medicine (1872); "Through Goshen to Sinai" (1872); "Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque" (1878): "Palestine: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque," with Guthe (1881); "Lorenz Alma-Tadema: His Life and Work" (1886); and "The Story of my Life." an autobiography (1893). Elisabeth, Empress of Austria, born in Possenhofen, Bavaria, Dec. 24, 1837; died in Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 10, 1898. She was the daughter of Duke Maximilian Josef of Bavaria, who supervised her education in the Schloss on the Lake of Starnberg, and had her trained in riding and swimming as well as in literary and artistic knowledge. Her cousin, the Emperor Franz Josef, fell in love with her while visiting her parents, and on April 24, 1854, they were married. The young EmpressQueen, who with the Emperor was crowned with the insignia of St. Stephen when the inauguration of the dual system was solemnized, made herself liked by the Hungarian as well as the Austrian people, but did not win easily some of the envious cliques of the court, who were taught in the end to admire and respect her by the exercise of her social talents. The constitutional compromise of 1867, by which the ancient liberties of Hungary were revived, was in a measure brought about by her influence. She was strongly attached to her family, the ancient house of Wittelsbach, and grieved at the deposition of her sister, the last Queen of the Two Sicilies, and was much affected by the tragic death of King Ludwig of Bavaria, and had other sorrows to endure before she was stricken with the crowning grief, the death of all her hopes, through the violent and mysterious end of her only son, the Crown-Prince Rudolf. Glad before to escape from the irksome formalism

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of the court, and fond of roving to the hunting fields of England and Ireland, or in pedestrian tours in the Alpine country, or wherever she could find delight in art and nature and healthful pleasures, she became henceforth a wanderer and an exile from the scenes that recalled the terrible blow. When her sister, the Duchess d'Alençon, perished by fire in 1897, she was once more plunged in sorrow. The culmination of all the series of tragedies was her own death by the hand of an assassin, an Italian anarchist. Her dauntless courage, which she had displayed in many an emergency, did not desert her in the final scene. The Empress Elisabeth had a refined literary taste, delighting especially in the poetry of Heinrich Heine, Alfred de Musset, and Lord Byron, and also in painting and sculpture, with which she filled her summer palace in Corfu. She spent large sums in charity, and was accustomed to go privately among the poor and minister to their wants personally.

Eybesfeld, Baron Conrad von, an Austrian statesman, born in 1831; died in Gratz in July, 1898. He belonged to the group of Count Hohenwart, which was favorable to Federalism and the national aspirations of the Slavs, and the Clerical principles of the Germans of the Alps. In ques tions of the Church and the schools he defended the Clerical standpoint with warmth, and in 1888 he was made Minister of Public Instruction and Worship in the Cabinet of Count Taaffe. After the fall of the ministry in 1885 he withdrew from public affairs, though remaining a member of the Chamber of Peers.

Fabre, Ferdinand, a French novelist, born in Bédarieux, Hérault, in 1830; died Feb. 16, 1898. He was originally destined for the priesthood, but preferred a literary career, and won a reputation by his scenes from clerical life and rural romances. His best works were "Courbezon," "Julien Savignac," "L'Abbé Tigrane," "Le Chevrier," "La Petite Mère," "Mon Oncle Célestin," "Le Roi Ramire," Madame Fuster," "Ma Vocation," "Un Illuminé," Ravière," and "Sylviane."

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Faucit, Helena, Lady Martin, actress, born in London, England, Oct. 11, 1819; died in Brynty Silis, near Llangollen, Wales, Oct. 31, 1898. She was the daughter of John Saville Faucit, a wellknown actor of his time, and was known of late years as Lady Martin from her marriage to Sir Theodore Martin. From the fact that her parents and other members of her immediate family were actors, it came about that she made her first public appearance on the stage at a very early age. In November, 1833, her elder sister Harriet was play ing at the Theater Royal, Richmond, Surrey, and one day Helen and she were rehearsing the balcony scene of "Romeo and Juliet," with Helen as Juliet, when Willis Jones, manager of the theater, accidentally overheard the impromptu effort of the young girl. He was so pleased that he induced her parents to consent to her playing with him. She played Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet," Mariana in "The Wife," and Mrs. Haller in "The Stranger," with considerable success, but was withdrawn by her parents after these three performances and placed under the professional tutelage of Percy Farren, brother of William Farren, the elder, with the intention that at a later date she should enter formally upon the dramatic calling. This she did with instant and great success at the Theater Royal, Covent Garden, London, Tuesday, Jan. 5, 1836, as Julia in Sheridan Knowles's play The Hunchback," Mr. Knowles playing the part of Master Walter and Mr. Charles Kemble that of Sir Thomas Clifford, the original performers of the same parts in the first production of the play in 1832. On Wednesday the play was announced for that night, Friday, and

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