The following extract from a British financial journal will be found to contain interesting remarks on the Brazilian home debt, and Brazilian credit generally:

In September, 1879, Brazilian five per cents. of the

The total amount of the customs receipts at Rio de Janeiro, for 1879, was $20,877,663, against $20,339,380 for 1878, as follows: Import duties for 1879, $15,977,499, against $16,072,746 for 1878; export duties for 1879, $4,900,164, against $4,266,634 for 1878. The receipts at the same custom-house bid fair to show a still further increase for 1880, having amounted in the first three quarters of that year to $15,772,151, against $15,718,395 for the corresponding period in 1879.

A report was current in July, 1880, that the Brazilian customs tariff was again to be revised, and that the Minister of Finance had appointed a committee for that purpose. Such intelligence is far from gratifying, observes a Rio journal, as tariff revisions in Brazil have become synonymous with "tariff elevations." As stated in a previous volume,* the merchants of Rio de Janeiro, on the occasion of the last revision, were invited to take part in the work. After bestowing much time and labor on the question, they found that their suggestions had been uniformly acted upon when favoring an increase of duty, and disregarded when urging the necessity of a reduction. The tariff went into operation on January 1, 1880, and the short period of six months was sufficient to demonstrate that it was based on wrong principles: continual conflicts between the mercantile community and the custom-house officials, diminished importation and sale of certain kinds of commodities, enhanced cost of all means of living for the working-classes, new difficulties in the collection of duties, multiplied complaints of the people, and a general decrease of receipts (spite of the promising state of things at the Rio custom-house, as above

* See "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878.

week of September, 1880, the corresponding price of these bonds was 96. Some allowance must be made for the fact that all securities have been gradually hardening in price of late in consequence of the cheapit must be admitted that Brazilian credit has improved ness of money; but, even allowing for this, we think during the past twelve months. When foreign bonds fell into general discredit, four or five years since, on the collapse of Paraguay, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Turkey, Peru, etc. (to say nothing of the partial defaults of Spain, Egypt, and Uruguay), Brazil found her credit seriously weakened, and she became unable to negotiate further loans in London. Under these circumstances, she adopted probably the best and most sensible course which she could pursueshe raised a considerable loan at home. Although the rate of interest attached to this internal loan did not

exceed 4 per cent. per annum, the operation proved completely successful, and while it placed the Brazilian Treasury in funds, it had the further advantage of showing that Brazil possessed such ample resources at home that she really could afford to dispense with English assistance. The 44 per cent. internal loan concluded by Brazil in 1879 marked, indeed, a new era in Brazilian finance, and reestablished Brazilian credit. The result has been an advance of three per cent. in Brazilian five per cents, of 1865, and a still greater hardening in the securities of railways guaranteed by Brazil. There certainly appear to be order, regularity, and good faith in the financial administration of Brazil. In the bonds of Brazil issued in London the Emperor of Brazil pledges his "imperial and sacred word" that the conditions of the various Brazilian loans shall be scrupulously adhered to; and thus far his Majesty's "imperial and sacred word" has certainly been found to be thoroughly reliable. In her present Emperor Brazil is blessed with a wise and beneficent ruler, distinguished by tendencies at once to Dom Pedro Segundo. conservative and liberal. Brazil is deeply indebted

The long-pending British claims against Brazil have again come to the surface, and hopes are entertained of their settlement through the mediation of Mr. Ford, now accredited as British Minister to Brazil, and whose name was associated with the famous fishery question between England and the United States.

*Exclusive of the notes of the Bank of Brazil and of the banks of Bahia, Pernambuco, and Maranhão, the aggregate amount of which in circulation in 1879 was about $13,500,000.

is in a great measure due to the development of the railway system of the empire. A seven per cent. imperial guarantee is now given in the case of all lines having a Government sanction. Most of the lines have been constructed with British capital and by British contractors, and the main offices of some are situated in London. Some concessions have, however, been obtained and the necessary capital raised by local contractors; and a new line from the port of Paranaguá to Coritiba, the capital of the province of Paraná, and in augurated in April last by his Majesty Dom Pedro II, is due to the enterprise of a French company, who also provided the required capital. Many of the civil engineers engaged on the native railways, and some of those on the English-built lines, are Brazilians, engineering being a profession high in favor at present in Brazil.

An important event in Brazilian submarine telegraphy was the concession, in October last, to the Western and Brazilian Telegraph Company, to extend their cable from Pará to Cayenne, their intention being to establish communication at the latter point with the United States cable.

Among the more important improvements during the past year may be mentioned the construction of water-works for supplying the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Here follows the Emperor's speech on the occasion of closing the legislative session ordinary of 1880, and opening the session extraordinary, on October 5th:

AUGUST AND MOST WORTHY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NATION: The meeting of the General Assembly is always an event productive of lively satisfaction.

It is pleasant to me to inform you that good relations of friendship continue between Brazil and the foreign powers; but I am unable as yet to have the pleasure of announcing to you the cessation of the war between the Republic of Chili and those of Peru and Bolivia. Public order has suffered no alteration. Thanks to Divine Providence, copious rains have terminated the drought which devastated some of the northern provinces.

I thank you for the solicitude with which, while diminishing the burdens of the nation, you have adopted adequate measures for the production of an equilibrium of the public expenditure and revenue. The imperative need of giving a definite solution to electoral reform has induced the convocation of the extraordinary session.

August and most trustworthy representatives of the nation:

I expect from your patriotism the decretal of a law securing freedom of voting.

The ordinary legislative session is closed, and the session extraordinary is open.

The first clause of the long-discussed electoral bill was adopted by the Senate in the month above alluded to; it was regarded as the most important, as being pregnant with elements of much-needed reform, such as direct election, instead of the obsolescent system of indirect election; but, unfortunately, it was sent to the Senate shorn of its brightest adornments-provision for the admission to Parlia

VOL. XX.-5 A

ment of naturalized citizens and citizens of all creeds.

BRIGHT, JOHN, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the new Cabinet of Mr. Gladstone, was born November 16, 1811, at Greenbank, near Rochdale. His father, Jacob Bright, was a cotton-spinner and manufacturer of Rochdale, and belonged to the Society of Friends. John entered his father's business at the age of fifteen, and devoted his leisure hours with great zeal to the study of the best works on history, politics, and national economy. After his return from a journey on the Continent of Europe, he made his first appearance in 1831 as a political speaker in the agitation against Church rates. He became widely known by the prominent part he took in the Anti-CornLaw League, which grew out of an association formed in 1838 to obtain the repeal of the cornlaws. He won so great distinction as a political speaker, that the League, which extended its operations over all England, appointed him, in 1839, one of its official agitators. In April, 1843, he was the candidate of the League for the city of Durham, but was defeated. In July, 1844, he was, however, returned for the same city, which he represented until 1847. In union with Cobden, Milner Gibson, Fox, and others, he was one of the foremost speakers of the League until its victory was decided in 1846. In 1847 he was returned for Manchester, and was now regarded in every respect as one of the leaders of the Manchester party. He particularly cooperated with Mr. Cobden in the movement which the latter sought to create in favor of financial reform. He demanded efficient relief measures for Ireland, an investigation of the condition of India, and a reduction of the naval and military establishment of the kingdom. He opposed, in 1850, Lord Russell's Ecclesiastical Title Bill and Lord Palmerston's Continental policy. When, two years later, the Derby-Disraeli Cabinet threatened a restoration of the protective system, he actively contributed to its overthrow. Thus far, Mr. Bright's reputation and influence had steadily grown, but the decided opposition which he made to England's participation in the Eastern War alienated many of his former friends, and in the general election following Lord Palmerston's appeal to the country, in 1857, both he and Mr. Milner Gibson were rejected by a large majority. When, a few months later, a vacancy occurred at Birmingham, Mr. Bright was invited to become a candidate, and he was elected in August, 1857. He has continued to represent Birmingham ever since. Mr. Bright's name, during the last twenty years, has been prominently identified with the extension of the right of suffrage and the reform of the electoral laws of England. During the civil war in the United States, he warmly sympathized with the North. He visited Ireland in 1866, and was entertained in Dublin at a public banquet; but, on the whole, his reception was not as enthusiastic as his English friends

had anticipated. In 1868 the city of Edinburgh presented him with the freedom of the city. In the same year Mr. Bright became for the first time a member of the Cabinet, being appointed President of the Board of Trade in Mr. Gladstone's first Cabinet. Illness compelled him to relinquish this office in December, 1870, and he did not again take office until 1873, when he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He held that post until February, 1874, when the Liberal Cabinet went out of office. Selections of his political speeches have appeared under the titles: Speeches on Parliamentary Reform" (London, 1867); "Speeches on Questions of Public Policy" (edited by Rogers, 2 vols., London, 1869); and " Speeches on the Public Affairs (London, 1869). A "Life of John Bright" has been published by Mr. Gilchrist (London, 1868).

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BROCA, Dr. PAUL, French Senator and scientist, died July 9th. He was born in 1824, at Sainte-Foy - la - Grande, Gironde; studied medicine under his eminent father, graduated from the Paris Faculté de Médecine in 1844, and became an assistant in the hospital. He won several prizes, became demonstrator of anatomy and prosector, and in 1849 took his degree of M. D. In 1852 he published a thesis on the " Pathological Anatomy of Cancer." In 1853 he passed as surgeon, and became successively surgeon of the Bicêtre, the Salpêtrière, the Saint Antoine, and Professor of Surgical Clinics at La Pitié. He published works on "Abdominal Hernia" (1856); “Aneurisms" (1856); "Surgical Hypnotic Anæsthesis " (1859); "Fractures and Osseous Regeneration " (1859); Resuscitating Animals " (1860); “Animal Hy bridity in General and Human Hybridity in Particular" (1860); and "Treatise on Tumors" (1865). He was conjoint author with Bonamy, Beau, and Hirschfeld, of "The Descriptive Atlas of the Anatomy of the Human Body," an invaluable work. He was also a frequent contributor to the bulletins of various societies. He was a member of the Anatomical, Biological, Philomathic, and Surgical Societies, and a corresponding member of the leading foreign scientific associations. He was the principal founder of the French Anthropological Society. He was the director of the School of Anthropology and of the Anthropological Laboratory of the Ecole des Hautes Études. His anthropological researches resulted in the publication (1865) of a manual in regard to the best mode of conducting them, followed by "The Physical Character of Prehistoric Man" (1868), and "The Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Primates" (1869). He contributed important 'articles to the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Medical Sciences." Dr. Broca was one of the earliest adherents in France to the Darwinian theory. His advocacy of these views prevented at first his election to the Senate. He was a moderate republican in politics, and in 1880 he was elected life-senator in the place

of Count Montalivet. He was President of the Congress of Anthropology held in Paris at the Trocadéro, during the Universal Exposition of 1878.

BROUGHAM, JOHN, an American playwright, actor, and scholar, was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 8, 1810. He graduated with honor at Trinity College, Dublin. Charles Lever was one of his classmates, and Brougham is said to have been the original of "Harry Lorrequer." He studied medicine, but never became a surgeon. He made his début as an actor in 1830 in the extravaganza of "Tom and Jerry," played at a small theatre in Tottenham Court Road, London. As "general utility man," in 1832 he joined the company under the management of Madame Vestris, first at the Olympic and afterward at Covent Garden. In 1840 he undertook the management of the Lyceum Theatre, London. He then began his career as playwright, his first work being "Life in the Clouds." To retrieve his fortunes he came to the United States in 1842, and made his début at the Park Theatre, New York, as Tim Moore in "The Irish Lion." He became a favorite, and his popularity as an actor never waned during his long career upon the American stage. His misfortunes were due to his attempts as manager, for which position_he was unfitted. He founded Brougham's Lyceum (afterward Wallack's), tried the Bowery Theatre, and finally leased Fisk's Fifth Avenue Theatre, all of which proved as unlucky as his first venture in London. He produced many plays, the well-known burlesques "Metamora,' Columbus," and "Pocahontas"; an adaptation from “Dombey and Son,' which held the stage for many seasons; "The Haunted Man," ""Gold Dust," and numerous others. The best of his comedies, "Playing with Fire," was played in New York, and afterward in London, with marked success. His well-known adaptation from Féval's "Le Bos,"called "The Duke's Motto," was written for Fechter, of whose company he was then a member. In 1861 Brougham went to London and played at the Lyceum and Princess's Theatres. He returned to America and resumed his theatrical career. The failure of a banking firm swept away his fortune; broken in health but not in spirit, he spent his last days in the city with which he was identified. Å benefit organized by his fellow-players produced over ten thousand dollars, with which an annuity was purchased. He died in New York on June 7th, aged seventy. He left an autobiography, and an unpublished play called "Home Rule."

su,

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BULGARIA, a principality of Southeastern Europe, which was created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin, as a dependency of Turkey. Reigning Prince, Alexander I,* elected in 1879; area, 63,865 square kilometres (1 kilometre=

For a biography of Alexander I, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1879, article ALEXANDER 1; for an account of the history of the race, of the progress of education, of newspaof industry, and of the Bulgarian Church, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878, article BULGARIA.

pers,

0-386 square mile); population, 1,859,000. The capital, Sophia, has about 18,000 inhabitants. The population of the other principal citiesTirnova (formerly the capital) 12,000, Widdin 19.000, Rustchuk 23,000, Varna 16,000. The only railroad in operation was that from Rustchuk to Varna, 224 kilometres. The National Assembly consists of the Exarch or head of the Bulgarian Church, of one half of the bishops, one half of the Presidents and members of the Supreme Court, one half of the Presidents of the district courts and of the commercial court, and of deputies of the people-one member representing 20,000 persons.

Prince Alexander has sought, by making visits of friendship and courtesy to Russia, Servia, and Roumania, to strengthen the relations of Bulgaria with the states allied to it by sympathies of race and neighborhood. The efforts of the Government to perfect measures for efficient administration and the consolidation and development of the resources of the country have been hindered by the excess in the amount of obligations to which the principality was committed, and the cost of necessary works over the available revenues. The popular movement in favor of the annexation of East Roumelia has been strong, and has tended to become stronger. The obligations of the Government were stated previous to the meeting of the National Assembly, in April, to consist of £1,200,000 due to Russia, £130,000 to railway companies, and the tribute to Turkey, the amount of which, as well as the amount of the general Turkish debt that would be allotted to Bulgaria to bear, was not yet fixed. To meet these obligations, the revenue of the year was £760,000, or about half the sum which the Turks had raised annually from the provinces constituting the principality, and the whole of that sum had been spent on the army, the civil service, and other ordinary objects. The Government had, furthermore, undertaken to complete the railways from the frontier of Roumelia to the frontier of Servia, a distance of between 60 and 70 miles, at a cost which was estimated at £500,000. At a later date, M. Camille Farcy, in an article published in the "Nouvelle Revue," supposing that the tribute would be fixed at the amount which Roumania had paid before the war, or £40,000, and that the principality would be called upon to bear one twentieth part of the Turkish debt, showed that Bulgaria would start with a national debt of £12,000,000, imposing an annual charge of £800,000. Adding the amount that the state had engaged to pay on account of the railways, at least £1,000,000 sterling of an annual revenue, which it was estimated could not amount at its maximum to more than £1,600,000, was appropriated in advance by the Treaty of Berlin. The problem of meeting the treaty engagements of the country and carrying on its administration was thus one which might puzzle men more versed in statesmanship than the untrained deputies of the National Assembly.

The budget, published in July, showed a deficit of £560,000, while the annual expenditure was estimated at £1,800,000, of which amount the Minister of War would require £25,000.

The National Assembly was opened April 4th, by Prince Alexander in person. In his speech from the throne, which was delivered in the Bulgarian language, the Prince referred in terms of satisfaction to the visit he had recently made to Russia, and to the friendly reception which the Czar had given him, and expressed gratification at the especial interest which his Majesty took in the welfare and national development of Bulgaria. He announced that bills would be introduced to promote education, to establish an efficient police, and to impose a land-tax. All of the members of the diplomatic body were present. The new Ministry was constituted as follows: M. Zancoff, President of the Council and Minister of Foreign affairs; M. Caraveloff, Minister of Finance; M. Stoganoff, Minister of Justice; M. Ticheff, Minister of the Interior; M. Gazelev, Minister of Public Instruction; General Ehrenroth, Minister of War. The Ministers were all educated in Russia, and were understood to favor the immediate annexation of East Roumelia. A bill to require all Bulgarians dwelling in Roumania and Servia to be naturalized as subjects of the Bulgarian Principality, which was introduced into the Assembly, was objected to by the Roumanian Government, on the ground that it would interfere with its territorial rights, and was withdrawn upon its representation of the case.

The agitation for the incorporation of East Roumelia with Bulgaria was kept up actively, in both the principality and the province. It was promoted by the gymnastic societies, peculiar organizations of Bulgarians, whose proceedings had rather the character of military drills and exercises of volunteers than that implied by their names. Care was taken, by requiring that admission to the societies could be gained only by election, to prevent the possibility of Turks and Greeks joining them, and embarrassing them in the prosecution of their political objects. The Governor-General of East Roumelia ordered the societies to be suppressed in February, and a considerable number of the most fervid agitators left the province and came into Bulgaria. In July, the Porte received information that the Bulgarian Committee were concerting a plan of action in the event of a rupture between Greece and Turkey. The excitement on the subject was kept up by frequent incursions from Bulgaria over the border, conflicts with Greeks and Turks, and reports of the importation of arms and the formation of military companies, and the agitation for union was fed by numerous wild rumors. Emissaries from Sophia were said in July to be traversing Macedonia and proclaiming to the Bulgarian peasants that the empire of Alexander the Great was to be restored, and to be instigating the formation of