of the prominent Servians protested against his appointment as an illegal act, because they denied the right of the Government to appoint an administrator of the patriarchate. In October, 1880, the assemblies of the eparchies (dioceses) generally demanded the immediate convocation of the Servian Church Cougress. The majority of the bishops have been gained over by the Magyar Government, and take side against the demands of the national Servian party. The Greek Church of the Roumanian nationality in the lands of the Hungarian crown has, until 1880, been on better terms with the Magyar Government. But the new elections, held in 1880, for the Roumanian Church Congress resulted in favor of the nationalists, and the Hungarian Government has now adopted the same hostile policy against the Roumanians which has for several years been pursued with regard to the Servians. The Roumanian Church Congress was to have met on October 13, 1880, at Hermannstadt. But a few days before, the Metropolitan Miron countermanded the convocation of the Church Congress, and the Roumanian nationalists generally denounce him as a tool of the Magyar Government.

In the Synod of the Municipality of Roumania, which met in November, 1880, Bishop Ghenadie, of Argesh, moved the establishment of a theological faculty, and declared his readiness to devote a considerable portion of his revenues for this purpose. The lower clergy of Roumania are generally in a deplorable condition. Their income is utterly insufficient, and they are generally destitute of theological knowledge.

Russian papers give the following statistics as to the number of persons belonging to the Orthodox Eastern Church in the western part of the United States: There are in the diocese of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, including about 200 Slavs and Greeks at San Francisco, 11,572 members of the Eastern Church. The church-buildings are nine in number, including one at San Francisco.

The head of the Russian mission in Japan, the Rev. Nicolas Kassatkine, was, in 1880, consecrated as missionary bishop for Japan. He has been laboring in Japan as a missionary since 1861, when he was sent there for the avowed purpose of exploring the country with a view to religious propaganda. He gave eight years' preparation to this work, studying the language and manners of the country, and translating into Japanese several of the sacred books of the Russian Church. In 1869 he had, however, converted only three persons. As his confidence in the success of his work was unbounded, he returned to Russia for the purpose of soliciting the establishment in Japan of a religious mission. He obtained it, and since his return to Japan the conversions have for ten years continued to increase. In 1875 there were already in the empire 500 OrthodoxGreek Christians; a year after, more than 1,000; in 1878, 4,115; and in 1880 they numbered

more than 6,000. In the summer of 1878 there were six priests and 88 unconsecrated Japanese preachers working for the propagation of the Orthodox-Greek faith. Among the native priests, the most prominent, from his influence and the persecutions to which he has been subjected, is a converted bonze, named Paul Savabé.

GUATEMALA (REPÚBLICA DE GUATEMALA), the most westerly of the five independent states of Central America. For statistics relating to area, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1875. Here follows a list of the twenty-two departments into which the republic is divided, and their capitals:

The President of the Republic is General Rufino Barrios, elected May 7, 1873, and reelected in 1880 for a period of six years. The Cabinet was composed of the following Ministers: Interior and Justice, Señor Don Fernando Cruz; Foreign Affairs, Dr. L. Montúfar; War, Finance, and Public Credit, Señor Don J. M. Barrundia; Public Instruction, Señor Don Delfino Sanchez; Public Works, Señor Don M. Herrera.

The Guatemala Minister to the United States is Señor Don A. Ubico, accredited in 1880; and the Consul-General (for the Union) at New York is Señor Don Jacobo Baiz.

The United States Minister (resident in Guatemala and accredited to the five Central American republics) is Dr. Cornelius A. Logan; and the United States Consul (at Guatemala City), Mr. J. F. Medina.

The armed force of the Republic comprises 3,200 men in active service, and 15,225 militia.

The finances of the country are by general report in a prosperous state. The revenue has of late years fallen little short of $5,000,000, while the ordinary expenditures are for the most part below that limit. The total amount of the national debt on January 1, 1879, was set down at $5,369,529. According to returns published in 1880, by the manager-general of the Treasury, the portion of the home debt redeemable by forty per cent. of the customs' receipts (import branch) had been reduced by $66,617.85, and stood at $1,408,578.68 on July

The increase of the exports, as here seen, has been constant, and the imports have varied little, thus showing the development of producing power, and maintaining an ever-growing balance of trade in favor of the republic. The exports for 1879 were to the following countries in order of importance: United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Balize, the other Central American states, Belgium, South America, Spain, Italy; and the staples shipped were: bullion, cochineal, hides, woolens, sugar, maize, indigo, cocoanuts, sarsaparilla, timber, Spanish beans, cacao, vanilla, skins, horses, and India-rubber. The most important of these was coffee, the value of which stood at $4,032,269.60, against $2,617,278.24 for 1875. The quantity of coffee exported in 1879 was 25,

The imports for the same year were from the sources and of the respective values expressed in the annexed tables:

HALDEMAN, SAMUEL S., naturalist and philologist, was born of Dutch ancestry near Columbia, Pennsylvania, in 1812. He was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, devoting himself chiefly to the scientific course. In 1836 he was assistant to the geological survey of New Jersey; in 1837 to that of Pennsylvania. In the course of this year he discovered the Scolithus linearis, the earliest fossil then found. In 1851 he was Professor of Natural History in the University of Pennsylvania, and, later, Professor of Comparative Philology. At different times he held professorships in Delaware College and in the Agricultural College of that State. He wrote essays for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Philosophical Society, and other societies, including the Philological Association, of which he was a founder and President. He was a contributor to "Silliman's Journal," the "Literary World," the "Iconographic Cyclopædia," and "Johnson's Cyclopædia," of which he was associate editor. He wrote the zoological portion of Trego's ography of Pennsylvania " (1843), and Rupp's "History of Lancaster County" (1844). He was an advocate of spelling reform, and, besides several manuals of orthography, orthoëpy, and etymology, he gained in 1858, over eighteen competitors, the Trevelyan prize, by a treatise on Analytical Orthography." He made extensive researches into Indian antiquities and "Pennsylvania Dutch." He published in 1849 "Some Points in Linguistic Ethnology," dealing with Indian dialects, and, in 1856, "Relations of the English and Chinese Languages.' Besides these, he was the author of "Fresh Water Univalve Molluscæ," the "Zoology of Invertebrate Animals " (1850), and other works of scientific value. He died near Columbia,

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Escuintla, the occasion having been solemnized in due form, and celebrated with brilliant fetes, attended by the Presidents of Guatemala, Honduras, and Salvador. It is confidently stated that the line will be completed to the capital at an early day.

Education continues to be the object of sedulous attention on the part of President Barrios, who has brought the system of public schools to its present prosperous condition. The amount expended on public instruction in 1879 was $800,000, against $1,440 in 1871! Education is compulsory, and parents or guardians not providing for the mental culture of their children in private schools, or by private tuition, are required to send them to the public schools. There are at present eighteen graded primary schools in the capital. Active measures are being taken for the education of the Indian population.

Pennsylvania, September 10th, at the age of sixty-eight.

HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT, an American soldier, was born February 14, 1824, in Montgomery Square, a small village in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. His grandfather, Richard Hancock, of Scottish birth, was one of the 2,500 impressed American seamen of the War of 1812, who were incarcerated in the Dartmoor Prison in England. His father, Benjamin Franklin Hancock, was born in Philadelphia, and when quite a young man was thrown upon his own resources for a livelihood, having displeased his guardian by not marrying in the Society of Friends. He married the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier, Elizabeth Hayworth, whose ancestry was English and Welsh. He supported himself and wife by teaching, while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and removed to Norristown, where he practiced his profession forty years, earning the reputation of a well-read, judicious, and successful lawyer.

Winfield S. Hancock and his brother Hilary B. had the combined advantages of home instruction and a course in the Norristown Academy and the public high-school, which afforded the educational facilities of the better class of academies of that day. He early evinced a decided taste for military exercises. At the age of sixteen he entered the Military Academy at West Point, having obtained his cadetship through the unsolicited influence of his father's friend, John B. Sterigere, who represented his district in Congress. Among his contemporaries as cadets in the Academy were Grant, McClellan, Reynolds, Buell, Franklin, Rosecrans, and Lyon, who afterward became distinguished generals in the Union army, and Longstreet, Picket, and "Stonewall" Jackson,