Benefits. The results accomplished by the survey during this period, as given by Doctor Smith, are as follows:

1. Every county in the State was visited, and the main features of the geology and resources of each were ascertained; descriptions were published of each of these counties, in some cases giving much detail; the main subdivisions of the geological formations in the State were established; the mode of occurrence and general distribution of the most important mineral resources were described and illustrated by many analyses; and the agricultural features of the entire State were given with an approach to completeness, thanks to the cooperation of the Tenth Census.

2. The experience and the knowledge of the territory acquired by the State geologist during this long period have unquestionably since been of benefit to the State, for without such experience on his part the disbursing of large sums and the directing of the work of the enlarged survey, so as to secure the best results and to avoid injudicious expenditures, would have been attended with many perhaps insurmountable difficulties. It might be added further that the cost to the State of this preliminary work, as shown above, was small.

3. On the other hand, while at the beginning of the work these preliminary reports supplied in a measure the information then demanded, it can not be denied that the progress of the State in the development of its great resources, especially in the latter part of this period, created a demand for much more detailed and special information in certain directions than the survey could supply without some greater expenditure of money.

THIRD SURVEY UNDER EUGENE A. SMITH, 1882-1900.

In accordance with the idea expressed in the last paragraph above, the following bill was introduced and passed by the general assembly during the winter of 1882-83:

An act to amend an act to revive and complete the geological and agricultural survey of the State of Alabama.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, That the act entitled "An act to revive and complete the Geological and Agricultural Survey of the State of Alabama,” approved April 18, 1873, be amended so as to read as follows:

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, That Eugene A. Smith, professor of chemistry and geology in the University of Alabama, be, and he is hereby, appointed State geologist.

SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, That the said State geologist shall make to the governor a biennial report of the progress of his surveys and explorations of the mineral, agricultural, and other natural resources of the State; and upon the completion of the survey he shall make a full report of his labors, including surveys and explorations of mineral deposits, their location, and the

best and most economical methods of development; of the qualities of the soils, and their adaptation to agricultural purposes, together with analyses of soil, ores, marls, minerals, and mineral waters, with maps, charts, and drawings, which said report shall be printed and shall be the exclusive property of the State.

SEC. 3. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to make collections of specimens illustrative of the geological, agricultural, and mineral features of the State; one suite of which shall be deposited in the cabinet of the University of Alabama, a second suite in the cabinet of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College at Auburn, and a third suite in the office of the commissioner of agriculture at Montgomery, should such an officer be hereafter appointed and in case such an officer is not appointed then in the office of the secretary of state.

SEC. 4. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of prosecuting expeditiously and thoroughly the work of the geological survey, the said State geologist shall have power to appoint, with the approval of the governor, such local and other assistants, including a competent chemist, and for such periods and with such compensation as he may deem necessary to the best interest of the survey. And to carry out the provisions of this act there shall be appropriated, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $5,000 per annum for the next 10 years. Upon the requisition of the said State geologist, when approved by the governor, the auditor shall draw his warrant on the treasurer for the amount appropriated in such sums as may be needed from time to time for the purposes of said survey as herein set forth; and for all expenditures made under the provisions of this act, except for the payment of the salary of the State geologist, as herein specifically set forth, the consent or approval of the governor shall be obtained, and the vouchers of the said State geologist for all expenditures made from this fund shall be filed with the auditor; and a statement of his receipts and expenditures shall be printed in each biennial report of the State geologist. Of the amount annually appropriated there shall be expended--

First. For the salary of the State geologist, $200 per month during such time as he may devote to the work of the survey, not to exceed the sum of $1,000 per annum.

Second. For the contingent expenses of the survey, including compensation of all temporary and permanent assistants; traveling expenses of the geological corps; purchase of materials for making the chemical analyses; other necessary expenditures for outfit; expenses incurred in providing for the transportation, arrangement, and proper exhibition of the geological and other collections made under the provisions of this act, and the engraving of maps, and sections to illustrate the biennial reports, $4,000: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as abridging the right of any subsequent general assembly to discontinue, diminish, or enlarge the amount of the appropriations herein made. SEC. 5. Be it further enacted, That in the event of a vacancy in the office of the State geologist, by reason of death, resignation, or other cause, the governor is hereby authorized and required to fill such vacancy by appointment, and to fix the compensation of said appointee, to be paid out of the unexpended balance of the appropriation; and the tenure of office of said appointee shall continue till the next subsequent meeting of the general assembly.

SEC. 6. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed.

Approved February 19, 1883.

In 1891, or before the expiration of the 10-year limit mentioned in Section 4 above, the amount of the annual appropriation was increased to $7,500, this amount to continue until otherwise ordered by the general assembly, the purport of the bill being to avoid the necessity of renewed legislation at every session. Under these laws assistants were appointed and assignments made as follows:

Personnel.-Henry McCalley to work in the Warrior coal field and the valley regions; Joseph Squire, in the Cahaba coal field; A. M. Gibson, in Murphree's Valley and the coal measures adjacent thereto, and afterward in the Coosa coal field. Doctor Smith, with D. W. Langdon, T. H. Aldrich, and L. C. Johnson, undertook the examination of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Coastal Plain, although a large part of the time of the director was occupied in administrative and editorial work. Later Dr. George Little made an examination of the clays of the Lower Cretaceous; Dr. W. B. Phillips began an investigation of the gold region, which was continued by W. M. Brewer; and K. M. Cunningham demonstrated the existence of true chalk deposits in the Alabama Cretaceous.

Methods and results.-The results accomplished up to 1900, given in Doctor Smith's summary, are as follows:

McCalley's report on the Warrior coal field, published in 1886, contained detail sections of all the exposures of coal seams in the basin division of this field, together with Mr. Gibson's account of part of the plateau division. This report also contained the first approximately full columnar section of the measures of this field. McCalley's report on the plateau region of the Warrior field, with map and colored section, appeared in 1891.

Squire's report and map of the Cahaba coal field appeared in 1890. The document purports to be the outcome of some 30 years' work, during which time Mr. Squire had been continuously engaged in this field, either in active mining or in making instrumental surveys for individuals or corporations, all the results of which were incorporated in his report. The map, it is claimed, showed accurately the surface outcrops of all the important seams of coal and a number of carefully constructed vertical and horizontal sections of the field. It exhibited also the geology of the adjacent valleys.

The existence of phosphatic nodules and marls in the State was discovered in 1884. The distribution, quality, and quantity of these were investigated by Mr. Langdon and the director, the report of progress being incorporated in Bulletin No. 2, 1892. Mr. Gibson's report on the geology and resources of Murphree's Valley did not appear until 1893. His report on the coal measures of Blount Mountain was issued in 1894, and his preliminary report on the Coosa coal field

in 1895.

The preliminary report of Dr. William B. Phillips, who undertook the examination of the gold region, was issued in 1892 as Bulletin No. 3 and was concerned with the lower part of the gold belt. The upper part was undertaken by Mr. William M. Brewer, and his report thereon was published as Bulletin No. 5 in 1896. This report includes also notes on the microscopical characters of the crystalline rocks of this section by Dr. J. Morgan Clements and Alfred H. Brooks.

The State survey entered upon a plan of cooperation with the United States Geological Survey shortly after the consolidation of the various United States surveys into one organization under the direction of Clarence King. The results of this cooperation were manifested in Bulletin No. 4 of the State survey, published in 1892, and entitled A Report on the Geology of Northeastern Alabama and Adjacent Parts of Georgia, by C. W. Hayes; and Bulletin No. 43 of the United States Survey, published in 1887. This last-named bulletin treats of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Alabama along the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, under the joint authorship of Director Smith and L. C. Johnson. The investigation of the Alabama Coastal Plain was continued by the Alabama survey and extended so as to embrace all the territory out to the Chattahoochee River, and the results were published in 1894 by the Alabama survey under the title, The Geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama. In this investigation Dr. Daniel W. Langdon was associated with Director Smith, having immediate charge of the territory east of the Alabama River. It was while engaged in this work that Mr. Langdon made the discovery of the series of Post-Vicksburg Marine Tertiary formations, to which he gave the name "Chattahoochee." The credit of this discovery has been greatly diminished by the introduction of a number of new formation names and the restriction of the name Chattahoochee to the lowermost only of the formations which Mr. Langdon first brought to the attention of the geologists.

In the same year (1894) was published a geological map of the State on the scale of 1 inch to 10 miles. This map was accompanied by an explanatory chart of the same size as the map, on which were given, in columns, details concerning the several formations, as follows: 1, Names, Synonyms, Classifications, and Common Fossils; 2. Thickness, Lithological and Topographical Characters, Area and Distribution; 3, Useful Products; 4, Soils, Characteristic Timber Growth, and Agricultural Features; 5, Geological Reports containing most important details.

About this time Dr. William B. Phillips undertook the study of the conditions surrounding the manufacture of iron in the State.

and the first edition of his report on iron making in Alabama was issued in 1896. This book was so much in demand that an enlarged edition was brought out in 1898, and a third was in manuscript a year or two later, though not yet published.1

For many years Henry McCalley, chief assistant, devoted his whole. time to the investigation of the Paleozoic formations of the State, and the results of his work were published under two heads, (1) The Geology and Resources of the Appalachian Valleys, and (2) A second report on the Warrior Basin.

The first of the two reports above indicated appeared in two parts, namely, the Valley Regions of Alabama, part 1, Tennessee Valley, issued in 1896; part 2, Coosa Valley Regions, issued in 1898, and including folding plate with numerous cross sections illustrating the geological structure.

The report on the Warrior Basin appeared in 1900. This report is illustrated by a large folding map, and by many vertical sections of the measures embracing the coal groups from the Brookwood down to and including the Black Creek. These reports include a mass of detailed information and will be an enduring monument to the untiring industry of Mr. McCalley. His later years were devoted to the study of the crystalline area, but he did not live to bring this report to completion.

A Preliminary Report on the Clays of Alabama with Chemical Analyses and Physical Tests of the More Important Varieties, by Dr. Heinrich Ries, was published in 1900. This report contains also a chapter on the Geological Relations of the Alabama Clays, by Dr. E. A. Smith.

The work of the survey was not limited exclusively to geology but included general natural history as well. The published reports along this line are, however, as yet confined to botany. In 1879 the botanical collections made by Doctor Smith were submitted to Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, for classification, with the request that he would take charge of the future investigation of the flora of Alabama in connection with the Geological Survey. In 1880 a list of the combined collections of Doctors Mohr and Smith was published under the title A Preliminary List of the Plants Growing Without Cultivation in Alabama. In this list were enumerated about 1,500 species and varieties of native flowering plants and ferns. From this time on until his death, in 1901, Doctor Mohr was engaged in the study of Alabama flora under the auspices of the State survey and of the National Department of Agriculture, and a report on the Plant Life of Alabama, was in manuscript by the year 1900, and was published jointly as a report of the Alabama Geological

1 This was finally issued in 1912.