FIRST GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SURVEY UNDER MICHAEL TUOMEY,

1843-1846.

As previously noted, Ruffin, as agricultural surveyor, was succeeded in 1843 by Michael Tuomey. It does not appear from the printed records that his appointment was accompanied by any modification of the fundamental law establishing the survey, although the appropriations for 1843 were for an agricultural survey, while those of 1844, 1845, and 1846 were for a geological survey; while Tuomey's first report, dated November 25, 1844, was entitled, "Report on the Geological and Agricultural Survey." The survey under Tuomey's administration continued for three years and was supported by the annual appropriations noted.

Administration.--Mr. Tuomey was unassisted, except temporarily by volunteers. His first report (1814) contains brief papers by F. S. Holmes and Mr. Ruffin, both relating to agricultural matters. His final report (1848) likewise contained appendices by L. R. Gibbes, Robert Lebbey, T. W. Glover, and C. U. Shepard, with a reprint of Vanuxem's report from Mill's Statistics. Tuomey's salary for 1844 and 1845 was, to judge from the appropriations, $2,000, though it is apparent that this was made to cover the entire expenses of the work, exclusive of publications, which were otherwise provided for. Expenses. The total expenses of the surveys under Ruffin and Tuomey would appear to have been as follows:

Publications. These consisted of Ruffin's report of 1843, Tuomey's of 1844, and his final report of 1848. I have no means of ascertaining the size of the edition.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SURVEY UNDER OSCAR M. LIEBER,

1855-1860.

In 1855 the matter of a gelogical survey of the State was again brought up through the following preamble and resolutions:

The committee on agriculture and internal improvements, to whom was referred the memorial of sundry citizens of St. Helena Parish on the subject of

"If so much is necessary."

an agricultural and geological survey of the State, and also a resolution of the senate on the propriety of selecting a suitable person to procure and effect a mineralogical survey, respectfully report that they have considered the same and now submit the following report, with accompanying resolutions.'

Resolved, That this general assembly authorize the appointment of a geological, mineralogical, and agricultural surveyor, whose services shall be engaged for four years, and whose duty it shall be to explore the several districts and make a geological map, analyze minerals, ores, and manures, free of charge, and submit an annual report to the legislature for general circulation.

Resolved, That this officer shall receive a salary of $3,000; be appointed by joint resolution of the two houses; and that it shall be the duty of the joint committee of agriculture and internal improvements of the senate and of internal improvements of the house to nominate a suitable person to fill this office. On the adoption of these resolutions Oscar M. Lieber, professor of geology in South Carolina College, was appointed State geologist, in which capacity he served until 1860. Excepting that Lieber was himself connected with the college, the survey would appear to have been an independent organization under the immediate direction of the committee on agriculture and internal improvements. It was supported by annual appropriations of $3,000 each.

Personnel.-Lieber served without scientific assistants. As noted in the resolutions he was appointed by the governor after nomination by the joint committee on agriculture and internal improvements. His salary throughout the term of service was $3,000 a year, which sum apparently covered the entire expense of the survey outside of publications. There is nothing in the wording of the act estab lishing the survey, or in the report to indicate that the establishment of either a museum or library was contemplated or carried out. Expenses. The total expense of the survey to the State would appear to be as follows:

The actual cost of printing and binding does not seem to have been provided for by special appropriation, the items mentioned

The report, like that of the previous committee, was unnecessarily verbose and con taining nothing essential to the history of the survey, and is here omitted.

above including only the cost of maps and plates. In addition to the amounts mentioned the assembly appropriated the sum of $2,000 a year for a period of four years to aid in the publication of Messrs. Tuomey and Holmes's Fossils of South Carolina, the work of preparation of which seems to have been largely, if not wholly, personal. The survey reports of which there were four were distributed in accordance with the following resolutions:

Report of committee on agriculture, to whom was referred so much of the governor's message as related to the geological survey:

Resolved, That 1,000 copies of the report of Mr. Lieber, with the accompanying plates, be printed for distribution, and that the same be so printed that they may hereafter form a portion of one or more octavo volumes.

Resolved, That Mr. Lieber be entitled to receive 50 copies for distribution by himself as soon as the same shall have been printed.

From resolutions for 1857:

Resolved, That the copies of the report of the State geologist for the year 1856, which were ordered to be printed at the last session of the legislature for distribution, and now in the treasurer's office at Columbia, be disposed of as follows: That each member of the senate and house of representatives be allowed one copy, and that the remaining copies be placed in the hands of the governor, and he be requested to have deposited 12 copies in the legislative library, two copies in each college and public library in the State, and the remaining copies in the hands of the booksellers in Charleston and Columbia, and in one store at each courthouse in the State, to be sold at cost, the same commissions to be allowed them as on the statutes at large.

Be it further resolved, That in order to place the above report within the reach of everyone feeling an interest in the geological, mineralogical, and agricultural survey now progressing, that 1,000 additional copies of the above report be published in the same form and style, and be deposited with the governor, to be placed by him in the same hands for sale on the same terms.

Resolved, That 2,000 copies of the report of the State geologist for the year 1857, with the accompanying plates, be printed in the same form and style as the report for 1856, and distributed in the same manner as directed for said report.

From resolutions of 1858:

Resolved, That 2,000 copies of the report be printed; that each member of the senate and of the house of representatives be allowed one copy; and the remaining copies be placed in the hands of the governor, and that he be requested to have 12 copies deposited in the legislative library, two copies in each college and public library in the State, and the remaining copies in the hands of the booksellers of Columbia and Charleston, and in one store at each courthouse in the State, to be sold at 50 cents a copy, the same commissions to be allowed them as on the statutes at large; and they would further recommend that the copies now on hand shall be sold at a like price.

Nothing further, under State auspices seems to have been undertaken within the period covered by this history. (See further on pp. 141, 142, of Bulletin 465 of the U. S. Geological Survey.)

136075-20- -31

TENNESSEE.

FIRST SURVEY UNDER GERARD TROOST, 1831-1850.1

In 1831 the legislature of Tennessee took the first step toward a geological survey of the State by passing the following act:

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. Gerard Troost, professor of mineralogy, geology, and chemistry in the University of Nashville, be, and he is hereby, appointed geologist and mineralogist for this State.

SEC. 2. Be it enacted, That the said Gerard Troost shall proceed to make a geological survey of the State of Tennessee, with a view, as far as practicable, to develop the mineralogical resources thereof, in doing of which he shall, as far as he can, examine into those mineral and metallic regions believed to exist in the different formations found in the several sections of the State, making the proper analysis of such substances as he may believe to be of value, and also to examine and be prepared to report upon the soil of different parts of the State, the rocks of those parts, with such other remarks as may lead the citizens to an estimate of comparative value and use, as well as to enable them to judge understandingly of its metals and minerals.

SEC. 3. Be it enacted, That the said Troost be, and he is hereby, appointed assayer of this State.

SEC. 4. Be it enacted, That the said Gerard Troost be allowed the sum of $500, to be paid by the treasurer of middle Tennessee, on a warrant or warrants to be drawn by the governor for the time being, in quarterly payments, when he shall be informed that the work contemplated by this act is in progress.

SEC. 5. Be it enacted, That said Troost shall report to the next general assembly what he may have done under the appointment as geologist as aforesaid. December 21, 1831.

Subsequently the following resolutions relative to the survey were

passed.

Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. G. Troost be, and he is hereby, continued as geologist of the State of Tennessee for the next two years, with the salary already fixed by the law originally creating the office of geologist for the State.

November 15, 1833.

Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. G. Troost be continued as geologist of the State of Tennessee for the next two years, with the salary fixed by the law originally creating the office of geologist for the State.

Adopted January 28, 1836.

Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. Gerard Troost, geologist of the State, be requested to make a mineralogical survey and examination of that portion of the State lying within the bounds lately ceded by the Cherokee Nation of Indians to the United States, and that he report the result of his labors to the next general assembly.

Adopted October 24, 1836.

Administration.-Doctor Troost accepted the office thus tendered him, still remaining an active professor in the University of Nash

1 Compiled mainly from manuscript notes by James M. Safford, State geologist.