Ohio, and New York borders. But in 1881, 1882, and 1883, Professor White paid especial attention to the fossils of the middle belt of counties on the Delaware, on the Susquehanna, and on the upper Juniata Rivers, his results being embodied (without figures) in his reports; Professor Stevenson did the same on the Maryland border; and Professor Claypole was commissioned in the same three years to prepare a special report of all the forms discoverable in the rich district of the lower Juniata. A slight sketch of his results is given in the preface and sufficiently full descriptions of the fossil horizons in the text of his report F-2 on Perry County. Generic and specific descriptions and figures have not been published. Enough has been done, however, to make the published paleontology of New York available in Pennsylvania.

The great want of the survey is a proper habitation, where its large collections, now stored in the cellar of the Academy of Natural Sciences, can be handled, discussed, and placed on exhibition for the instruction of the public, and especially of the teachers of public schools and academies during their summer vacations. In such a building the models of surface relief and of underground structure made by the survey, as well as the contoured and colored topographical and geological maps would be on permanent exhibition; while many others might be added to the collection.

Several of these models deserve mention, or are unique of their kind. One exhibits the plicated structure of the southern anthracite coal basin from the Little Schuylkill at Tamaqua to the Lehigh River at Mauch Chunk. Another like it exposed to view the underground structure of the mammoth coal bed of the western middle anthracite field, east and west of Mahanoy City.

These models are not mere rough illustrations of the way in which the coal measures of eastern Pennsylvania are folded, faulted, and overturned, and of the kind of difficulties characterizing colliery practice. They are accurate exhibitions of the precise height, length, breadth, and shape of the anticlinals and synclinal crimples which together make up the coal basins studied by the survey. They were constructed from parallel cross-sections through all the collieries, on the same scale vertical and horizontal to avoid distortion; and they carry the surveyed structure from colliery to colliery, through intervals of unworked ground sufficiently small to make important errors practically impossible. Consequently the structure ahead of the workings can be predicted with a fair approach to nicety; and such measurements may be made to changes of dip, overturns, faults and other troubles, as may advantageously modify the plans of superintendents in advance. If the survey is continued every basin of the anthracite region will be not only mapped but modeled in this

manner for the use of miners. The floor of the principal bed worked in each district is taken for the surface of the model.

The purely scientific value of these models and of the underground contour-line maps which accompany them is considerable; for until they were made very crude and incorrect views of the complicated structure of each basin were entertained even by those best acquainted with it; and a large step has been thus made in the theory of plication.

To carry the theory one stage further a large model (2 feet by 4 feet) has been made of the uncovered surface of the Medina formation, No. 4, over an area of about 40,000 square miles; that is, from the Maryland and West Virginia State line to southern New York and northern New Jersey; in other words, from the Blue RidgeSouth Mountain range, across the plicated middle belt of the State, into the slightly waved country north and west of the Allegheny Mountain. The scale adopted, vertical and horizontal the same, is 3,000 feet to 1 inch. The surface of the Medina Sandstone where erosion has spared it is laid bare; and where erosion has gone deeper into the lower Silurian formations, the Cambrian and Archean rocks, a restoration of all up to the top of the Medina has been made, based upon the graphic projection of the curves over the grand anticlinals. This model was made in 1884, but has not been published, because its southeastern border was not satisfactory; but the light which it has thrown on Appalachian structure at large is extraordinary; especially as to the kind, direction, and degree of the sidethrust northwestward, and the relationship of the anthracite region to the South Mountain masses.

Recently a local and more accurate model has been made of the district of the Seven Mountains near the center of the State, to show the hunching of one of the great synclinals at one stage of its course across the State. The scale of this model (vertical and horizontal) is 3,200 feet to 1 inch.

Similar models of the bituminous coal basins of the Pittsburgh district and of the oil-sand group of the western counties, will show by the uncovered surfaces of the Pittsburgh bed and the first oil sand, the general slope to the southwest, and their rise and fall over the anticlinals.

The topographical maps of the survey are large and elaborate, and embody the results of years of instrumental work. The field work was plotted on a scale of 400 feet to 1 inch, and reduced for publication to 1,600 feet and 3.200 feet. The first accomplished was a map of the limonite-bearing lower Silurian region of Blair and Huntingdon Counties, extended to the coal measures at the crest of the Allegheny Mountain. The second finished and published

map embraces the South Mountains of Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton counties from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, and includes the border of the Trias on the south, and the limestone region of the great valley on the north, with all its iron ore mines. The third, partly published and nearly finished, covers the South Mountain region from Harrisburg to the Maryland line; but its geology is still to be worked out.

Numerous local maps of the same character, instrumentally surveyed, in various parts of the State, will contribute their quota to a future complete relief map of the State. An important and largo addition of these data has been made by the water department of Philadelphia, under Colonel Ludlow. It is an extension of the survey map of the South Mountains, southward over the Trias region of Bucks and Montgomery, toward Philadelphia. With this map in hand the survey can now work out the geology of the New Red Belt between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, in a tolerably satisfactory manner. But the whole belt must be thus mapped before some of the paradoxical exhibitions of this interesting formation can be thoroughly well understood.

As for the azoic belt of the southeastern corner of the State, from Trenton, past Philadelphia and West Chester into Maryland, especially that part of it west of the Schuylkill, it seems hopeless to unravel its structure before a complete and accurate relief of the survey, in the minutest detail, has been obtained. No general survey of it avails. Several years of hard work has been expended upon it, but the geology remains as obscure as ever. Two local relief maps only have been made, which reveal important facts, and show what may be expected from this kind of work wherever it shall be faithfully done. But the Philadelphia azoic belt will continue to be the pons asinorum of Pennsylvania geology for years to come. Appalachian geology is child's play compared with it.

All field work of the second survey closed with June 1, 1890, after which date work was continued for the completion of its publications, chiefly the last sheets of the anthracite survey, the maps and sections of the survey of the new red belt of Bucks and Montgomery counties, the completion of the bituminous colliery, map of western Pennsylvania, a new geological State map,' and the three volumes of the final report. Of the latter, volumes 1 and 2 were prepared in person by Lesley, and some 200 pages of part 1 of volume 3. Failing health compelled him to relinquish the work at this point, and it was completed by E. V. d'Invilliers and A. D. W. Smith. Volumes 1 and 2 appeared in 1892 and volume 3 in 1895. They comprise 2,638 octavo pages of text and 611 plates.

Vol. 1 of Final Reports, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1892, p. 3.

In 1889 the matter of a State survey was again revived through an act of the legislature entitled "An act to authorize the topographic and geologic survey of the State in cooperation with the United States geological survey." This act is still in force. (See Bulletin 465, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 124.)

RHODE ISLAND.

At a meeting of the "standing committee of the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry, holden on the 26th day of December, A. D. 1838," the following resolution was adopted:

Resolved, That Messrs. John Pitman, Joseph Mauran, Christopher Rhodes, and Owen Mason be a committee to memorialize the general assembly, and to confer with such committee as the general assembly may appoint, to inquire into the expediency of authorizing a geological and agricultural survey of this State, and to adopt such other measures as they may deem expedient to carry the same into effect; and that the sum of $500 be appropriated by this society in aid of this object: Provided, The State shall, at the ensuing January session, appropriate the residue of the sum necessary for the purpose, and take measures to carry the same into effect, under the immediate supervision of the State or of this society.

It was presumably in accordance with the memorial presented by this committee that the appended resolution was passed by the assembly the following year:

Resolved, That the sum of $2,000 be appropriated and paid from the general treasury to defray the expenses of a geological and agricultural survey of the State.

Resolved, That the same be expended under the direction of Messrs. King, Simmons, Potter, of South Kingstown, Rhodes, and Luther, with such as the honorable senate may add, who are hereby appointed a committee for that pur pose, to serve without compensation, which committee are authorized to draw upon the treasury for such sum or sums as may be necessary, not exceeding in the whole the aforesaid sum of $2,000.

Resolved, That said committee be authorized to act in conjunction with any committee that may be appointed for the same purpose by the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry.

In accordance with this enactment a contract was entered into with Dr. C. T. Jackson, in April, 1839. In May, 1840, the manuscript of his report was submitted for publication. It does not appear that he was assisted in any way other than by volunteers.

From an examination of the report it appears that Jackson made long excursions out of Providence, visiting the principal towns and traversing the important rock groups so as to attain general cross sections of the area.'

J. W. Woodworth, American Geologist, August, 1897.

His report, an octavo volume of 312 pages, with a colored geologieal map of the State, appeared in 1840. The printing and distribution of the same was provided for by the following resolution:

In general assembly, May session, A. D. 1840.

The committee appointed to procure a geological and agricultural survey of the State, having accomplished the same, and having received from Dr. Charles T. Jackson, the geological and agricultural surveyor, a satisfactory report: Resolved, That the said committee be, and they are hereby, authorized to cause 1,000 copies of the report of said survey to be printed and bound; and that the said copies when finished be distributed in the following manner, viz: One copy to his excellency the governor; one to his honor the lieutenant governor; one to each of the present members of this general assembly; one to the supreme executive of each of the United States; one to the town clerk of each town in this State; one to each school district in this State, excepting the districts in Newport and Providence; 20 copies to the town of Newport, and 30 copies to the city of Providence, which said copies shall be distributed in said Newport and Providence by the school committees therein; one copy to each public library in the State; one to the Rhode Island Historical Society; one to Brown University; five copies to the Library of Congress; and the residue to be deposited in the secretary's office.

- No further steps toward a survey of the State appear to have been taken until 1875, when the following resolutions were passed:

Resolutions authorizing the governor to appoint commissioners to prepare a plan for a thorough geological and scientific survey of the State.

Resolved, That the governor be authorized to appoint five competent persons, two of whom may be nominated by the Providence Franklin Society, a commission to prepare a plan for a thorough geological and scientific survey of the State, to make an estimate of the expense thereof, and to report thereon to the next general assembly, if possible, at its May session.

Resolved, That the members of the commission thus appointed shall serve without compensation, but their traveling and other expenses incurred in the performance of their duty as such commissioners shall be paid from the treasary of the State.

Resolved, That the sum of $500 is hereby appropriated for the use of said commissioners, and the governor is authorized to draw his order on the general treasurer for the same, upon requisition of the chairman of the commission.'

In accordance with these resolutions a committee was appointed, consisting of Zachariah Allen, William F. Channing, George I. Chace, John R. Leslie, and George F. Wilson. Sundry meetings were held by this committee and a report comprising some 13 octavo printed pages submitted to the assembly in January, 1876. A survey was recommended and the following plan for its consummation presented:

1. A board shall be appointed having permanent charge of the scientific survey of the State.

Report of the Rhode Island Commission to prepare a plan for a thorough geological and scientific survey of the State, January. 1876, p. 3.