SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of said geologist to study, and determine as nearly as possible, the number and extent of the various formations of the State; to represent the same, from time to time, upon properly constructed maps and diagrams; to study the modes of occurrence and the distribution of the useful minerals and products of these formations; to determine the chemical composition and structure of the same; to investigate the soils and water supply of the State; and to give attention to the discoveries of coal, building stone, natural cement, petroleum, gas, and other natural substances of use and value to the State. He may also collect and describe the fossils of the various geological formations of the State; but no expenditure shall be incurred under this head that is not expressly ordered and provided for by the general assembly.

SEC. 3. The said geologist shall make, on or before the first day in February of each year, a report to the governor, covering the work of the preceding year, and the report shall be transmitted to the general assembly, to be printed in the same manner as other public documents, or as shall be otherwise ordered. SEC. 4. The salaries of the State geologist and the, assistants employed by him, together with the traveling and incidental expenses, shall be paid monthly, on presentation of properly itemized vouchers, signed by the governor, out of the State treasury, from the appropriation made for such purpose.

SEC. 5. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund the sum of $1,000, annually, for the purpose above named.

SEC. 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Passed April 12, 1889.

Under this law, which may be considered as establishing the third organization for the purpose of making a geological survey of the State, Doctor Orton was again appointed State geologist, and continued to hold the office until the time of his death, which took place in October, 1899. From 1893 until this latter date, however, all work was practically suspended. Doctor Orton still held the position but no appropriations were made and the little work done was voluntary on his part.'

Under the organization above authorized, Prof. N. W. Lord, of the State university, served as chemist, and Prof. S. W. Robinson, also of the State university, as special assistant in the measurement of gas wells and pipe lines.

The first annual report under this organization bears the date of 1890, and is given up mainly to a consideration of the subjects of oil and gas.

After Doctor Orton's death the subject of the survey was taken up once more, and in 1900 a bill was passed appropriating $2,500 for the current year and $3,500 for the year 1901. Edward Orton, jr., became State geologist. The work of this survey, however, passes beyond the limit set for the present history.

1 See Bulletin No. 1, series 4, Geological Survey of Oblo, 1903.

PENNSYLVANIA.'

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER HENRY D. ROGERS, 1836-1842.

Organization.-In 1834 there was organized a geological society of Pennsylvania, the objects of which were declared to be:

To ascertain as far as possible the nature and structure of the rock formations of the State; their connection or comparison with the other formations in the United States and of the rest of the world; the fossils they contain and their nature and positions and associations, and particularly the uses to which they can be applied in the arts, and their subserviency to the comforts and conveniences of men.

This society continued in existence but four years and left a single volume of transactions as tangible evidence of its career. It was, however, doubtless largely through the interest aroused by this society that there was established in 1836 a State geological survey. The following is the text of the original and supplementary acts:

An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in general assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That the governor is hereby authorized and required, within 30 days after the passage of this act, to appoint a State geologist of talents, integrity, and suitable, scientific, and practical knowledge of his profession, who shall appoint as his assistants two geologists, also of integrity and competent skill, one of whom shall also be a scientific and prac tical mineralogist, and the said State geologist shall also appoint a competent, practical, analytical chemist to assist him in his duties.

SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants immediately to commence and to carry on with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, and in accordance with a plan previously submitted to the secretary of the Commonwealth, a geological and mineralogical survey of the State, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relative position, and the dip or inclination, and also the comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within the State, and to discover and examine all beds and deposits of ores, coals, clays, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be deemed useful or valuable, together with such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State.

SEC. 3. It shall further be the duty of the said State geologist, on or before the 1st day of January in each and every year, during the time necessarily occupied by said survey, to make an annual report of the progress of said survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same to the secretary of the Commonwealth, who shall immediately lay such report before the legis lature.

SEC. 4. The said State geologist is further required to cause to be represented on the map of this Commonwealth, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations in the State,

1 Compiled in part from manuscript notes by J. P. Lesley in 1886.

STATE GEOLOGIST OF NEW JERSEY, 1835-40, AND OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1846-52,

and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered, and on the completion of the survey to compile a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey.

SEC. 5. The said State geologist shall also send to the secretary of the Commonwealth such specimens of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and mineral products discovered, as he may deem necessary and proper, in order to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of the geology and mineralogy of the State, and the said secretary of the Commonwealth shall cause them to be deposited in proper order, in some convenient room in the State capitol, there to be preserved for public inspection. The said geologist is further required to furnish similar specimens of geology and mineralogy of each county in the State to the commissioners of said county, who shall cause the same to be properly deposited and arranged for public inspection in a room in the county courthouse, or some other convenient place in the county.

SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the chemist appointed as aforesaid to make full and complete examinations, assays and analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, mineral substances, and mineral waters as may be submitted to him by the State geologist, and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained.

SEC. 7. For the purpose of carrying on and completing the said geological and mineralogiacl survey, the sum of $6,400 is hereby annually appropriated for five years, to be expended as follows: For the annual salary of the State geologist, $2,000; for that of each of the assistant geologists, $1,200; and for the annual compensation of the chemist, in full for all services performed and expenses incurred by him, $1,000; the remaining $1,000, if necessary, to be appropriated to the incidental expenses of the geologists, incurred in the prosecution of the survey, and the duties enjoined on them by this act: Provided, That the said salaries shall not commence until the said geologists and chemist shall have entered upon the execution of their duties, and that on the completion of said survey and the duties connected with it they shall wholly cease and determine.

Approved March 29, 1836.

A supplement to the act entitled "An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State," passed March 29, 1836.

SECTON 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That the State geologist be, and he is hereby, authorized to appoint two additional assistant geologists, who shall possess the same qualifications, and receive the same salary as those appointed under the act to which this is a supplement, and that the annual report of the said State geologist shall be made to the legislature on or before the 1st day of February in each year.

SEC. 2. For the payment of the said additional assistant geologists, and such expenses as may be incurred in the formation of the State and county cabinet collections of mineral specimens, with other incidental expenses, incurred in the prosecution of the survey, the sum of $3,000 is hereby added to the future annual appropriation mentioned in the seventh section of the act to which this is a supplement.

SEC. 3. So much of the act to which this is a supplement, as is hereby altered or supplied, shall be, and the same is hereby, repealed.