SEC. 4. Whenever said survey shall be completed, a report of the same, accompanied by such maps and drawings as may be necessary to elucidate and exemplify the same, shall be published under the direction of said State geologist. SEC. 5. That, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act, the sum of $3,500 is hereby annually appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the governor and council. SEC. 6. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved July 3, 1868. This law remained in force throughout the existence of the survey. No additional acts were passed, with the exception of one providing for the publication of reports. The survey was not connected with any other institution and was sustained wholly by annual appropriations, and continued uninterruptedly for 10 years. Administration.--Under the law given above C. H. Hitchcock was appointed principal on September 8, 1868, and continued in office. until the expiration of the work May 31, 1878. Various assistants were appointed from time to time. J. H. Huntington was appointed in 1869 and served more or less constantly until 1878, though doing no field work after 1875. Warren Upham was appointed in 1871at first temporarily-and served until 1878, his special field of study being the glacial drift and surface geology. He also attended to drafting of the maps, plans, and illustrations. Dr. George W. Hawes prepared the part of the final report pertaining to mineralogy and lithology, being employed between two and three years in the work. Other temporary assistants were Prof. George L. Vose, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Prof. Charles A. Seeley, of New York, chemist; and Dr. A. M. Edwards, who studied diatoms. Prof. Thomas Egleston, of Columbia College, commenced work on the optical mineralogy in 1874, but was obliged to give it up because of ill health. The salary of the State geologist was at the rate of $1,500 a year; that of J. H. Huntington, $500 annually; and that of Warren Upham, about $3 a day. George W. Hawes received $800 a year, this amount being paid from appropriations for publishing the report. The principal was himself connected with Dartmouth College, but the college had no connection whatever with the survey. The methods of procedure employed by the survey are outlined below. The State being located entirely upon crystalline rocks, the methods employed were not exactly the same as those used in regions of sedimentary deposits. A contour map upon a scale of 21 miles to the inch was first prepared. The trigonometric stations were obtained through the United States Coast Survey, the boundary survey of 1842, various private surveys, and considerable special work. The roads, villages, streams, and other fixed points were chiefly located from county maps prepared shortly before the survey commenced. 136075-20-21 Fitting these to the trigonometric stations obtained as explained, a very accurate map was prepared. The elevations were obtained chiefly by leveling along the railroads. Rarely, use was made of the railroad survey data. The hills were determined by aneroid and mercurial barometers and estimates. Guyot's measurements for the higher mountains were accepted as correct. Leveling from the sea to two stations of the United States Coast Survey enabled certain corrections to be made. Contours on the maps were 100 feet apart, save in the extreme north and south, where they were often given for every 50 feet. The parallel linear arrangement of the formations allowed the measurement of 13 sections from east to west across the State. Every ledge along these lines was examined and specimens collected of everything important. These were subsequently arranged in the museum, as noted later. Two fields, each 400 to 500 square miles in extent, were studied with unusual care-one the Ammonoosuc mining field and the other the White Mountains. Every ledge in these districts was visited and special collections made for the museum. An extraordinary number of observations, it is claimed, were taken of the surface geology, and the survey was the first to give prominent attention to the subject of micropetrology. This work was in the hands of Dr. George W. Hawes. The several methods employed by the survey, and which were original with it, were as follows: 1. Determining topography by careful surveys of the ridges of land or watersheds and river courses and filling in subsequently the rest of the field by estimate. 2. Methods of studying surface geology. 3. Microscopic methods in lithology. As already noted, the survey collections were assigned to the New Hampshire College of Agriculture, located in a building belonging to Dartmouth College. This museum consists of (a) rocks illustrating sections; (b) rocks illustrating ledges between the section lines, about 500 localities being represented; (c) special collections, much more minute, as of the White Mountains, Ammonoosuc mining field, Helderberg region near Bernardston, Massachusetts, and a large collection of rocks to illustrate the dispersal of fragments by ice, also a lithological series; (d) fossils of Niagara age, full representations of all stones valuable for economic purposes, also a systematic collection of ninety-five mineral species found in the State, with slides for microscope. Duplicate sets of the first section collection were placed in the State Normal School and in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. To the last named were added the continuation of the sections across Vermont and a relief geological map on the scale of 1 mile to the inch. No library was formed, the publications received being placed in the private library of the State geologist. Expenses. All the funds provided by the State were devoted to exploration in the field and the necessary office work; $3,500 were annually appropriated, but the expenditure from year to year varied. The following figures are taken from the official books: September 8, 1868, to May 31, 1869- Total.. $1,150.00 3, 879. 13 3, 163. 15 3,296. 52 3, 255.72 3,463. 03 3,500.00 3,508. 47 3,233.25 3,750,00 $32, 199. 27 The cost of the annual reports was intended by the law to have been provided for in the appropriation for the State printer. In several cases the maps engraved were erroneously charged to the expense account of the survey, but this is not the case with the figures given below: The first annual report cost $219; the second, $482.02; the third, $548.78; the fourth, $210. The final report consisted of three volumes and an atlas. The cost of printing the latter, as paid from year to year, was as follows: 1874, $685.86; 1875, $4,713.40; 1876, $790; 1877, $2,571.05; 1878, $19,638.29; 1879, $5,560.57; making a total for the three volumes and atlas of $33,959.17. The total cost of the survey, then, was: For expenses, $32,199.27; publication of annuals, $1,459.80; publication of final reports, $33,959.17; for maps and cases, $500. There was also appropriated $200 for the completion of a relief map of the State and $300 for cases in the agricultural college to hold the specimens. The building holding the museum cost $40,000, but contained, in addition to the museum, the chemical laboratories of both colleges and recitation rooms. for geology and natural history. For this building the State appropriated $15,000 and Dartmouth College $25,000. In addition, again, a special meteorological observatory was established upon Mount Washington during the winter of 1870-71, costing some $2,000, the amount being obtained by private subscription. Publications.-Three annual reports in pamphlet form were issued of about 1.500 copies each, and 1,000 copies of the final report. Mr. E. C. Eastman, of Concord, had 300 additional copies of the final report, with the exception of volume 3, printed at his own expense. The annual was printed in connection with the usual legislative documents and distributed with them to all applicants. The final report was distributed by vote of the legislature somewhat as follows: One copy each to every town and academy in the State; six copies each to the New Hampshire Historical Society, New England Genealogical Society, Dartmouth College, and the State College; 100 copies to scientific institutions and individuals and others specified, including seven to the Smithsonian Institution. The balance was placed in the hands of the trustees of the State library for sale and exchange. The provisions for the sale of these documents were somewhat peculiar. A certain number of copies, equal to the number of representatives and senators, were authorized to be sold at $4 each or $16 for the set, to citizens of New Hampshire, who were required to present certificates of residence in the State, signed by the selectman of the town in which they live. No provision was made for sale in any other way by the State. The cost of publication was $33.85 a set. Benefits. Among the benefits enumerated are: First, a knowledge of the mineral resources of the State, which had aided in the development of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc properties, besides quarries of granite and mica; second, the published accounts relative to the White Mountains were the means of adding several thousand dollars annually to the revenues of individuals; third, the additions to science lay mostly in the classification of the metamorphic and crystalline rocks of northern New England and the establishment of the distinction between the Atlantic and Appalachian systems of elevation carried out through the eastern United States; fourth, studies in lithology; and fifth, discussions leading to the doctrine of the terminal moraine, descriptions of the lenticular hills of drift, later called drumlins, and the discovery of the true origin of the eskers, etc. From the study of the rocks themselves a triple succession was thought to have been discovered: First, gneiss; second, feldspathic mica schists; third, hydromica and chlorite schists. Purely local names meaning nothing by themselves, they were correlated with the extensions of the terraces into Quebec, Laurentian, and Huronian applied to the first and third, while the middle division was considered of enough importance to have the local name employed-Montalban. All were called Eozoic, in preference to any of the terms of later suggestion for the entire group. It will thus appear that mineral characters were used to distinguish the divisions. The foliated igneous rocks were not separated from the related gneisses. Many quartzites, mica schists, and slates were referred to the Paleozoic column for stratigraphical reasons. Well-defined Silurian fossils determined satisfactorily the age of certain limestones, slates, and sandstones in the Connecticut Valley. Later interpretations, by Professor Hitchcock included, after 1878, the study of the crystalline schists which attracted considerable attention. Locally the plan of measuring sections in New Hampshire and Vermont in east and west directions was resumed. Dartmouth College came into possession of the collections amassed originally for the State agricultural college and authorized additional work upon them, increasing the number of the sections from 13 to 18, one of which lay chiefly in Quebec and another in Massachusetts. Professor Hitchcock was constantly revising the conclusions of the earlier reports and collecting new specimens of all sorts up to 1908, when his official connection with the college ceased. Complete catalogues of all the sectional and petrographical collections, arranged in accordance with the latest conclusions, were left behind in the cases accompanied by colored profiles and a large relief map. The localities of all the specimens upon the sections are indicated both upon the profiles and accompanying quadrangles. Some of the later conclusions are the following: 1. The Green Mountain axis is clearly proved to be post-Cambrian. Related to this is a short range of gneiss from Halifax to Reading, Vermont. The Connecticut-Merrimack watershed is underlaid by a well-characterized gneiss, connected in Massachusetts with what some call Algonkians, and passing into Maine north of the White Mountains. Others similar are the Winnipiseogee range running into western Maine, the Manchester range cutting across the southeast part of New Hampshire, and short, parallel ranges in Essex County, Massachusetts. 2. The hydromica-chloritic formations of middle Vermont and the upper Connecticut Valley may be Cambrian or Ordovician. 3. The mica schists, partly calciferous, of eastern Vermont, carry the graptolites of the lower Trenton both in Vermont and Canada, and others are closely related to some of the Montalban areas. 4. The areas of the upper Silurian upon the Connecticut and its tributaries have been enlarged and multiplied, and pass into the Devonian. 5. Patches of the Carboniferous are anticipated. 6. Igneous protrusions occur at several horizons all through the Paleozoic. NEW JERSEY. FIRST SURVEY UNDER HENRY D. ROGERS, 1835-1837. Organization. As early as 1832, Gov. Peter D. Vroom, in his message to the legislature, advocated the establishment of a geological |