Museum.-In the early reports of the survey reference is made to the preparation of a State museum, and in the report for 1871-72 it is stated that one of the largest and best furnished rooms in the capitol had been allotted for the purpose and five cases suitable for the display of specimens had been prepared. The exhibit at that time contained from 800 to 1,200 specimens. The report for 1873-74 notes the addition of three cases and the preparation of a catalogue of the collections. Beyond this, no printed information is available. Publications.-The publications under the office of the State mineralogist are limited to seven brief reports, which contain little of other than mining interest. No systematic geological work whatever was accomplished. With the discontinuance of the survey in 1879, under the act of February, 1877, all effort on the part of a survey under State auspices ceased and has never been renewed.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

FIRST SURVEY UNDER CHARLES T. JACKSON, 1839-1844. Organization.-In 1839, in response to a popular demand and through the personal efforts of Dr. C. T. Jackson, there was established by the State Legislature of New Hampshire a mineralogical and geological survey of the State. The following is the text of the

act:

An act to provide for the geological and mineralogical survey of the State. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in gencral court convened, That the governor of this State is hereby authorized and required as soon as may be after the passage of this act to appoint a State geologist, who shall be a person of competent scientific and practical knowledge of the sciences, geology and mineralogy; and the said State geologist shall, by and with the consent of the governor and council, appoint one suitable person to assist him in the discharge of his duties, who shall be a skillful, analytical, and experimental chemist.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the State geologist and his said assistant, as soon as may be practicable after their appointment, to commence and carry on, with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of this State, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relative position, dip, or inclination, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within this State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, clay, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be useful or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said assistant to make full and complete examinations, assays, analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, or other substances as may be submitted to him by the State geologist for that purpose; and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said geologist, on or before the 1st day of June in each and every year during the time necessarily occupied by said survey, to make an annual report of the prog ress of said survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same to the secretary of the state, who shall lay such report before the legislature.

SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to cause to be represented on the map of the State, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations in the State, and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered, and on the completion of the survey to compile a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey.

SEC. G. And be it further enacted, That it shall also be the duty of the said State geologist to forward to the secretary of the state from time to time during the progress of said survey such specimens of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and other mineral substances, discovered and examined, as may be proper and necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of geology and mineralogy of the State; and the said secretary shall cause the same to be deposited in proper order in some convenient room in the State capitol, there to be preserved for public inspection.

SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act. the sum of $2,000 is hereby annually ap propriated for the term of three years to be expended under the direction of the governor: Provided, however, That the salaries of the said State geologist and his assistant shall not commence until they shall have entered upon the execution of their duties; and upon the completion of said survey and of the duties connected therewith they shall wholly cease and determine. Approved June 24, 1839.

This law remained in force throughout the existence of the survey, further enactments being made only for the purpose of making additional appropriations and to provide for publication. The survey was not connected with any other institution and was sustained wholly by annual appropriations.

Administration.-Under the act above given Dr. Charles T. Jackson, of Boston, was appointed State geologist, and J. D. Whitney, Moses B. Williams, E. Baker, W. F. Channing, and John Chandler served as volunteer assistants, even to the extent of paying their own expenses. In December of 1840 J. D. Whitney was appointed chemical assistant. These appointments were made by the principal with the consent of the governor and counsel. Neither the salary of the State geologist nor that of the chemist can now be ascertained. The assistants, as noted above, served as volunteers. The officers were not salaried by any other institution.'

It is stated (Life and Letters of J. D. Whitney, p. 40) that this system of volunteers was adopted to avoid political pressure in favor of the appointments of local and none-too-well equipped assistants. A verbal understanding was, however, entered into to the effect that on completion of the term of service the State legislature should be uppealed to to make good the deficiency. The plan is said to have worked successfully.

Three suites of specimens are mentioned by Jackson in his first annual report as having been collected and put up in cabinet form, and the suggestion is made that one set should be sent to the Portsmouth Athenaeum and one to Dartmouth College, the remaining portion being sufficient for the use of the legislature. Among these materials was a specimen of the first bar of tin smelted in America, the same having been prepared from tin ores found at Jackson, New Hampshire. This bar was subsequently destroyed by fire, but a second portion is still preserved among the collections of the United States National Museum at Washington.

In the first annual report the method of procedure is outlined somewhat as follows: Knowing the strata to pursue a general northeast course, Jackson proposed to cross them several times at right angles and also to follow along their lines of strike. "These lines of exploration will divide the territory into triangular areas, the boundaries of which will be known, and various excursions across them will make the knowledge of each strike more or less accurate." Cross sections were described from Portsmouth to Claremont through Concord, from Concord to Wakefield, from Wakefield to Haverhill-all measured by Messrs. Whitney and Williams. Doctor Jackson personally measured another from Concord to Winchester. Messrs. Whitney and Williams also traveled to the northern corner of the State as far as Mount Carmel. The field work closed after a tour to the White Mountains.

The second year's explorations began at Nashua, a party of assistants exploring the southern range of towns between Nashua and the Connecticut River. Doctor Jackson himself explored between Nashua and Portsmouth in the opposite direction. Thence he traveled to Madison, Mount Chocorua, Jackson, Randolph, Lancaster, Shelbourne, back to Lancaster and Dixville Notch. Next he measured a section through Vermont from Lancaster to Lake Champlain. Meanwhile Messrs. Channing and E. E. Hale examined the northern frontier. The remainder of the year's work consisted of explorations in Littleton, Franconia, Landaff, Orford, Lyme, Canaan, Grafton, Amherst, and Keene.

The third report states that towns not previously surveyed were examined as far as possible.

No library was formed.

Expenses. The total cost of the survey was $9,051.15, the amount being appropriated at the rate of $2,000 annually for the first three years and $3,051.15 for the fourth. This was exclusive of the cost of publication, the figures for which can not be ascertained. A bill for $2,417.35, paid in full of all claims on December 19, 1844, was thought by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock to relate to the illustrations of

the final report, though it is possible it may have been used for the relief of the volunteers already mentioned.

Publications.-Three annual reports were rendered, the first two in the form of octavo pamphlets of 164 and 8 pages, respectively, dated 1841 and 1842. The third annual was included in the final report, which formed a quarto volume of 384 pages and 11 plates.

A resolution of the senate and house of representatives, dated December 10, 1840, directed the secretary of state to procure 1,000 printed copies of the first annual report. The second annual was not issued separately from the general legislative document. The additional final report was limited to 600 copies. The reports were distributed with the legislative proceedings, and the final report sent to special institutions and individuals who were named to receive them. The cost of this report is supposed to have been between $3 and $4 a copy.

SECOND SURVEY UNDER CHARLES H. HITCHCOCK, 1868-1878.1

In June, 1868, in response to a renewed demand, a second survey was inaugurated. The following is the text of the second law:

An act to provide for the geological and mineralogical survey of the State.

Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general court convened:

SECTION 1. That the governor of the State, by and with the advice of the honorable council, is hereby required and authorized, as soon as may be after the passage of this act, to appoint a State geologist, who shall be a person of competent, scientific, and practical knowledge of the sciences of geology and mineralogy; and said State geologist shall have power to appoint such suitable person or persons as he may deem necessary to aid him in carrying out the purposes of this act.

SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of said State geologist, as soon as may be practicable after his appointment, to commence and carry on, with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of this State, with a view to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, clay, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be useful or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to complete such survey.

SEC. 3. It shall be the further duty of said State geologist to make a brief annual report of his progress to the secretary of state, who shall submit the same to the legislature, and shall forward from time to time such specimens of mineral substances as may be proper and necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of the geology and mineralogy of the State, as follows, viz: One complete set to the secretary of state, for preservation at the capitol of the State, which shall be so classified and arranged as to be accessible to all interested in the mineral capacity of the State, and one complete set to the museum of the agricultural college, to be used in the instruction of the young men who may resort there for an agricultural education.

Mainly from manuscript notes by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock.