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CHESTER AVERILL, WILLIAM MORE GABB, WILLIAM ASHBURNER, JAMES DWIGHT WHITNEY, CHARLES F. HOFFMAN,

CLARENCE KING, WILLIAM HENRY BREWER

published by the American Philosophical Society in its Proceedings, volume 36, pages 217-318. The parts by Means and myself were never published.

Other reports were also in preparation, one of which, on the Phosphate Rocks of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner and J. F. Newsom, the director of the Arkansas Experiment Station was induced to publish in 1902 as Bulletin 74.

There is also a lot of unpublished matter on the general geology and paleontology of the State and on the mineral resources.

CALIFORNIA.

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER DR. J. B. TRASK, 1850-1856.

Organization. Leaving out of consideration the purely geographical explorations of Capt. J. C. Fremont in 1844, and Maj. W. H. Emory in 1846, and also the private work of Philip T. Tyson in 1850, the history of scientific surveys in California under public-that is State-auspices may be said to have begun with the appointment of Dr. John B. Trask as State geologist in 1853. Doctor Trask, it would appear, had, of his own volition acquired a certain amount of information regarding the geology of the State, which, through a joint resolution of the legislature, was published as a State document in the form of a pamphlet of 31 pages entitled: A Report on the Geology of the Sierra Nevada, or the California Range.

On the 6th of May of this same year a joint resolution passed the assembly authorizing further geological examinations of some parts of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Mountains. The following is a transcript of this resolution:

Resolved, That the senate and assembly of the State of California do hereby authorize Dr. John B. Trask to report more fully and especially on the unoccupied mineral lands lying upon the eastern borders of the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, and alluded to in his report of April 6, 1853, on the Geology of the Mineral District of Sierra Nevada, and contained in section 2 of said report, under head of "Mineral Resources"; said report to comprise, as near as possible, the area of such lands in each county in said valleys, and the facilities they offer, and requisitions necessary to insure their occupancy and improvement.

Resolved, That an examination of the coast range, as far as practicable, and as far as the means within his power will admit of, be made, and that a full report be prepared and furnished the next legislature.

Resolved, That the amount of money which the legislature may appropriate shall be a compensation for the information already obtained, and that which shall be embodied in the report to be made the next legislature.

The day following a supplemental act was passed, the purport of which was to reimburse Doctor Trask for previous outlay, and to

1 In 1852, at what was the third session of the legislature of the new State of Callfornia, a resolution was reported calling for immediate attention and action on the part of Congress, "not only for the purpose of more speedily developing the mineral resources of this State, but to enable the agriculturalist to predicate the success of his labors upon s sure data, and not be entirely dependent upon rains to sustain and mature his crops." Nothing seems, however, to have come of this.

enable him to continue the work. The wording of this act was as follows:

An act to compensate Dr. John B. Trask for his report on the Geology of the Mineral Districts and to enable him to make further examinations.

The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows:

SECTION 1. The comptroller is hereby required to draw his warrant, in favor of Dr. John B. Trask, on the treasurer of State, for the sum of $2,000, to be paid for the geological report furnished by said Trask, and to enable him to prosecute further investigations relative to the same subject, under authority of certain resolutions passed by the senate and assembly.

Approved, May 7, 1853.

Under this act Doctor Trask again took the field and presented to the assembly of 1854 his second report, entitled: A Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains and part of the Sierra Nevada, Embracing their Industrial Resources in Agriculture and Mining. This was printed in the form of a pamphlet of 95 pages. The results would appear to have been satisfactory to the legislature, for on May 15 of that year (1854) the following act was passed:

An act to authorize and enable Dr. John B. Trask to complete his geological examinations of parts of the State of California.

The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows:

SECTION 1. The sum of $5,000 is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys belonging to the general fund, to enable Dr. John B. Trask to complete his geological survey of the unexamined portions of the Coast Mountains, south of the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, and certain parts of the Sierra Nevada, and report the same to the next legislature.

Publications.-The first report of Doctor Trask, a pamphlet of 31 pages, contains a sketch of the geology and mineral resources of the eastern valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and to the coast line within the forty-first and forty-second degrees of north latitude. It is founded, as already noted, on personal observations made during the years 1850-1852. Doctor Trask's first report, in his capacity of State geologist, appeared in 1854 in the form of Senate Document No. 9, a pamphlet of 95 pages. This contained a description of the geology of the Monte Diablo range, Salinas Valley, from Point Pinos to the Nacimiento River, Santa Cruz Mountains; structure of the valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin; review of the geological changes in the coast mountains and Monte Diablo range; classification of the rocks of the coast mountains and Monte Diablo range; position and relation of the volcanic rocks to the Tertiaries; volcanic rocks preceding the Tertiary era; most recent volcanic rocks of the coast mountains; changes of level and river terraces; soils of the valley Santa Clara and shores of the Bay of San Francisco: valley of the Salinas; soils of the Salinas; Pajaro Valley;

Livermore Valley; mineral resources of the coast mountains; mineral districts, embracing parts of the counties of Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, and Calaveras; quartz veins, and their relative age in California; character and position of the older veins below the surface; present government of metallic veins; descriptions of mines, with list of gold mines.

His second report appeared in 1855, forming Senate Document No. 14, a pamphlet of 94 pages, entitled: Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains, Embracing their Agricultural Resources and Mineral Productions, also Portions of the Middle and Northern Mining Districts. It contained a description of the physical geography of the coast mountains; geology of the coast mountains; Tertiary rocks of the coast mountains; primitive rocks of the coast mountains; volcanic rocks of the coast mountains; geology of the San Bernardino Mountains; stratified rocks of the San Bernardino chain and plains of Los Angeles; extent of the infusorial group; plains of Los Angeles; artesian borings; soils and productions of Los Angeles; mineral productions of Los Angeles; country north of the American River; mineral district of the upper Sacramento Valley; geology of the northern coast mountains; Carboniferous limestone of the eastern part of Shasta County; Trinity County; structure of the Sacramento Valley; Tertiary rocks and other deposits of the Sierra Nevada; placer mining; quartz veins; quartz mines, with descriptions of mines, and statistics.

The third report, forming Assembly Document No. 14, of the session of 1856, comprised 66 pages. This contained a description of the physical geography of the region lying in the coast mountains north of the Bay of San Francisco; geological structure of the coast mountains; mineral character of the primitive rocks of the coast mountains; soils of Petaluma County; plains west of the Sacramento River; San Bernardino; geology of Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Carboniferous rocks of the northern district; salines of the upper Sacramento Valley; Mammoth Mines, Seventy-six, Jamison Creek; descriptions of mines, etc.; analyses of saline waters from Lick Springs, Shasta County; gold mines in operation in 1855, and table of altitudes.

Expense. The total expense of the Trask survey would appear to have been the $7,000 appropriated by the legislature of 1853-54.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER JOSIAH D. WHITNEY, 1860-1873.

Following the work of Trask, the next official survey of California was undertaken by Prof. J. D. Whitney, in virtue of the following act:

An act to create the office of State geologist and define the duties thereof. The people of the State of California, represented in scnate and assembly, do enact as follows:

SECTION 1. J. D. Whitney is hereby appointed State geologist, whose duty it shall be, with the aid of such assistants as he may appoint, to make an accurate and complete geological survey of this State, and to furnish in his report of the same proper maps and diagrams thereof, with a full and scientific description of its rocks, fossils, soils, and minerals, and of its botanical and zoological productions, together with specimens of the same, which specimens shall be properly labeled and arranged, and deposited in such place as shall be hereafter provided for that purpose by the legislature.

SEC. 2. Said State geologist shall, as near as may be, at the beginning of each session of the legislature, present to the governor, who shall lay the same before the legislature, a report of progress, in which the operations of the geological survey during the preceding year shall be set forth and its more important practical results made public. He shall also furnish such estimates as he shall deem proper of the amount of the appropriation which shall be required for the continuation of the survey. His report shall also embrace the amount of expense incurred up to that period.

SEC. 3. On the completion of the survey the State geologist shall prepare and present to the governor a full and comprehensive report, embodying the results of the entire survey, with proper maps, diagrams, and drawings of the same; and the secretary of state is hereby directed to obtain the copyright for the same, as also of the annual reports of said geologist for the benefit of this State. SEC. 4. Whenever one or more volumes of the geological survey herein provided for shall be published, the governor and secretary of state may cause such books to be sold upon the most advantageous terms to the State; and any moneys derived from such sales shall be placed to the common school fund of the State.

SEC. 5. The said geologist shall prepare for and superintend the publication of his reports of the final results of the survey provided for in this act, and he shall present to the legislature an estimate of the cost of such publication.

SEC. 6. The State geologist shall receive for his compensation the sum of $6,000 per annum, payable monthly, and his assistants shall receive such compensation as shall be determined upon by the governor and said geologist, which, together with the salary of the State geologist, shall be audited by the State controller, and paid out of the amount herein appropriated, or out of such appropriation as shall hereafter be made for that purpose: Provided, That the compensation herein allowed shall be paid only from the time they shall enter upon the performance of their duties.

SEC. 7. Whenever the said J. D. Whitney shall notify the governor of his acceptance of the appointment herein made, the governor shall cause to be issued to said Whitney his commission under the seal of State; and if the said Whitney shall decline to serve as said geologist, or die, or become unable to prosecute said survey, the governor of this State is hereby authorized to appoint some suitable person to prosecute said survey.

SEC. 8. The sum of $20,000 is hereby set apart out of any moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, as a special fund for the payment of the expenses incurred by said surveyor.

SEC. 9. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.

Approved April 21, 1860.

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