maps (and) drawings, to illustrate the text; also with specimens, to be deposited in the State cabinet.

SEC. 9. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist, or such of his assistants as shall be authorized by said State geologist, shall have access to records, of all documents, notes, profiles, plats, maps, and field books of all surveys of roads, rivers, railroads, or any other public surveys, with full authority to make such copies or extracts of the same as shall be deemed necessary or useful for facilitating and expediting the geological survey of the State.

SEC. 10. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized, from time to time, to appoint a State geologist, who shall receive a salary at the rate of $2,500 per annum, payable quarterly out of the State treasury, and a sufficient sum to pay the same is hereby appropriated out of any money in, or which shall be in the State treasury, not otherwise appropriated.

SEC. 11. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall be authorized, under the direction of the governor, to employ the necessary assistance and outfit, as well as traveling expenses and transportation, which shall be paid to him out of the geological appropriations, from time to time, as such expenses shall be incurred, as well as the expenses of the chemical department and other expenses which shall be deemed necessary to accomplish the objects of this act; and all such expenditures shall be stated in the accounts of the State geologist, which he shall file with the auditor under oath; and that $6,000 per annum for two years be appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for carrying on the geological survey of the State of Arkansas; and all other acts of appropriation for said purpose are hereby repealed. SEC. 12. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved February 21, 1859.

Personnel.-Under this act Dr. David Dale Owen was again appointed State geologist, but, dying before the convening of the Legislature, his Second Report of a Geological Reconnaissance was edited by his brother, Richard Owen, and J. P. Lesley. This report was printed in Philadelphia under date of 1860, and forms an octavo volume of 433 pages.'

Doctor Owen was assisted by E. T. Cox, afterwards State geologist of Indiana, Joseph Lesley, Drs. Robert Peter and Elderhorst, chemists, and Leo Lesquereux, paleobotanist. The appointments, according to the manuscript notes of Richard Owen, were all dictated by Dr. D. D. Owen.

Salaries. According to the terms of the bill establishing the survey, Doctor Owen's salary was at the rate of $2,500 a year. Prof. Richard Owen, in the manuscript note referred to, writes that the salary of Mr. Cox and that of the other assistants was $1,200 a year;

'Concerning this Prof. Richard Owen writes (MS.): "Mr. Cox says the first volume was so badly printed by the State printer that Governor Conway had a second edition printed (I think in Philadelphia) at his own expense. All arrangements had been made by my brother for printing and engraving the second volume. Professor Lesley had also undertaken to read the proof."

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The results of the work accomplished during this and the following year are given in Owen's First Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of the Northern Counties of Arkansas, an octavo volume of 256 pages, bearing the date of 1858.

In his message to the legislature of 1858-59 Governor Conway recommended a more generous support of the survey-a recommendation which, in spite of some vigorous opposition, found expression in the following act, approved February 21, 1859:

An act to provide for the further prosecution of the geological, mineralogical, and chemical survey of the State of Arkansas, in connection with an agricultural and botanica! survey of said State.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the State geologist shall, in the further prosecution of the geological survey of the State, connect therewith an agricultural and botanical survey of said State, according to the plan hereinafter provided for by this act.

SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, That so soon as the geological reconnoissance of the State, now commenced, shall be sufficiently advanced to enable the geologist to decide upon which tracts of land demand a thorough detailed survey, there shall be instituted a minute and detailed survey of said tracts, commencing with those which hold out the best prospect of valuable discoveries, and said geologist shall employ, for the prosecution of the same, such force as the appropriation hereinafter provided for shall justify.

SEC. 3. It shall further be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to make collections of all ores, coals, building materials, hydraulic and other limestones, marls, clays, salts, soils, fossils, and other materials of economical value and scientific interest, to form a State collection.

SEC. 4. It shall further be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to make full and complete examinations, assays, and chemical analyses of all ores, minerals, and other useful materials, in order to determine their economical value, their durability, and their chemical constitution; and to test the mineral and natural waters of the State, and make analyses of those deemed of sufficient interest, especially those thought to be possessed of medical properties, or supposed to contain deleterious principles.

SEC. 5. That it shall further be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to make a collection of the various soils of the State, especially those characteristic of the different geological formations of the State; and shall constitute a minute analyses of such soils, so as to exhibit the composition and properties of the various soils, and ascertain their applicability to particular crops and their comparative fertility.

SEC. 6. That it shall be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to give information to the citizens in the country through which they may pass in regard to the existence of minerals, especially to the owners of land on which valuable minerals may be found.

SEC. 7. Be it further enacted, That the botanical survey shall have special reference to growths peculiar to the various geological formations and the congeniality of these (particularly the useful plants) to the soils derived from the different geological formations.

SEC. 8. That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to prepare a report on the progress of said survey, on or before October 10, 1860, to be addressed to the governor of the State, and accompany said report with sections,

maps (and) drawings, to illustrate the text; also with specimens, to be deposited in the State cabinet.

SEC. 9. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist, or such of his assistants as shall be authorized by said State geologist, shall have access to records, of all documents, notes, profiles, plats, maps, and field books of all surveys of roads, rivers, railroads, or any other public surveys, with full authority to make such copies or extracts of the same as shall be deemed necessary or useful for facilitating and expediting the geological survey of the State.

SEC. 10. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized, from time to time, to appoint a State geologist, who shall receive a salary at the rate of $2,500 per annum, payable quarterly out of the State treasury, and a sufficient sum to pay the same is hereby appropriated out of any money in, or which shall be in the State treasury, not otherwise appropriated.

SEC. 11. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall be authorized, under the direction of the governor, to employ the necessary assistance and outfit, as well as traveling expenses and transportation, which shall be paid to him out of the geological appropriations, from time to time, as such expenses shall be incurred, as well as the expenses of the chemical department and other expenses which shall be deemed necessary to accomplish the objects of this act; and all such expenditures shall be stated in the accounts of the State geologist, which he shall file with the auditor under oath; and that $6,000 per annum for two years be appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for carrying on the geological survey of the State of Arkansas; and all other acts of appropriation for said purpose are hereby repealed. SEC. 12. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved February 21, 1859.

Personnel. Under this act Dr. David Dale Owen was again appointed State geologist, but, dying before the convening of the Legislature, his Second Report of a Geological Reconnaissance was edited by his brother, Richard Owen, and J. P. Lesley. This report was printed in Philadelphia under date of 1860, and forms an octavo volume of 433 pages.'

Doctor Owen was assisted by E. T. Cox, afterwards State geologist of Indiana, Joseph Lesley, Drs. Robert Peter and Elderhorst, chemists, and Leo Lesquereux, paleobotanist. The appointments, according to the manuscript notes of Richard Owen, were all dictated by Dr. D. D. Owen.

Salaries. According to the terms of the bill establishing the survey, Doctor Owen's salary was at the rate of $2,500 a year. Prof. Richard Owen, in the manuscript note referred to, writes that the salary of Mr. Cox and that of the other assistants was $1,200 a year;

'Concerning this Prof. Richard Owen writes (MS.): "Mr. Cox says the first volume was so badly printed by the State printer that Governor Conway had a second edition printed (I think in Philadelphia) at his own expense. All arrangements had been made by my brother for printing and engraving the second volume. Professor Lesley had also undertaken to read the proof."

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and that of the subassistants was at the rate of $40 per month. None of the officers received salaries from other institutions.

Results. According to Professor Branner, Doctor Owen's efforts were devoted entirely to the work of reconnaissance, the first report treating the region north of the Arkansas River, and the second that south of the river. In the main his ideas of the geological structure of the State were correct, and his facts have been of great service in working out the details of the structure and the areal geology. Errors were made, but they were few and unimportant, especially when we take into consideration the limited time and small means at the disposal of the survey. It may be well (quoting Doctor Branner) to mention the more fundamental of these errors, because they have so long been current:

1. It was thought that the Arkansas coals belonged to the Lower Coal Measures. Coal does occur in the Lower Coal Measures north of the Boston Mountains, and the generalization was made from these beds. The coal of the Arkansas Valley is in an altogether different position-near the top of the Coal Measures.

2. It was thought that the novaculites, now known to be Silurian, were Carboniferous. No fossils had then been found in or near the novaculites.

3. The theory of northeast-southwest metalliferous veins across the State, although advanced only as "probable," led to much searching for silver and lead, much loss of time and money, and to much disappointment.

The Civil War broke out shortly after the publication of Owen's second report, and the survey was discontinued through the following act:

An act to repeal the one bundred and sixty-eighth chapter of Gould's Digest. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the law providing for the appointment of a gelogist of this State, and for a geological survey of this State, as provided for by chapter 168 in Gould's Digest, be, and the same is hereby repealed: and that this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved, January 21, 1861.

The books and specimens collected during the period of these surveys were disposed of according to the following:

An act for the benefit of St. John's College.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the geological and mineralogical specimens on deposit in the office of the secretary of state be turned over to St. John's College and placed in its cabinet, for the use of the faculty, students, and others, and that the miscellaneous books on deposit in the office of the secretary of state be turned over to the said college. to be placed in their library for the use of the faculty, students, and others:

Provided, That said college shall return the whole of said books and specimens hereby deposited with them when called for by the State officers.

Approved, January 21, 1861.

The material thus disposed of would appear from the notes of Richard Owen to have been largely duplicates. He writes:

museum.

I believe duplicate specimens were forwarded to Little Rock for a State * On arriving at New Harmony [Owen's headquarters] all [that is, the specimens] were placed in one room of the laboratory, designated as the Arkansas room. Some of the duplicates went to the Indiana State University. No special zoological collections were made and no library was formed.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER W. F. ROBERTS, 1871.

In 1866 a bill providing for a second geological survey was passed by the senate of the general assembly, but was rejected by the house. In his message to the assembly of 1868 Gov. Clayton Powell recommended the continuation of the survey, but the committee to whom the matter was referred, reported that, "owing to the unsettled condition of the country and the lack of funds to prosecute the above work," the bill should be indefinitely postponed. In the assembly of three years later the subject received more favorable consideration, and the following bill was passed:

An act entitled An act to authorize the Governor to appoint a State geologist to develop the mineral resources of the State of Arkansas, and for other purposes.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to appoint a State geologist, who shall hold his office for the term of two years.

SEC. 2. Any person who shall have been appointed under the provisions of this act shall, on receiving his commission, proceed to make a geological examination of the State, and report to the Governor the result of his explorations and discoveries once in three months.

SEC. 3. The State geologist appointed under this act shall be authorized to employ one or more assistants, who shall be under his supervision, and he shall be entitled to receive a salary of $2,500 per annum, all traveling and other necessary expenses.

SEC. 4. There shall be set apart in the office of the secretary of state a proper place for a mineral cabinet, and it shall be the duty of the State geologist to select choice specimens of all minerals that he may discover and deposit the same, properly labeled, in the mineral cabinet.

SEC. 5. Be it further enacted, That the sum of $15,000 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated to carry this act into effect.

SEC. 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 28, 1871.

Personnel and results.-Under the act Gov. P. A. Hoadley appointed W. F. Roberts, sr., State geologist on June 5, 1871. The records in the office of the secretary of state do not show how long Mr. Roberts held office, but in his message to the assembly in 1873