It appears, further, that on April 30 of this year the State inspector and examiner made a report to the governor unfavorable to Mr. Proctor's management of the finances of the survey. This was replied to by the geologist in a letter subsequently privately printed and circulated under the date of May 24, but it was apparently without effect so far as the life of the organization was concerned, and on August 16 we find the following:

Resolution in relation to the geological survey.

Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: 1. That the auditor of public accounts is hereby directed to collect and place into the treasury to the credit of the general expenditure fund the sums of money in the hands of John R. Proctor, Robert Clarke & Co., and Flexner & Staadeker arising from the sale of publications of the survey, as shown by report of State inspector and examiner, made at the present session to the president of the senate.

2. This resolution shall take effect from its adoption. Approved August 16, 1892.

This was succeeded by the following resolutions and enactments, the intent of which is obvious, and the survey came to a somewhat inglorious end in 1893:

An act for the benefit of the employees of the geological survey.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: 1. That, as the sum now remaining to the credit of the geological survey is insufficient to meet all demands that can legally be made against the same, the auditor of public accounts be, and is hereby, directed to audit, and, upon the approval of the governor, pay from the balance on hand, and from any other sum in the treasury not otherwise appropriated by law, all legal demands against said survey for salaries due its officials, or expenses legally incurred by them in connection with said survey: Provided, however, That no official connected therewith shall receive a greater sum for his services than was allowed by law at the time the services were rendered; and no claim shall be allowed for any salaries or expense after the expiration of their terms of office on the 26th of May, 1892.

2. That as it is necessary that the claims against the survey should be paid, an emergency is hereby declared to exist, and this act shall take effect from and after its approval by the governor.1

Resolution providing a curator for the cabinet and other property of the gelogical survey. Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: 1. That the inspector of mines, in addition to his other duties, shall be ex officio curator of the cabinet and other property of the geological survey, and into whose care and keeping all the records, documents, collections, instruments, apparatus, books, maps, and other property of the survey are hereby confided, and which shall become a part of his office.

2. All persons having control or possession of any of said property, or the rooms formerly designated or occupied for the use of the survey, are hereby directed to surrender the possession thereof to the curator.

Approved June 20, 1893.

1 Became a law February 4, 1893, the governor not having signed or returned the same to the house in which it originated within the time prescribed by the constitution.

An act to amend a resolution entitled "Resolution providing a curator for the cabinet and other property of the geological survey," approved June 20, 1893.

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: 1. That a resolution, entitled "Resolution providing a curator for the cabinet and other property of the geological survey," passed by the general assembly of 1893, be, and the same is hereby, amended by striking out all of section 1 of said resolution, which reads as follows: "That the inspector of mines, in addition to his other duties, shall be ex officio curator of the cabinet and other property of the geological survey, and into whose care and keeping all the records, documents, collections, instruments, apparatus, books, maps, and other property of the survey are hereby confided, and which shall become a part of his office," and substituting in lieu thereof the following words:

"1. That the inspector of mines, in addition to his duties as such inspector, shall be curator of the cabinet and other property of the geological survey or department, and all the records, documents, collections, instruments, apparatus, books, maps, and other property of the survey are hereby confided to his care and keeping; and, as such curator, he is hereby required to attend to all corre spondence and respond to all requests concerning the mineral resources of the State that come to him in his said capacity; to attend to the distribution of all published maps and reports in his hands intended for distribution; and to perfrom all the duties devolving upon such a curator, so far as is applicable in this case; and he shall whenever the general assembly shall direct and provide therefor, cause to be printed, under his supervision, any or all of the unpublished reports of the geological survey that may be in his custody. He shall be allowed and paid $50 per month as compensation for his services as such curator, and shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties as such curator, with surety to be approved by the governor.

2. The compensation, provided for in section 1 of said resolution, as amended herein, shall begin only with the date of the approval of this act.

3. It being just and proper that the compensation provided for in section 1 hereof shall become available at once, since said inspector is now, and has been for several months, performing the extra duties of curator, as provided for herein, an emergency is hereby declared, and this act shall take effect on its approval by the governor.

Approved March 15, 1894.

LOUISIANA.'

FIRST SURVEY UNDER EUGENE W. HILGARD AND F. V. HOPKINS, 1869-1871.

The first step taken by State authority toward a general survey of the geological structure and industrial resources of Louisiana occurred during the latter part of the war of the Confederacy, under an executive order of Gov. H. W. Allen, made early in 1864. This order authorized Judge John B. Robertson, of New Orleans, to begin a systematic investigation of the agricultural, mineral, and manufacturing resources of the State. Judge Robertson took with him on the expedition " Mr. Charles Tripp, a competent mineralogist and metallurgist; Mr. John H. Jones, a skillful ironmaster of 35

Mainly from manuscript by E. W. Hilgard.

years' practical experience; and Capt. John Roy, a most intelligent and practical machinist and artisan," and explored various portions of the State in search of iron and other minerals. Judge Robertson was engaged for 16 months in these duties, after which he was authorized to make a visit to the Calcasieu region for the purpose of investigating the reported discovery of petroleum and the geological structure of the region.

Judge Robertson transmitted his report (covering 25 octavo pages) to the legislature of the State at its session in January, 1867, and at the same time submitted a memorial suggesting that further and more comprehensive and active investigations of this character were called for by public exigencies, but made no direct proposition for the organization of the State survey. Report and memorial are both printed in the volume of reports of the legislature for 1867. No action save that of printing the report seems to have been taken by the legislature at this time.

The ideas advanced concerning the geology of the region examined were naturally somewhat crude. There is given, first, a general statement regarding the physical aspect of the State. Then a discussion is entered into relative to the prairies, the alluvial area, and the marshes. Under the head of "Geology" the author stated:

A short distance beyond the Teche an older formation begins, extending over the broad prairies of the Attakapos, Opelousas, and Calcasieu, merging into the Tertiary and even secondary formation in central and northern Louisiana. Stratification of stone is rare, though beds of stratified limestone, conglomerate and siliceous sinter are here and there found; while successive layers of lignite underlie much of the slate. Vast hills, sometimes over 200 feet in height, have been upheaved by volcanic action, and are covered with fragments of red sandstone formerly stratified.'

The "five islands are then described and are also considered to be of volcanic origin. The deposit of rock salt of Petite Anse is mentioned, and in connection therewith the salines of north Louisiana and their deposits of bones.

The iron region of Louisiana is then mentioned as being very extensive. North of the Red River it was noted as extending from the Washita to the Bodcau, and from the Arkansas line to within a few miles of Red River, while south of Red River it was said to cover large portions of De Soto, Natchitoches, Rapides, and Sabine Parishes. In north Louisiana the iron ore is said to be so abundant as absolutely at some points to obstruct agriculture. "Vast crops of rich ores may be seen piled up in the fields."

The hills here alluded to are regarded by Prof. E. W. Hilgard as evidently those capped by the characteristic ferruginous sandstone of the Lafayette or Orange sand, the curiously Buggestive concretionary formations of which have given rise to a great deal of speculation among the natives, and are often compared to the ruins of a forge. See Report on the Geology and Agriculture of Mississippi, 1860, p. 9.

The usual reports of the finding of lead and copper were then alluded to; then, briefly, the limestones, more or less clay and ochres occurring at various points, notably under the saliferous soils on Lake Bistineau.

Gypsum was mentioned as occurring in the salines of north Louisiana; also soda springs, from which, during the war, baking soda was boiled by the inhabitants.

Lignite and peat were also discussed, and finally petroleum, which at that time had excited high expectations in some portions of the State.

In November, 1865, Prof. Richard Owen, then acting as colonel of an Indiana regiment stationed at New Iberia, cursorily examined the geological features of Petite Anse, with a view to determining the age of the rock-salt deposits there occurring. His conclusions were substantially to the effect that the theory of a volcanic origin of the islands was wholly unfounded, and that the salt bed was probably the result of evaporation of modern sea water forming the lagoons behind the protecting ridges and filled during periods of exceptionally high tides.

In 1866 two points in the geology of Louisiana were referred to Prof. E. W. Hilgard for investigation. One was the determination and discussion of the fossil material taken from a well bored at New Orleans in 1866 at a depth of 230 feet, specimens of which had been. collected by a committee of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences. and placed at the disposal of the chief of engineers, A. A. Humphreys. The second was an examination of the geological position and relations of the rock-salt deposits of Petite Anse, above referred to. This latter proposition was made by Prof. Joseph Henry, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with an offer to defray the necessary traveling expenses out of the Smithsonian fund. Other duties compelled Professor Hilgard to defer the examination of this deposit to the succeeding year, but he made a preliminary examination of the fossils from the New Orleans well, which were found in the main to agree with the marine species then living in the Gulf.

In November, 1867, in pursuance of a renewed offer of assistance from the Smithsonian Institution, Professor Hilgard undertook the investigation of the geological relations of the Petite Anse salt deposit, the solution of which involved a general examination of the ancient and modern deposits, as well as the delta formations of the Mississippi Valley and adjacent coasts. Beyond the fact that the salt deposit underlaid and was, therefore, anterior to the Lafayette formations, and was not an accidental lagoon deposit, as had been previously conjectured by Professor Owen, no clew to its real age could be found. Professor Hilgard was, however, unwilling to let

the matter rest with this unsatisfactory conclusion, and continued to agitate the subject of a more extended examination of the geological features of the State, both as a matter of general interest and also in order to determine whether the great salt deposit might be expected to be accessible at other points, and if so, where.

The discovery of the great sulphur bed, which was reached in boring for petroleum in the coast region of Calcasieu, increased the public interest in the subject, so that almost simultaneously the problem of the geological structure of Louisiana was attacked from two sides. On the one hand, the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, aided by an appropriation of public funds by the State immigration bureau, requested Professor Hilgard to undertake a general geological reconnoissance of the State. On the other hand, the State legislature, by an act approved March 6, 1869, made an appropriation of $1,000 to defray the traveling expenses of two professors of the University of Louisiana (then located at Alexandria under the designation of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy) in making a general geological and topographical survey of the State, under the direction of the superintendent of that institution. The following is the text of this act:

An act to provide for a topographical and geological survey of the State of Louisiana. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana in General Assembly convened, That it shall be the duty of the board of supervisors of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy to require the professor of engineering and the professors of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology to spend not less than four months of every year in making jointly a topographical and geological survey of the State of Louisiana till the whole work is completed to the satisfaction of the legislature.

SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, etc., That it shall be the duty of said professors of engineering and chemistry to make, on the 31st day of September of each year, detailed reports, with the necessary maps, diagrams of their survey to the superintendent of said institution, and that it shall be the duty of said superintendent to forward said reports, with his own annual report, to the board of supervisors for transmittal to the legislature in the annual report of said board. SEC. 3. Be it further enacted, etc., That it shall be the duty of the superintendent of said institution to consider the typographical and geological survey of the State as herein provided for, as part of the regular duties of said institution, and to superintend the same accordingly.

SEC. 4. Be it further enacted, etc., That said professors of engineering and chemistry, etc., be allowed each the sum of $500 for necessary traveling expenses while in the performance of said duties, to be paid to the treasurer of said institution on the warrant of the president or vice president of said board of supervisors.

SEC. 5. Be it further enacted, etc., That this act shall take effect from and after its passage.

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