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with a total population of 440,000, as officially estimated in 1877. Montevideo, the capital, had in 1879 a population of 73,353.

The President is Dr. F. A. Vidal, elected March 15, 1880, as successor to Colonel L. Latorre.

The Cabinet, previous to June, 1881, was composed of the following ministers: Foreign Affairs, Interior, Justice, Public Worship, Public Instruction, and Agriculture, Dr. M. Magariños Cervantes;* Finance, Señor J. Cuestas; War and the Navy, Señor M. Santos, "colonelmajor."

The Consul-General of Uruguay for the whole United States is Señor H. Estrazulas, resident in New York.

From the best information obtainable, it would appear that the Uruguayan army numbers 2,360 rank and file, as follows: 1,667 foot, 232 horse, and 294 artillery, with a total of 167 officers.

In the budget for the year 1881 the revenue was estimated at $7,890,000, and the expenditure as follows:

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nor does it appear too much to say that it will have doubled in value before the lapse of a year. The improved condition of the Treasury has enabled us to meet all liabilities punctually."

In January, 1880, there still remained unredeemed, to the amount of $3,495,506, an old paper currency, no longer in circulation or received in the banks, but for the redemption of which there was an appropriation of $15,000 gold per month.

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Pursuant to the agreement of February 20, 1878, the Government is to pay to the committee of bondholders of the consolidated home debt the sum of $105,000 in specie, to be applied for the extinction of the debt. Owing to a succession of monetary crises, the service of the debt constituted by the "Uruguayan and the " Montevideo-European" loans was suspended in October, 1875; but certain conditions proposed to and accepted by the creditors enabled the Government to resume the service on January 1, 1878. The interest on the two other debts has always been paid in full.

The following figures represent the values of the foreign trade of the republic for the quinquennial period 1876-'80:

YEARS.

1876.
1577.

1879.

1850..

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Among the countries furnishing the imports in 1879 and 1880, were the following:

The Senate had passed a bill authorizing the issue of Treasury notes to the amount of $2,000,- 1-78. 000, bearing interest at four per cent, in order to cover the deficits of 1879 and 1880. It was presumed that a new tariff bill, before the Chamber of Deputies in January and February, would have the effect of increasing the receipts. One of the prominent measures of the bill was the imposition of sliding duties on breadstuffs. The minister expected that the yield of these resources would balance the budget estimates for 1881. The yield of the Montevideo custom-house for 1878 was $4,053,518, and that of the Recebedoria, $857,904; against $3,677,531 and $660,788 respectively for 1879.

The total national debt consolidated, on January 1, 1880, was reported at $47,861,042, of which $30,812,692 represented the home debt. In his message on the occasion of the closing of the legislative sessions, July 15, 1881, President Vidal, referring to the national finances, said: "Thanks to wise measures of economy, the revenue showed an increase of $1,200,000, and the public funds had advanced from five to fourteen per cent; the cessation of the system followed by my predecessor, of applying a considerable share of the annual receipts to the payment of back liabilities (now funded from year to year), has rendered it possible to make a more equitable distribution among all the creditors; and the amortization debt (four per cent annual sinking fund) is selling at fifteen per cent;

* On the resignation of Señor Magariños, on September 9th, Señor Vilara took the portfolio of the Interior, and Señor José Vasquez Sagastumet, till then Minister at Rio de Janeiro, the portfolio of Foreign Affairs.

COUNTRIES.

England...
France..

Spain..

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United States.

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Italy..
Brazil..
Germany.

Belgium.
Argentina.
Chili...
Cuba

Some of the countries to which Uruguay sent exports in the same years were as under:

COUNTRIES.

France...
Brazil
Great Britain.
United States.
Belgium...
Cuba.
Argentina..

Italy....

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Cape of Good Hope...
Germany
Chili...

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5.249

China and Japan..

150

650

Mauritius and Réunion.
Portugal..
Spain..

West Indies...
Teneriffe...
Peru

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Craft of all kind engaged in the coasting and river trade were entered, in 1880, to the number of 2,906, aggregating 556,887 tons, and cleared to the number of 3,101, aggregating 644,508 tons.

There are 235 miles of railway in operation in the republic, comprising four lines. The telegraph lines, in 1878, were of the total length of 758 miles (including 100 miles of submarine cable), with twenty stations; and the aggregate number of dispatches was 38,310.

In the opening paragraph of the President's message already referred to, Señor Vidal congratulates the Houses on the closing of a legislative session during the course of which no movement of a revolutionary character had occurred.

UTAH. According to the "Bulletin of the United States Census," the Territory of Utah, with a native population of 99,939 and a foreign population of 43,994, contains 26,566 immigrants from Great Britain, 885 from Canada, 12,755 from Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, 1,925 from Germany and Switzerland, and 1,883 from other countries. The number of church-members in Utah and the adjacent districts is given by a Mormon officer at 83,000. This statement admits that the statistics within this limit are far from complete, and adds that no statistics whatever have been gathered respecting the "scattered membership in the States, Mexico, and Canada." It is affirmed by Mormon authorities that there are 14,000 or 15,000 members in Europe, and between 4,000 and 5,000 in New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, and other missionary districts.

The Mormons confront the movements against polygamy which are made through general public agencies and in Congress with undaunted determination and unabated zeal in seeking proselytes. Within their own Territory, the adherents of the Mormon system are kept under the strictest discipline and in a condition of constant readiness for united action to resist the effect of any measure that may be directed against the institution which they hold to be particular, while their missionaries are active abroad gaining converts and seeing to their transportation to Utah. The missionary organization of the Mormons is one of their strongest arins, and is the institution to which more, perhaps, than to any other single instrumentality, they owe the solid strength which

they have manifested so often and so constantly against all hostile demonstrations. It has been kept actively at work from the first years of the existence of the Church, when missionaries were sent to the Indians, then from Ohio to the Missouri River, then into Canada and through the whole region between the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The first misssionaries to England were sent out in 1837. An effort was made in 1841 to plant Mormonism in Palestine, but without success. In 1843 emissaries of the Church penetrated to the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. France, Germany, the Scandinavian countries, Italy, Switzerland, and the Sandwich Islands were entered in 1850; the West Indies, British Guiana, Gibraltar, Malta, South Africa, Ceylon, Hindostan, Siam, China, and Australia in 1852. Attempts to enter Prussia and Austria in 1853 -'54 were repelled by the governments of those countries. Since the last date few new fields have been occupied, and mission-work is now mainly confined to four or five regions.

The whole organization of the missionary work, the determination of the fields, and the nomination of the missionaries, are under the control of the hierarchy. Theoretically, every white adult male Mormon is authorized to preach and baptize, and so may be sent abroad to save his fellow-men. Hence the supply of "elders" is abundant and practically unlimited. The magnates of the Church decide how many missionaries shall go forth; the number is apportioned as is thought best, and nominations are made by the 375 presidents and bishops, to be confirmed by the popular vote of all the brethren gathered at the great April and October conferences in Salt Lake City. Apparently, no discrimination is exercised in making the nominations, and no appeal is admitted from the appointment. Every missionary goes at his own charges, and no provision is contemplated by the Church for his family or his business during his absence. Commonly, the elders go out in twos, for mutual comfort and assistance, and remain at their posts until the authority that sent them abroad calls them home, the appointments being made for a limited period, varying in length according to the remoteness of the field, from one to three years, generally about two years. While at work, the missionaries are directed from some central superintendence-if in Europe, from Liverpool, with the addition of provincial sub-direction; if in the United States, by some one set to supervise the work in each State or group of States. Provision is made for the free transportation of the converts to the United States, and an account is kept in the Bank of England for that purpose. During the last five years more than eight hundred elders, or an average of about one hundred and sixty a year, have been sent out from Utah as missionaries. In 1880, the semi-centennial year of the Mormon Church, the number was 216; in 1881, it was 189, besides 79 who were sent to Arizona. Of the

800 missionaries sent out in the five years, 284 were assigned to the United States, 111 of them to the Southern States, 219 to Great Britain, 114 to Scandinavia, 17 to the Sandwich Islands, and 13 to New Zealand. In 1880, 80 were sent to the British Isles, 33 to Scandinavian countries, 48 to the Southern States, and 33 to the Northern States; in 1881, 1 to Holland, 3 to Germany, 6 to the Sandwich Islands, to New Zealand, 56 to the Southern States, 33 to the Northern States, 35 to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and 89 to England, Scotland, and Wales. Estimating the average duration of an elder's time to be two years, we have a total of about four hundred Mormon missionaries abroad at any given date. The number of converts gathered in by these missionaries can not be so exactly calculated. About 28,740 were brought in between 1840 and 1860. Within the next decade about 25,000 sailed from Europe to Salt Lake City, and about the same number between 1870 and 1882. The whole number from the first shipload, in 1840 to 1882, may thus be estimated at about 85,000. The annual increase from emigration is not far from 2,000.

A branch of the Mormon Church, called the "Reorganized Church of the Latter-Day Saints," has refused to accept polygamy, and opposes it as earnestly as do the non-Mormon people of the United States. It numbers about 40,000 members, and recognizes Joseph Smith, son of the founder of the Church, as its head. The members of this branch live chiefly in Illinois, and have, according to their own report, 500 churches, 1,500 ministers, and 20,000 communicants. They have sent missionaries to

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Utah, by whose means 10,000 Mormons in that Territory have been converted from polygamy. These people have addressed a memorial to Congress, asking for the enactment of laws that will effectually suppress the practice of polygamy, and asserting that that practice is a perversion of their system, and no real part of their faith.

Several church organizations in the United States have established missions and schools in Utah, with the especial purpose of exerting religious and educational influence against Mormonism, the condition of which in May, 1881, was represented as follows: The Presbyterian Church had forty-four commissioned missionary agents, eleven of whom were ministers and thirty-three were teachers. It paid $20,000 a year for the support of its missionaries, and spent besides between $5,000 and $10,000 each year in building churches, furnishing schoolhouses, etc. The principal schools were at Salt Lake City and Ogden. Seven new ministers and additional teachers were to be sent out to open new stations. The Congregationalists had two ministers and nine teachers, and were to build during the summer a school-building at Salt Lake City, to cost $20,000. They had lately received an endowment fund of $3,000 to sustain a free primary school, which would be a feeder to the academy. The Protestant Episcopalians were well sustained in their church, school, and hospital work. The Methodists had ten ministers and eight teachers. Two of the clergymen and four of the teachers received no missionary support. One other teacher was supported by the Woman's Home Mission Society.

Affairs, Licentiate R. Seijas; Interior and Justice, General V. Amengual; Finance, Dr. J. P. Rojas Paúl; Fomento, Dr. N. Borges; War and Marine, General E. Lara; Public Credit, Señor N. Ramirez; Public Works, Señor A. Azpurúa; Public Instruction, Dr. A. Dominici.

The Venezuelan chargé d'affaires to the United States is Señor Simon Camacho; and the United States Minister to Venezuela is Mr. George W. Carter.

The army comprises 2,240 men of all arms; in time of war the militia is called to active service. The navy consists of two small steamers and two schooners, with an aggregate armament of eight guns, and manned with 200

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898,726 13

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Total.........

Of the amount representing the customhouse yield in the table of the revenue, $3,840,000 was for import duties, and the remaining $14,000 for export duties.

The national debt consists of a foreign debt amounting, on June 30, 1879, to $54,347,818, including interest past due; and a home debt of $12,962,172, of which $7,075,208 formed the consolidated five per cents. In 1872 the Government paid interest on its loans, but suspended payment in September, 1878, and resumed in March, 1879.

The following table shows the nature and value of the imports, and the amount of duties collected thereon, for the six months ending December 31, 1877, cotton textile fabrics constituting the heaviest item:

Arms..

COMMODITIES.

United States

Spain and colonies.

Dutch colonies

Danish colonies.

$7,853,114 09 $2,784,778 29

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$2,792,763

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245,739 Cotton.

$18,624 16,356

Building materials.

1,430 25

583 79

Deer-skins...

204,336 Drugs..

Carriages and harness

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Cattle-hides.

111.033 Various articles..

2.708 2,725

Cigarettes and materials.

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Coal....

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Coin, gold and silver...

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$3,607,316

Cordage and twine

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Clothing

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IMPORTS FROM NEW YORK.

Drugs and medicines..

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Flour and meal.

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Value.

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Goods, dress:

Silk

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July... August. September. October November. December.

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Silk and cotton.

706 50

162 00

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The following were the exports to the United States through the port of La Guayra for the year ending December 31, 1880:

5.888 72 83,914 72 50 00

129,062 75 50,421 40 50 00

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The shipping at the port of La Guayra for the year ending September 30, 1880, was as follows:

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