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fel Cabinet. Two years after he entered the dipplomatic service as Consul-General at Antwerp. In 1859 he went to China and Japan as Embassador Extraordinary to secure commercial treaties. In 1862 Bismarck, soon after he had risen to the head of affairs, called him into his Cabinet as Minister of the Interior. Bismarck, Roon, and Fritz Eulenberg carried through the plans for the solution of the Schleswig-Holstein question, and the accomplishment of German unity under the Prussian headship, only by breaking the sacredly pledged charter of representative rights. In the hot conflict between the trio and the will of the nation, Eulenberg's bestknown act was the suppression of the freedom of the press. The great work of his life was the unification of the system of administration in the Prussian dominions, the old as well as those conquered in the Danish and German wars. With Bismarck he formed the alliance with the National Liberal party, a step of the highest historical moment, that was chiefly due to his influence; and when Bismarck broke the alliance, and struck out on new political courses, he parted with Eulenberg. After the latter's dismissal, in 1878, from the ministry, his halfcompleted administrative reforms were neglected, and in important features altered and abandoned.

FÖRSTER, HEINRICH, Prince-Bishop of Breslau, born November 24, 1799; died October 20, 1881. He studied theology in the University of Breslau, and in the clerical seminary in that city, and was ordained as priest in 1825. He soon gained considerable celebrity as a pulpit-orator, and in 1837 was appointed to the cathedral in Breslau. In 1853 he was elected Prince-Bishop of Breslau, and did much to promote the spiritual and temporal welfare of the members of his diocese. When the conflict between the church and state arose in Prussia, he stood firmly by the church, and in 1875 was deposed by the Prussian Government, and took up his residence at Johannesberg, in the Austrian part of his diocese.

FRIAS, FÉLIX, an Argentine publicist and diplomat, son of the distinguished lawyer Don Félix Ignacio Frias, was born in 1820, and died at Paris in 1881. He came early into notice as an eloquent denouncer and uncompromising opponent of Rosas, in the general movement against whose dictature he took so active a part as caused him to be driven into exile. In the neighboring Republic of Chili he published several works which gained for him lasting renown; and later, in France, the production of others, inspired by his intimacy with Montalembert, added fresh luster to his name. After the battle of Monte Caseros (February, 1852), which decided the overthrow of the dictator, Frias returned to his native land and became editor-in-chief of "El Órden," a dignified journal devoted to the consideration, from an elevated point of view, of the true interests of the country. Conspicuous among the historical works due to his pen is that en

titled "La Gloria del tirano Rosas," cited on a par with a remarkable paper on the political situation of the Argentine Confederation consequent upon the victory of Monte Caseros. He afterward, as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Chili, served his government with zeal and ability in the protracted discussion of the question of limits between the two republics. Several times deputy, he was once called to the presidency of the Chambers. His opinions savored somewhat of asceticism.

GARNIER, JOSEPH, a French political economist and senator; died September 25th. He was born at a village near Nice, in 1813, and studied at the School of Commerce in Paris, in which he became a professor. In 1844 he was appointed Professor of Political Economy at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées. He was elected a senator in 1876. He edited the "Journal des Economistes," was an organizer of the Free-Trade Association and of peace congresses, and wrote several text-books on political economy.

GOULD, JOHN, an English ornithologist; died in London, February 3d, at the age of seventyseven years. The fruit of his explorations in Australia was his remarkable work, "The Birds of Australia," and one on Australian mammals. He also wrote a standard work on humming-birds, and one on the birds of the Himalayas, which was his earliest production.

GHOLAM HUSSEIN KHAN, an Indian official who rendered important services in establishing British rule in the Punjab; died in March, at the age of sixty. He was a Pathan chief by birth. His assistance in the Sikh wars and the Sepoy mutiny was indispensable, and in peace time his services in accust oming the native races to British administration were equally valuable. He was envoy to Dost Mohammed, and formed friendly personal relations with Shere Ali, but was unable in the then existing political situation to secure the favorable reception of an English envoy at Cabool, when sent on that mission in 1878. In the late war he was on his way to join Cavagnari at Cabool, when the massacre of the English mission took place. Gholam Hussein received for his services the titles of Khan Bahadoor, Nawab, and Knight Commander of the Star of India.

HALL, ANNA MARIA, née FIELDING, a British authoress, born in 1805, in County Wexford, Ireland; died January 30, 1881. As early as 1829 she gained considerable celebrity by her "Sketches of Irish Character" (latest edition, 1871), which was followed by "Chronicles of a School-Room" (1831), and the novels, "The Buccaneers" (1832), "Tales of Women's Trials " (1835), "The Outlaws," a tale from the time of James II (1833), and "Uncle Horace" (1837). Her "Lights and Shadows of Irish Life" (1838) is regarded as her best work, During this time she also produced a drama. "The French Refugee." Then followed a very large number of works of various kinds, among

which are "The Redderbox," an Irish novel (1839); "The Book of Royalty: Characteristics of British Palaces" (1839); "Marian" (1840), her most popular novel; "The White Boy (1845); "Stories and Studies from the Chronicles and History of England" (1847); "Midsummer-Eve" (1848); "A Woman's Story" (1857); "Can Wrong be Right?" (1862); "The Fight of Faith" (1869); and "The Rift in the Rock" (1871). In 1852 she became the editor of Sharp's "London Magazine," and in 1860 of the "St. James Magazine." She was married to Samuel Carter Hall, who was also well known as an author.

HECKER, FRIEDRICH, one of the leading spirits and popular heroes of the democratic uprising in Germany in 1848; died at St. Louis, U. S. A., March 24, 1881. Born September 28, 1811, at Eichtersheim, in Baden, he went to school in Mannheim, and studied law at Heidelberg. Commencing practice as an advocate at Mannheim in 1838, he plunged at once into political life, and was elected to the Baden Assembly in 1842. His expulsion from the Prussian dominions, upon a visit to Berlin with Itzstein in 1845, made his name known in all German lands. His spirit, vitality, and remarkable eloquence made him exceedingly popular. He was carried further and further by the drift of the age toward republicanism, until he openly took ground with Struve as a Republican and Socialist-Democrat when the arrangements for a German Parliament were under discussion in Heidelberg among the revolutionary politicians. From this time he became the hero of the masses, and the exponent of their democratic aspirations. His political plans he could not bring the majority of the Constituent Assembly to accept. He then appealed to the masses. Appearing at the head of columns of working-men, who had marched from the interior of France, he unfolded the banner of the social republic, and advanced with his revolutionary army into the highlands of Baden from Constance. He was beaten by the Baden soldiery at Kandern, May 20, 1848, and retreated into Switzerland. There he learned that the National Assembly, which had met meanwhile at Frankfort, had denounced him as a traitor. His enthusiastic hopes of a great revolution completely dashed, with the prospect of a felon's death before him, he fled to America in September. The following year, at the news of the "May revolution," his sanguine spirit mounted again, only to be more effectually cast down when he learned, upon hastening to the scene, that the abortive revolution was already ended.

Hecker recrossed the Atlantic, and became a citizen of the American Republic. He settled down as a farmer in Illinois. Like others of the German revolutionists of that epoch, who found a refuge and more congenial political institutions in the United States, he took a part in American politics, but did not become immersed in American political affairs, nor make

a new career for himself, as did some of his compatriots. He even refused brilliant diplomatic positions, feeling an honorable reluctance to accept a personal gain in requital for the effective services he performed for the party to which he attached himself. The anti-slavery cause awakened all the passion and enthusiasm of his nature, and to the end of his life he was an indefatigable and powerful stump-orator on the Republican side. He joined the Republican party on its formation, and in the civil war led a regiment of volunteers in Fremont's division of the Northern army. He resigned his colonelcy in 1864, and devoted himself thenceforth to agricultural occupations. During the Franco-German War he uttered inspiriting words of hope and sympathy for the cause of the Fatherland; but when he visited Germany, in 1873, he felt a keen disappointment at the actual political condition, though he detected the rising spirit of liberty.

HEEMSKERK, M. J., a Dutch statesman; died in January, 1881. He had for a long time represented Haarlem, and afterward Amsterdam, in the States-General, in which body he had been for a long time the most prominent representative of the Liberal party. He was examiner-in-chief for the diplomatic service, a councilor of state, and author of several remarkable treatises on history and on English constitutional law.

HILDEBRANDT, THEODOR, a German explorer, was born May 19, 1847, in Düsseldorf; died on the Island of Madagascar, May 29, 1881. He was educated in the gymasium at Düsseldorf, entered a machine-shop at the age of seventeen, in accordance with the request of his father, but, as he lost an eye here, he devoted himself to the study of botany. He was filled at an early age with a desire to travel, and for this purpose studied Arabic. In March, 1871, he set out on his first journey to Eastern Africa, where he explored the shores of the Red Sea. The geological, botanical, zoological, and ethnological collections which he sent to Berlin attracted so much attention that he received considerable pecuniary assistance from the African and Anthropological Associations and the Academy of Sciences. In 1874 he was compelled by sickness to return to Berlin, just as he was about to depart on a journey to the country of the Gallas. He set out on his second journey in June, 1875, went again to Eastern Africa, and made many valuable botanical discoveries on this trip. In 1877 he was again compelled by sickness to return, and on February 20, 1879, set out on his third and last journey. He sent home many valuable collections of specimens of all kinds, and was highly prized on this account.

Keller, Dr. FERDINAND, of Zürich, the discoverer of the Swiss lake-dwellings, born December 24, 1800; died July 21st. After studying in Switzerland and in Paris he became the tutor of an English boy, the late Henry Danby Seymour, M. P., and afterward teacher of English

in the Technical Institute at Zürich. He acquired a name, by his researches in geology and archæology, before his great discovery of the pile-dwellings, in the winter of 1853, at Obermeilen.

KUTSCHKER, Cardinal, Prince-Archbishop of Vienna, born at Wiese, in Silesia, April 11, 1810; died January 24th. He studied theology in the Vienna University and in the Seminary of St. Augustine, was ordained a priest in 1833, and advanced to a doctorate in 1834. From 1835 to 1852 he was Professor of Moral Theology in the University of Olmütz. In the latter year he was appointed chaplain to the court at Vienna, and two years later a member of the Ministerial Council for Instruction and Worship. He took a prominent part in the alterations wrought in the education and marriage laws, and it was owing in a great degree to his prudence and skill that the Concordat was abrogated and the confessional laws materially modified without a breach between the Government and Rome. Vicar-General and Suffragan Bishop of the Archiepiscopal Diocese since 1862, he succeeded Cardinal Rauscher as archbishop in 1876, and received his nomination as cardinal in 1877.

LAFAYETTE, OSCAR DE, a French senator, and grandson of the Marquis de Lafayette, born in 1816; died March 27, 1881. He entered the army in 1835 as an officer in the artillery, took part in several campaigns in Algeria, and rose to the rank of captain. In 1848 he was appointed by the Provisional Government Commissioner of the Republic in the department of Seine-et-Marne, and was elected by this department a member of the Constituent Assembly, where he acted with the Republican Center. After the coup d'état he retired from public life, and did not return to it until, in 1870, the third republic was proclaimed. In 1871 he became a member of the National Assembly, and was elected by that body a life-senator. Shortly before his death he received an invitation from the United States to attend the Yorktown celebration.

LE FAURE, AMÉDÉE, member of the French Chamber of Deputies, and known as a critic and author on military affairs; died November 22d, aged forty-three years.

LOTZE, HERMANN, one of the leading philosophers of Germany, born at Bautzen, May 21, 1817; died at Berlin, July 1st, having been called to the university a few months before, from Göttingen, where he had officiated as professor since 1844. His "General Pathology" (1842) won him a name in the medical world, which was enhanced by "General Physiology" and "Medical Psychology," published ten years later. His "Metaphysics" (1841) and "Logic " (1843), and two treatises on æsthetics, gave him possession of the field to which his activity was afterward confined. The "Microcosmus (1856-'64, third edition, 1876-'80), a philosophical work on anthropology, reconciled modern science with German philosophy in a

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way which suited the spirit of the times, and secured for the work a wide popular reception. Of his great work, the "System of Philosophy," only "Logic" (1874, second edition, 1880) and "Metaphysics" (1879) were completed. Though infused with a vein of idealism, Lotze's philosophy approaches very closely the teachings of Herbart and the materialistic school.

MACDONALD, ALEXANDER, the member for Stafford, and Workingmen's representative in the British Parliament, died October 31st. He was born in 1821, and began to work in the coalmines of Lanarkshire, beside his father, when but seven years of age, and was a working miner until 1851. He studied at evening schools so faithfully that he was able to attend certain classes in the Glasgow University, and when he left the mines he taught school for four or five years. From that time he devoted himself entirely to publicly championing the interests of the mine-operatives, among whom he first acquired the lead in a strike in Lanarkshire, while working in the mines. He labored earnestly as executive officer in miners' associations, and in the general election of 1874, and again in 1880, he was returned to Parliament as an advanced Liberal for Stafford. In the shrewd speculative venture of smuggling quinine into the Southern States through the Charleston blockade, he won a handsome fortune with a meager sum which he had saved. Notwithstanding his radical views and his anomalous position as a representative of labor in Parliament, he won the ear of the House of Commons, and was always heard with attention on questions affecting the industrial classes.

MACEDO, Conselheiro MANOEL Buarque de, a Brazilian statesman, born at Pernambuco on March 1, 1837; died August 29, 1881. He graduated in law at the University of Brussels in 1859, and in the following year was appointed fiscal engineer of the Recife (Pernambuco) and San Francisco Railway. In 1874, although a Liberal, he was given, by the then Conservative Cabinet, the important post of Director of the Department of Agriculture, a position for which his talents and specific ability rendered him eminently eligible. Deputy for Pernambuco in 1877, and re-elected in 1878, he took so prominent a part in the legislative discussions of 1878-79 that he was considered one of the leaders in the Chamber. On the retirement of Conselheiro Sinimbú's Cabinet in 1880, he succeeded that gentleman as Minister of Agriculture and Public Works, and remained in possession of the portfolio until the time of his death. Long experience with the details of his department, professional skill, and an energy strongly contrasting with the habitual supineness of public men in his country, foreshadowed in Macedo at once a brilliant statesman and a leading agent in the solution of the most pressing problems of the day for Brazil-immigration, labor, and internal communication.

MOHALE, JOHN, Archbishop of Tuam, O'Connell's powerful ally in the Repeal agitation,

and one of the most distinguished and popular of Irish Roman Catholic prelates, died November 7th, at the age of ninety, having been born March 6, 1791. He was the son of a small tenant farmer at Tobernaveen, in the county of Mayo. His earliest instruction was received clandestinely under hedge-rows from the Catholic village schoolmaster, who was persecuted in those days, although the laws making it a felony for him to teach had been repealed. He was sent to school at Castlebar at the age of twelve or thirteen, where he learned the rudiments of the classics. Entered in 1807 at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, as an ecclesiastical student, he made brilliant progress in scholarship. Before reaching the canonical age he was ordained a priest, and assisted the Professor of Dogmatic Theology, whom, six years later, he succeeded. When his authorship of the powerful letters in defense of the Roman Catholic Church and its system, published in the newspapers over the ,signature of "Hierophilos," became known, he was marked out for a more prominent position in the priesthood in that time of agitation and controversy, when the Church felt the need of bringing its strongest men to the front. Accordingly, in 1825, he was consecrated a bishop as coadjutor to the Bishop of Killala. His learned work on "The Evidences and Doctrines of the Church" had already extended his reputation abroad. His pen was vigorously employed in aid of O'Connell's labors in the Catholic Association. In 1834 he was promoted to the highest order of the clergy as Archbishop of Tuam. In the political controversy which waxed hotter, and the agitation with which Ireland was heaving, and Great Britain worked into a fever in the next decade, the "Lion of the Fold of Judah," as the archbishop was called by his friend O'Connell, was the next prominent figure to the "Liberator," and after the death of the latter he was the leader of the Irish movement. His caustic and impassioned polemical letters in the newspapers, bearing the familiar signature, "John, Archbishop of Tuam," treated of all the burning questions of the time-national education, the tithes, the poor laws, the charitable bequest act, the great famine, the tenant right, and the repeal agitations; and when O'Connell held his meetings of the peasantry near Connemara, the archbishop was always at his side.

In the meetings of the Vatican Council in 1869 and 1870 Archbishop McHale spoke more than once, and was the first to announce its decrees in Ireland. He was most conscientious in the discharge of clerical duties, and labored in the humblest pastoral functions as actively as the youngest priest almost to the close of his long life.

MANNSFELD, Count HIERONYMUS, Minister of Agriculture of Austro-Hungary in the Auersperg Cabinet; died of scarlatina, at Blankenberghe, July 29th. He was one of the leaders of the Constitutional party in Austria. He was

born July 20, 1842, the eldest son of Prince Joseph Colloredo-Mannsfeld, and after serving some years in the army, entered upon his political career as deputy in 1872, and was called to the ministry in 1875.

MARIETTE BEY, the organizer of the Boolak Museum at Cairo, and director of Egyptian excavations; died January 18th. The deceased French Egyptologist, without possessing the highest degree of learning in his department, had a talent for discovery, and furnished more materials for Egyptian archæology than the researches of all other persons in recent times.

MASON, Sir JOSIAH, an English philanthropist; died in June, at the age of eighty-six. He was born of humble parentage, February 23, 1795, at Kidderminster, and commenced life as a street hawker of cakes and fruit. After trying his hand at various trades, he found employment in making metallic toys at Birming ham, and soon started as a manufacturer of split steel rings, and afterward of steel pens, of which he was one of the inventors. He became the largest manufacturer of pens in the world, besides carrying on other industrial establishments. He received no education, but taught himself to write when a shoemaker's apprentice. The sense of his own misfortune in this regard prompted him to the generous endowment of the orphanage at Erdington, where he resided, where five hundred children are supported and instructed; and the more magnificent and important benefaction of the Mason Science College, where only science and useful knowledge will be taught.

MIALL, EDWARD, member of the British Parliament and a leader in the disestablishment movement; died April 30th, at the age of seventy-two. He was in early life a Congregationalist minister; he founded "The Non-conformist "newspaper in 1841, and gathered around him a party of political Dissenters. From 1852, when he was elected for Rochdale, to 1874, when he retired from public life, he was the champion of the Dissenters in Parliament, and a prominent agitator outside for the removal of their political grievances.

STREET, GEORGE EDMUND, an English architect; died December 23d. He was born in 1824, at Woodford, and studied architecture under Sir Gilbert Scott. His master's work in reviving Gothic architecture was carried forward by Street, whose restorations and designs accord better with the spirit of the medi

val models than the earlier products of the Gothic revival. His principal works are the nave of Bristol Cathedral and the unfinished Royal Courts of Justice in London. Many churches were built after his designs. He wrote extensively on the subject of Gothic architecture, his principal works being "The Brick and Marble Architecture of North Italy in the Middle Ages" (1855), and "Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain" (1865).

UCHATIUS, Lieutenant Field-Marshal Baron FRANZ VON, of the Austrian army, took his

own life, at the age of seventy, in a fit of melancholy occasioned by a sense of slighted merits and wounded dignity. General Uchatius won his advancement from the ranks to one of the highest positions in the army through his inventive genius. He served as a cannoneer from his nineteenth to his thirty-third year, when he was rewarded with a commission. In 1866 he was appointed superintendent of the gun-foundry, with the rank of major; a year later he was made a colonel, in 1874 major-general, and in 1879 lieutenant field-marshal. He was commandant of the artillery arsenal since 1871. While a lieutenant he invented a new fuse, and paved the way for his improvements in the manufacture of cannon. He used balloons for casting bombs at the siege of Venice in 1849. For the testing of metals in the arsenal, he constructed new apparatus. In 1856 he devised a new method for the production of steel, and from that time devoted his attention to increasing the strength of guns. He first constructed cannon with concentric metal bands. In 1874 he perfected the invention of steel-bronze, which in popular speech bears his name and which has rendered it illustrious. The whole of the Austrian field artillery was cast anew from Uchatius bronze.

UHRICH, General, the defender of Strasburg, who received at first extravagant praise, and then unqualified blame, retiring into private life after the severe judgment passed upon him by an investigating commission in 1873, died at Paris, October 24th, aged seventy-nine years.

VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGÈNE, a Belgian painter, born June 8, 1799; died January 20, 1881. His father, who was an excellent sculptor, wished him to follow his profession, but he devoted himself almost entirely to painting. He exhibited his first work, an Amazon, in the Salon of Brussels in 1821, and soon became one of the most popular painters of animals. He took an active part in the War of Independence of 1830, immediately after the close of which he painted a picture representing the Belgian lion bursting his chains, which was lithographed and had a large sale. One of his best paintings, a flock of sheep surprised by a storm, is in the Modern Royal Museum in Brussels. His pictures were eagerly sought for and commanded good prices, particularly in England, Russia, and America. He also occasionally devoted himself to sculpture, exhibiting at an historical exhibition at Brussels, in 1880, a colossal lion.

VIEUXTEMPS, HENRY, a Belgian violinist, born at Verviers, February 17, 1820; died at Algiers, June 6, 1881. At the age of six years he played on the violin in public with so much success, that the King of Holland granted a pension for the completion of his musical education, and he at once entered on a complete course of study under M. de Bériot, the most brilliant soloist of that period. In 1833 he made his first trip to Germany, and while in Vienna

studied the theory of music with Sechter. After a short trip to England, he went to Paris, where he received lessons in composition from Reicha. From this time on he was constantly traveling, except for six years when he was first violin soloist to the Emperor of Russia. He made several visits to America. He was also a composer of great merit, and his works, no less than his playing, were remarkable for combining the vigor of the modern school of music with the purity of the classics.

WEBER, KARL PHILIPP MAX MARIA VON, a German railroad manager, was born April 25, 1824; died April 19, 1881. He was a son of the great composer Karl Maria von Weber, and was educated at the Polytechnic School at Dresden, and, after having traveled through the different countries of Europe and parts of Northern Africa, he entered the service of Saxony in 1850, which he exchanged for the Austrian service, and subsequently entered the Prussian Ministry of Commerce in 1878. He was the author of a large number of works on railroads, among which are "Technik des Eisenbahnbetriebs" (1854); "Schule des Eisenbahnwesens" (third edition, 1873), which was translated into nearly all the languages of Europe; "Telegraphen- und Signalwesen der Eisenbahnen" (1867); and "Nationalität und Eisenbahnpolitik" (1876). He also wrote a biography of his father, which was highly prized.

OHIO. On the 15th of November, 1880, the public debt of the State was $6,476,805.30, of which all but $1,665 was foreign debt, payable in New York. Of this amount $2,500 was a loan payable July 1, 1868, and not bearing interest, and $4,072,640.30 loan payable after June 30, 1881, bearing 6 per cent interest. During the first half of the year redemptions were made, by cash payments and the cancellation of State certificates, as follows: Loan payable July 1, 1868, not bearing interest $2,500 00 Loan payable after June 30, 1881, bearing 6 per

cent interest..

Total payments....

1,272,640 80 $1,275,140 30 $5,201,665 00

Total outstanding July 1, 1881....... The sixty-fourth General Assembly authorized the Fund Commissioners to place a loan of $2,800,000, bearing date July 1, 1882, with interest at 4 per cent, payable semi-annually, and maturing in installments as per statement below. The loan was placed at a premium of $105,000, thus securing it at a rate of interest of about 35 per cent. The fact that this loan was secured at a rate of interest less than has yet been paid by any State, or by the United States, attests the high financial standing of the State. The loan was applied to the payment of a like amount of State certificates which, with $1,275,140.30 from the sinking fund, paid and canceled $4,075,140.30 of funded debt due July 1st.

On the 15th day of November, 1881, the public funded debt of the State was $5,201,665. This sum consists of the following loans:

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