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lished a business. At the breaking out of the war, Colonel Race was chosen captain of the City Guard, and went out with the Confederates when the city was captured by the Union forces. He served on General Hardee's staff, and only at the close of the war returned to New Orleans to resume his practice. In 1866 the firm of Race & Foster was joined by Judge Merrick, who had been Chief-Justice of the State of Louisiana. Although Mr. Race was before the public for thirty-four years, he never mingled in politics, and held no office except the position on Governor Wickliffe's staff, with the rank of colonel. He was a prominent Odd-Fellow and Mason, holding important commissions of trust in each of these organizations.

SAULSBURY, ELI, ex-Governor of Delaware, died August, 1881. He was probably the most able and accomplished Governor that Delaware had had for several generations, and his administration was such as might have been expected from one actively engaged in public affairs from his early manhood. He was considered a model American citizen, equally faithful in the discharge of political duty, from a primary election in his own neighborhood to active participation in the National Convention of his party. As a private individual his character for honor, integrity, and Christian benevolence was without blemish. He was a warm friend of education, and was largely instrumental in establishing the Wilmington Conference Academy at Dover, which institution was actively supported by him to the end of his life.

SHELDON, REV. George, D. D., born at Northampton, Massachusetts; died at Princeton, New Jersey, June 16, 1881. Dr. Sheldon graduated at Williams College in 1835, and afterward at Andover Theological Seminary. Previous to 1848 he was eight years pastor of a Presbyterian church in South Carolina. After that time he devoted himself to the circulation of the Bible, and was Superintendent of the American Bible Society in New Jersey and Delaware. In 1862 he received the degree of D. D. from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He was an active member of the New Jersey Historical Society, and published an historical sketch of the colony which left Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1796, for South Carolina and Georgia.

SMITH, DAVID M., was born in Hartland, Vermont, 1899; died at Springfield, Vermont, November, 1881. When about twelve years old he began to learn the carpenter's trade, in Gilsum, New Hampshire. At nineteen he was teaching school in Gilsum, and later on he commenced the manufacture of "awls on the haft," of which he had granted him, October 25, 1832, letters-patent that were signed by Andrew Jackson. The awl-haft manufactured under this patent was nearly, if not quite, identical with the one now known as the Aiken awl. He represented the town of Gilsum in the New Hampshire Legislature for 1840-'41, when he

moved to Springfield. In April, 1849, he patented a "combination lock," of which Hobbs, after having picked all the locks brought to him in London, said, "It can not be picked." This lock was also patented in England. At about this time he invented an improvement on the first iron lathe dog, which can now be seen in any machine-shop. A peg-splitting machine and two sewing-machines were also invented by him. Next he invented the patent clothespin. In 1860 he commenced the manufacture of a spring hook-and-eye, for which he also invented the machinery. The blanket-book was also his invention. Not least among the inventions of Mr. Smith was the machinery by which his patent machines were made. Besides perfecting the ideas of other parties who secured patents, he had taken out about sixty, among which was that for the machinery now used in folding newspapers. Although his inventive genius was so comprehensive, his talents were not, as is sometimes the case, confined to inventions.

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SNEAD, J. TIMBERLAKE, born near Ashland, Kentucky, June 10, 1820; died in New York, December 17, 1881. The paternal plantation of Colonel Snead adjoined that of Henry Clay, who was the early instructor and partner of Snead. In politics he was a Henry Clay Whig, and he retired from public affairs when his chief was defeated for the presidency. 1850 he went among the Indian tribes on the Plains, and spent four years studying their character and customs. Subsequently he visited the Mormon territory, and there remained for one year. At the outbreak of the war he left Washington and joined the Confederate ranks. He was wounded three times in one battle. At one time he was attached to General Joe Johnston's command, and at another in charge of an independent command. At the close of the war he returned to Washington. Colonel Snead originated and was for a time at the head of the Fort St. Philip Canal enterprise; after that, various railroad schemes engaged his attention, and later still he organized the Combination Trust Company of Philadelphia. In connection with English capitalists, two years ago, he bought the controlling interest in the Continental Railroad Company, of which he was president at the time of his death.

SPOONER, ALDEN J., born in Brooklyn, New York; died in Hempstead, Long Island, August 2, 1881, aged seventy-three. He was the oldest son of Alden Spooner, the founder of the "Long Island City Star," and, after his father's death, he with his brother carried on the paper for many years. He was educated for the law, studying in the office of Silas Wood, at Huntington; but that profession was not congenial to his taste, although he practiced it in the Brooklyn courts for thirty years. His tastes were early turned to local history, and he wrote many articles on the Indians of Long Island. He was also a writer on literary sub

jects, and the author of the biographies of many of Brooklyn's most noted men. His chief work, perhaps, was the founding of the Long Island Historical Society. He drew up the original circular for the society in 1863, and obtained the signatures. He contributed at once five hundred and fifty-three bound volumes and five hundred and seventy-two pamphlets as a nucleus for a library, and made many other gifts afterward. He lived to see the completion of the library edifice, at a cost of $135,000, and the largest collection of books on local history to be found, together with a museum of natural history containing specimens of every reptile, bird, and beast that has its habitation on Long Island, or fish that swims in its waters.

STILLWELL, SILAS M., died May 16, 1881, in New York, at the age of eighty-one. He was noted as the author of the Stillwell Act, abolishing the law of imprisonment for debt, which was passed by the New York Legislature many years ago.

TAPPAN, H. P., born at Rhinebeck, New York, April 23, 1805; died at Vevay, Switzerland, November, 1881. He graduated at Union College in 1825. Subsequently he studied theology at Princeton, New Jersey, and after having been for a year associate pastor of a Dutch Reformed Church in Schenectady, New York, became in 1828 pastor of a Congregational Church in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1832 Dr. Tappan became Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of the City of New York, which position he resigned in 1838, and opened a private school. He was elected Chancellor of the University of Michigan in 1852; in 1859, corresponding member of the French Imperial Institute, and President of the American Association for the Advancement of Education. He devoted much attention to the subject of university education, and studied its system both in England and Germany. He also published a book on the freedom of the will, a treatise on university education, and other literary works.

THAXTER, EDWARD R., born in Maine; died June 29, 1881, in Naples, Italy, aged twentyseven. Mr. Thaxter's reputation as a sculptor began in Boston. In 1878 he went to Florence, where he occupied the studio of the late American sculptor Jackson. His most important work, which he had only completed in clay, and had cast preparatory to being cut in marble, is called "Love's First Dream." This young sculptor gave promise of high attainments, and has left indications of his genius in several ideal study busts, and one marble statue called "Reproof."

VAIL, AARON S., died December 17, 1881, at Smithtown, Long Island, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Vail was one of the oldest and most successful trout-breeders on Long Island. He owned several trout ponds and streams, and his house was a noted resort for anglers. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and other distinVOL. XXI.-44 A

guished men were frequently entertained by him in the trout-fishing season.

VETROMILLE, EUGENE, born at Gallipoli, Italy; died at Gallipoli, August 23, 1881. Father Vetromille came to America at the age of twenty-one, and traveled so extensively and familiarly among the Indians that he was able to translate the Bible into fourteen of their languages. He was particularly interested in the Abenaquis Indians, and published a book in their tongue for their benefit, entitled "Indian Good Book." He was for a long time pastor of St. Mary's Church, Machias, Maine. After his travels through Europe and the Holy Land, he published a large volume on the subject. He was a member of many scientific societies, and left in charge of the Interior Department a great mass of valuable manuscripts in regard to the various idioms of the North American Indians. In his will he leaves a certain amount of money for the benefit of the widows and orphans of the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot Indians, also a large sum to charitable institutions, and a dowry to Italian orphan girls, payable every year from the interest of five thousand dollars. He desired to have his body interred at Passamaquoddy, Maine.

WALLACE, WILLIAM Ross, born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1819; died in New York city, May 5, 1881. He commenced his education at the Bloomington and South Hanover College in Indiana, and then studied law in Lexington. In 1841 he became a resident of New York, where he engaged in literary pursuits. Withi the exception of a brief period spent in Europe, his life was passed in New York. He was a contributor to "Harper's" and the "Knickerbocker" Magazines, and to other publications. He practiced law at the same time, but is chiefly known by his literary productions. His first work that attracted attention was a poem entitled " Perdita," published in the "Union Magazine." He published a volume of verse entitled "Meditations in America," in 1845; "Alton,” a poetical romance; "The Loved and the Lost," a prose and poetical work; and "The Liberty Bell," a poem, besides a number of others, contributed to various periodicals.

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WARE, Rev. JOHN F. W., born in Boston in 1818; died in Boston, February 26, 1881. He entered Harvard University in 1834, and graduated in 1838, with several classmates who afterward became distinguished men. 1839 he entered the Divinity School, and graduated in 1842. His first settlement as pastor was with the Unitarian Society in Fall River, Massachusetts, from which he removed to Cambridgeport Parish. In 1864 he accepted an invitation to become pastor of the Unitarian Society in Baltimore, Maryland, where his ministry was energetic and successful. He gave much attention to the religious and personal needs of the colored people. Before and during the war he was an anti-slavery man. A strong feature in his Baltimore ministry was a

series of theatre meetings which he inaugurated. At Swampscott, Massachusetts, he organized a Unitarian Society, of which he was pastor at the time of his death, as well as of the Arlington Street Church, in Boston, to which he was called in 1872. Among the members of the Grand Army he was a special favorite, having worked for and among the soldiers during the war, and was a frequent orator before their organizations after the establishment of peace. As a writer he contributed to denominational periodicals, and published several books, namely, "The Silent Pastor," " Hymns and Tunes for SundaySchool Worship,” and “ Home Life: What it Is, and what it Needs."

WARNER, HIRAM, born in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, October 29, 1802; died in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1881. He received a good common-school education, and, in addition, acquired some knowledge of the classics. At the age of seventeen he went to Georgia, where he taught school for three years. At the expiration of that time he had saved sufficient of his earnings to study law, and was admitted to practice in 1825, when he opened an office at Knoxville, in Crawford County. He soon obtained lucrative business, and in 1828 was elected to the General Assembly, where he served until 1831, when he declined a re-election. Two years later he was elected one of the Judges of the Superior Court of the State, which office he held until 1840. In 1845 he was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court, and served for eight years. In 1855 he was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth Congress, and declined re-election in 1857.

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. ADAM, WILLIAM PATRICK, a British statesman; died in India, May 24th. He was one of the most acute and able of British politicians, and during the seven years of the Disraeli Ministry he displayed remarkable skill and energy as opposition "whip" in the House of Commons. The Liberal victory of 1880 surprised every one but Adam, to whose shrewd electioneering tactics it was largely due. He was rewarded with the governorship of Madras, and had hardly commenced what promised to be a successful career as an Indian administrator when he was taken off by death. He had gained an Indian experience already as secretary to Lord Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, from 1853 to 1858. He was born in 1823, his father having been Admiral Sir Charles Adam, representative in Parliament of the Scotch counties of Clackmannan and Kinross. The late Governor of Madras was educated at Cambridge, and practiced as a barrister. On his return from India, in 1859, he obtained the seat in Parliament which several of his ancestors had filled, and which he held until his retirement from politics.

ARRIVABENE, GIOVANNI, Count, an Italian patriot and political economist, born in Mantua, in 1787; died January 12, 1881. He first

attained great prominence in 1820, when he was arrested for having taken part in the disturbances of the Carbonari. He was soon released through the efforts of influential friends, but, as he aided the Piedmontese revolutionists with money, he was compelled to leave the country shortly after, and went to Switzerland, from there to France, and finally to London. In the mean while his estates had been confiscated by the Austrian Government, and he himself had been sentenced to death in contumaciam. In London he turned his attention to the charitable institutions, and wrote a work, "Benificenza della citta di Londra " (1827-'32), which was highly praised. In 1827 he went to Belgium, organized the Congress of Political Economy in Brussels in 1846, and returned to Italy in 1860. Here he was created a Senator, and was for a long time President of the Italian Association of Political Economy, and promoter of the organization of savings-banks, but took no part whatever in political affairs.

BENEDEK, LUDWIG VON, an Austrian general, born in Oedenburg, Hungary, in 1804; died April 27, 1881. He graduated at the Neustadt Military Academy, entered the Austrian army in 1822, and attained the rank of colonel in 1843; quelled an insurrection in Galicia in 1845, took part in the Italian campaign of 1848 -'49, and distinguished himself particularly at Curtatone and afterward at Novara. In the Hungarian campaign of 1849 he commanded, with the rank of a major-general, the advance at Raab and Oszöny, and took part in the battles of Szöroy and Osz-Ivany. In the Italian war of 1859 he commanded the eighth army corps, rendering good service at Solferino. In the following year he became Governor-General of Hungary, and soon afterward commander-inchief in Venetia. At the outbreak of the war with Prussia, in 1866, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the North. Owing to various causes, he did not fulfill the expectations of him, and, foreseeing the result of the war, he called upon the Emperor to conclude peace at any cost. After the battle of Sadowa, he retired to Olmütz, and was superseded by Archduke Albrecht. An investigation by a court-martial, which was begun some time afterward, was stopped by an imperial order, because "no code exists which makes the absence of talent a penal offense," and because the destruction of his military reputation must have been his severest punishment. He lived in complete retirement after the war of 1866, and remained silent to all attacks made upon him for his incompetency. But his last will, which was drawn up in 1873 and was published after his death, contains a passage which throws considerable new light on the events of those days. This passage is as follows: "I look forward to my death with a clear conscience, and declare that I leave no memoirs whatever. I have burned all my notes on the campaign of 1866, and on the command of the Army of the North, which was forced upon

me.

On November 19, 1866, I promised Archduke Albrecht, in writing, to be silent on these matters in future. This promise may be called a rash and even a foolish one, but it was the. characteristic expression of my soldierly character. It passes my ideas of right, honor, and decency, that the Austrian Government, having my promise, had its strange article on me published in the papers on December 9 or 10, 1866, in which even my entire past career was belittled; that this article was composed by Field-Marshal John and -, and was published by order of the Government. I have endured it silently, and have now borne my hard lot for seven years with patience and selfdenial."

BERTHAUT, General, French Minister of War in the Dufaure Cabinet, under President MacMahon, and one of the prominent organizers of the French army; died December 24th, at the age of sixty-four. In the defense of Paris, during the war of 1870, he displayed signal bravery at the head of his division of Gardes Mobiliers.

BONAPARTE, PIERRE, Prince, a son of Lucien Bonaparte and a nephew of Napoleon I, born October 11, 1815; died April 8, 1881. He was one of those members of the Bonaparte family who by their adventurous lives have gained considerable notoriety. He was elected to the National Assembly from Corsica in 1848, and after the coup d'état was recognized as a French prince. He very seldom came to court, and in 1869 married his mistress, the daughter of a laborer. In 1870 he shot Victor Noir, who came to him as the second of Pascal Groussets, and, although acquitted by the court at Tours, the excitement in the country was so intense that he was compelled to leave France. After the war with Germany he became so reduced financially that his wife opened a milliner's shop in London, to the great disgust of the Bonapartists.

BORROW, GEORGE, a British author, born in February, 1803; died July 30, 1881. He was the son of a British officer, and spent a roving life in following his father about. He lived for some time among gypsies, and acquired an accurate knowledge of the language and customs of this race. Afterward he studied theology at Edinburgh, and since 1835 traveled through most of the countries of Europe and parts of Africa as agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society. In this way he acquired a knowledge of a large number of modern languages and dialects. In St. Petersburg he published a translation of the New Testament in the Manchoo language and a volume of poetical translations from thirty languages. In Spain he translated the Gospel of St. Luke into the language of the gypsies and recounted the history of his wanderings in "The Bible in Spain " (2 vols., 1843, third edition, 1873); "The Zincali: an Account of the Gypsies in Spain" (2 vols., 1841, third edition, 1873); and "Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and the Priest" (3 vols.,

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Bosco, FERDINANDO BENEVENTANO, Baron DEL, general of the army of the former King of Naples; died at Naples, January 8th, aged sixty-seven years. He was the ablest officer in the Bourbon service, and the most esteemed; he was given the rank of field-marshal, and after the fall of the King, whom he served with bravery and fidelity, he entered the Italian service.

BRESTEL, RUDOLF, formerly Austrian Minister of Finance, and the author of reforms which prevented the frequent deficits; died March 2d, at Vienna, where he was born in 1816. He was Minister from 1867 to 1870.

BUDBERG, Baron ANDREAS, formerly Russian embassador at Berlin and other capitals; died February 10th. He enjoyed the favor of the Emperor Nicholas, and represented the Russian pretensions and hatred of the constitutional developments in Germany so faithfully as to become exceedingly unpopular at Berlin, where he was embassador from 1851 to 1856, and a second time from 1858 to 1862.

BURGERS, THOMAS FRANÇOIS, ex-President of the Transvaal Republic, born April 15, 1834; died December 9, 1881. He was born in the Cape Colony, of one of the oldest Dutch families, and was educated at the University of Utrecht in Holland, where he imbibed some rationalistic views, which, on his return to Africa and his accession to the ministry, caused him considerable trouble. He became the clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church at Hanover, in Cape Colony, and won great renown by his eloquence. As the doctrines he preached were at variance with the Calvinistic tenets of his church, he was accused of heresy, but, in the trial which followed, judgment was given in his favor. When Mr. Pretorius retired from the presidency of the Transvaal Republic in 1872, Mr. Burgers became the candidate of the Liberal party, and was elected by an overwhelming majority. His administration extended up to 1877, when the republic was annexed by the British, and was characterized by magnificent but for the greater part impracticable schemes.

CAROLINE, ex-Queen of Denmark, born June 28, 1796; died March 9, 1881. She was the daughter of Frederick Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and married King Christian VIII of Denmark in 1815, shortly after he had come forward as the champion of national independence of Norway, and had been proclaimed king of that country. He was compelled to relinquish this title soon after, and it was not until the death of Frederick VI, in 1839, that he ascended the throne of Denmark. He died in 1848.

CATERINI, Cardinal PROSPERO, the oldest member of the Sacred College, First Deacon of the Roman Church, Secretary of the Inquisition, President of the Congregation of the Council, and of various other Congregations of Cardinals; died October 30th. He was born October 15, 1795, and without the advantage of noble birth won his way early in life to high positions in the Papal service through his extraordinary attainments in canonical law and the protection of Cardinal Sala. This influential prelate brought the talents of his young assistant to the notice of Leo XII, who gave him a post in the Congregation of the Council. Pope Gregory XVI appointed him Secretary to the Congregation of Studies, in which office he made the valued collection of laws and decrees "De Recta Studiorum Ratione." He was rapidly promoted by that Pontiff, and in 1853 was raised to the cardinalate by Pius IX. CLINCHANT, General, one of the most experienced officers of the French army, died at Paris, of which post he was commandant, March 20th, at the age of sixty-one. He fought as a young officer in Africa for many years, was promoted to the rank of major in the Crimean War, distinguished himself by storming the tower of Solferino in the Italian campaign of 1859, commanded a regiment in the Mexican expedition, and was a general officer at the commencement of the Franco-German War. Besieged with his brigade in Metz and taken prisoner by the Germans, he escaped and placed his sword at the service of the Government of National Defense. He was appointed to the command of a corps, and after the defeat at Villerfexel took command of the Army of the South, but only to capitulate and conduct his troops into Switzerland while the German army beleaguered Paris. After peace was concluded he led a corps of the Versailles army, and in the conflict with the Communards was the first to lead the troops into Paris. His moderation was praised by the Versaillists, while the Communards accused him of ordering bloody and terrible reprisals to be taken. His death is felt the more deeply in France because he has been a firm and influential supporter of the republic.

DINGELSTEDT, FRANZ VON, a German poet, born June 30, 1814; died May 17, 1881. He studied theology and philology at the University of Marburg, and then acted as instructor in the lyceum at Cassel and the gymnasium at Fulda. His liberal views caused considerable dissatisfaction at court. He wrote a number of poems published under the title of "Lieder eines Kosmopolitischen Nachtwächters" (1841), which were greatly admired at the time. Although he was not troubled by the Government, he resigned his position in 1841. In 1846 he became a dramatist to the court theatre at Stuttgart, and in consequence of the enthusiastic reception which was given his drama, "Das Haus der Barneveldt," in Munich, he was appointed superintendent of the court

theatre in that city in 1850. Here he attracted general attention by his combination of the greatest German actors of that time in twelve classical dramas. From Munich he went to Weimar, in 1856, where he devoted himself particularly to Shakespeare's dramas, and for the first time produced in German a series of the historical dramas, translated by himself. In 1867 he went to Vienna as director of the Imperial Opera-House, which position he exchanged for a similar one at the Hofburg Theatre, which he retained up to the time of his death. His "Poems" (1845, second edition, 1858) are fine descriptions of love. His best novel is "Unter der Erde" (2 vols., 1840). Among his other novels are "Licht und Schatten in der Liebe" (1838); "Heptameron" (2 vols., 1841); "Novellenbuch" (1855); and "Deutsche Nächte in Paris," from his "Sieben friedliche Erzählungen (2 vols., 1844). His volume of poems, "Nacht und Morgen" (1851) is a companion to the "Nachtwächterlieder." Besides the historical dramas of Shakespeare mentioned above, he translated "The Tempest," """ "Twelfth Night," "As you Like it," and the "Comedy of Errors," Beaumarchais's comedy "Figaro's Wedding," and wrote a large number of miscellaneous works.

DROUYN DE L'HUYS, a French statesman, who three times occupied the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs under Napoleon III; died at Paris, March 1st, in the seventy-sixth year of his age.

DULLERT, W. H., President of the Netherlands Assembly; died in February, at the age of sixty-four. He entered the Chamber in 1849, of which he was president in 1852 and 1853, and was again elected in 1869, holding the office to the time of his death. He refused several times to accept a position in the ministry.

DUPRÉ, Vice-Admiral; died in Paris, February 8th. He was born in Strasburg, on November 13, 1813, passed through the Naval School, and was made a captain in 1854. Dupré took a part in the Chinese and Cochin-Chinese expeditions. He commanded the naval division on the coast of Africa in 1861, and was appointed Governor of Réunion in 1864. He was called in 1870 to the command of the naval division in the China and Japan seas. In 1871 he was nominated Governor and Military Commandant of Cochin-China.

EULENBERG, Count FRIEDRICH ZU, one of the leading statesmen of Prussia; died of a mental disease in an asylum near Berlin, June 2d. Fritz Eulenberg was the most conspicuous member of a family so prominent in the Prussian civil service as to have been nicknamed the "Eulenberg dynasty." Born June 29, 1815, the son of a cavalry-officer, he passed through the long apprenticeship in the departments which is required of Prussian statesmen. After completing his studies he became a Government assessor, and received an appointment in the Ministry of the Interior in 1849, at the stormy period of the Brandenburg-Manteuf

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