These numbers are exclusive of 11,835 Chinese and 770 aborigines. Melbourne, the capital, has a population of 65,675. The cities or towns in the colony with a population of over 20,000 are the following: Ballarat, 22,425; Collingwood, 23,797; Emerald Hill, 25,178; Fitzroy, 22,979; Prahran, 20,306; Richmond, 23,294; and Sandhurst, 28,128. In 1836 the population of the whole colony was 224; in 1838, 3,511; in 1841, 11,738; in 1846, 32,879; in 1851, 77,345; in 1861, 540,322; in 1871, 731,528; in 1881, 858,582.

The gold-mining industry of Victoria has within a year or two begun to show slightly increased activity and profits. The quantity of gold produced in 1880 was 829,121 ounces, 529,195 from quartz-mines and 299,196 from alluvial mines, being 70,173 ounces more than the total of 1879. The number of miners employed was 38,568, an increase of 1,000. The number of Chinese employed has diminished of late years; in 1880 there were 8,486-624 less than in 1879. The engines used in quartz mining give 16,438 horse-power in the aggregate, and those employed in alluvial mining 6,041 horse-power. In the mines at Stawell the shafts have reached from 1,220 to 2,410 feet below the surface. The principal improvement in the returns of 1880 was in the quality as well as the quantity of the quartz crushed. There are 3,630 auriferous reefs known. Aliuvial deposits, which are covered over by eruptive rocks, are located by boring through the thick overlying basalts with the diamond drill. The considerable increase in the product is said to be due to the use of this tool, which was first tried in 1880. £16,894 was paid into the colonial Treasury for mining privileges in 1880. The aggregate production of gold in Victoria since the first discovery of the gold-fields has been more than $1,000,000,000.

The ministry of South Australia handed in their resignations March 19th, and a new Cabinet was formed by William Morgan, in which J. H.Symon was Attorney-General; G. S. Swan, Treasurer; and Thomas Playford, Commissioner of Lands and Immigration. This ministry resigned in June, and were succeeded by John Cox Bray, Chief Secretary and Premier; John W. Downer, Attorney-General; Lavington Glyde, Treasurer; Alfred Catt, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration; and John Langdon Parsons, Minister of Education. The finances, as in all the Australian colonies, are in a prosperous condition. The revenue for the year ending June 25th exceeded that of the preceding year by £165,000.

Queensland has abandoned the policy pursued by the other colonies, of building railroads with state means, and adopted the American plan of subsidizing private corporations with belts of land along the route of lines constructed by them. On such conditions an English company has undertaken to build a railway across Queensland to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Tasmania is growing in population, but its imports from the United Kingdom in 1879 decreased by £36,416 as compared with 1878. They also decreased from the Australian colonies. The wool-clip had gained 16 per cent as compared with the weight in 1874. Goldmining was never so productive as in 1879. The average number of persons employed in it was nearly twice the number in 1878; the quartz yielded the highest average of the last ten years; and the value of the gold produced, £230,895, was more than double the value of the previous year. The exports of other products were less than in the two preceding years. Tasmania has still twelve and a half million acres of arable public land unsold to distribute among agricultural immigrants; the average of land under cultivation in 1879-'80 was considerably less than half a million acres.

The question of the monopoly of the land by large sheep-raisers is one of exciting moment in some of the Australian colonies, particularly New Zealand. Of a total area in both islands of 64,000,000 acres, there are about 44,000,000 acres adapted for tillage or pasture, of which 16,000,000 belong to the Maoris and their assignees, 14,000,000 have been sold to Europeans, and 14,000,000 remain the property of the Government. Nearly the whole of the Government land is farmed out on terminable leases to about nine hundred sheep-farmers, who pay for their licenses an annual sum to the Government of about £110,000. The terms on which the crown lands are open to purchase are not similar in different land districts, but discouraging in all. In some sections the lands are offered at public auction, with the limitation of an upset price of £1; in others at private sale, but at the minimum price of £2. A popular feeling has naturally arisen against the large sheepruns whose owners seem to be favored by the laws, which is taking political shape in a demand that the public lands should be offered to settlers on inviting terms. The expectation that this would result in a great extension of agriculture and dependent industries is not likely to be realized. Wool is destined to remain for some time the only profitable product, the prices of meat and grain being exceedingly low and wages high. There are in the whole colony not above 800,000 acres sown to crops of all kinds. There are about 13,000,000 sheep in New Zealand, chiefly merinos, with a mixture in the plains of the standard British breeds. The exports of wool, for the year ending March 1st, amounted to over £3,500,000. Among the exports for the same year figure six million or more rabbit-skins, valued at some £57,000. These animals have so multiplied in certain districts as to become a source of danger to the sheep-growing industry, and the Government has consequently co-operated with the local authorities in a plan for exterminating them by poison. A special official employs men to scatter in their way grain

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steeped in phosphorus. The only other risk the sheep-grazer has to encounter is the occasional occurrence of inundations. Of the squatters" who raise sheep on the public land some possess flocks numbering 200,000 or 300,000, one as many as 500,000, and a considerable number owning from 50,000 to 100,000 sheep.

In the autumn an outbreak of the Maori population was threatened. The cause of the trouble was the survey of territory occupied by natives, preliminary to opening it to white settlement. It was a district in the province of Taranaki which was declared confiscated by the Government after the Waikato war. In the confiscated territory, Te Whiti, a chief who has been converted to Christianity and passes for a prophet among the natives, fixed his residence and gathered the discontented natives around him. The same man championed the cause of natives who were expelled from their lands two years before, and nearly brought about a collision between them and the Government. The danger of an outbreak was still more imminent this time, but was averted by the prompt capture and arrest of the instigator.

The British possessions in the Pacific have been increased by the annexation of the Island of Rotumah, which has been placed under the direction of the Governor of the Feejee Islands. The new dependency has an area of about twenty-four square miles, and contained in 1871 2,680 inhabitants. A massacre was perpetrated by the Christian natives of Tapitawa, one of the Equator Islands, under the leadership of a convert named Kabu. The victims were the inhabitants of the southern portion of the island, who had renounced Christianity, and refused to submit to the rule of Kabu.

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY, an empire in Central Europe. Emperor, Francis Joseph I, born August 18, 1830; succeeded his uncle, the Emperor Ferdinand I, December 2, 1848. Heir-apparent to the throne, Archduke Rudolphus, born August 21, 1858; married on May 10, 1881, to Stéphanie Clotilde, second daughter of the King of Belgium, born May 21, 1864.

The Ministry for the Common Affairs of the Empire consisted, toward the close of the year 1881, of Count Kalnoky, Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House (appointed 1881); Joseph von Szlavy, Minister of the Finances of the Empire (appointed April 8, 1880); and Count Arthur Bylandt - Rheidt, Minister of War (appointed 1876).

The Ministry of Cisleithan Austria, at the close of 1880, was composed of Count Eduard Taaffe, President (appointed August 14, 1879); Baron Pino, Justice (1881); Baron Sigmund Conrad von Eybesfeldt, Public Worship and Instruction (1880); Count Zeno von Welsersheimb, Defense of the Country (1880); Count Julius von Falkenhayn (August 14, 1879), Agriculture; Dr. Alois Prazak, Commerce (1881);

In accordance with the political constitution of the Austrian Empire, there are three distinct budgets: the first, that of the delega tions for the whole empire; the second, that of the Reichsrath for Austria proper; and the third, that of the Hungarian Diet, for the kingdom of Hungary. By an agreement, or socalled "compromise," entered into in February, 1868, between the Governments and Legislatures of Austria and Hungary, the former has to pay seventy and the latter thirty per cent toward the common expenditures of the empire, not including the interest on the national debt. The common budget of the empire for 1880 was as follows:

The army in 1880 consisted, on a peace footing, of 16,635 officers and 275,571 men; and on a war footing, of 29,653 officers and 1,013,953

1880.

and the ministry, which had assumed so large The breach between the Constitutional party proportions in 1880, continued during the year 1881, and Count Taaffe was forced still more than in 1880 to look for support from the Right. The first result of this policy was the resignation of Baron Streit, the Minister of Justice, and Ritter von Kremer, Minister of Commerce, who were succeeded, the former by Baron Pino, and the latter by Dr. Prazak. Count Taaffe met an unexpected obstacle in his desire to depend upon the Right, in the Herrenhaus, or House of Lords. To overcome this he created twelve new life-members, of whom four were Poles, two Czechs, and six Clericals or Conservatives, all factions of the Right being represented.

A new feature in the struggles of the German and Slavic nationalities was the proposition to transform the old German University of

Prague, one of the earliest in Germany, into a bilingual establishment; or, leaving the University of Prague in its old position, to establish a new Czech university. The efforts of the Czech party were directed in 1880 to getting its teachers gradually introduced, and a resolution was passed by the House authorizing the Government to ask from it the grant of money necessary for this purpose. In the estimates presented for 1881 no such grant was asked for. Upon the demands of the Czech party, the Government appointed a commission to investigate the feasibility of the plan. The matter was settled by an imperial order in April, providing that henceforth two separate universities should exist under the common name of "Carolo-Ferdinandea," in one of which the medium of instruction shall be the German, and in the other the Czech language. The two faculties of Philosophy and Law were to be in readiness by October 1st. On May 15th the Government presented to the Chamber two bills relating to this matter. One related to the legal status and the course of study, while the other provided for the necessary credits for creating the two Czech faculties. The sum necessary for this purpose was set down at 23,000 florins for the current year. The first bill provided, among other matters, that all property belonging to the university, or to any of the faculties, should in future be regarded as the common property of both universities, or of the respective faculties. A student can not be immatriculated in both universities, but a student of one shall be at liberty to attend the lectures of the other, and these lectures are to be credited to him as if he had attended them in his own university. The bill was passed on May 31st, after a motion making it compulsory upon every student at the new Czech university, who should intend entering a public profession, to have a perfect knowledge of the German language, had been rejected.

In the early part of the year a bill was introduced in the Lower House by Herr Lienbacher of the Clerical party, providing that in future any provincial Diet should have the power of decreasing the term of compulsory school attendance, which heretofore had been eight years. The bill was supported by the Autonomist party, who thought in this way to increase the autonomy of the several crown-lands, and was strongly opposed by the Constitutional party. It passed the Lower House with a majority of 13, but was rejected by the Herrenhaus by the decisive vote of 74 to 32, a vote which was entirely unexpected, as it was thought that the recent creation of new lifemembers had given the ministry who support ed the bill a majority in this House.

On March 11th Count Coronini, the President of the Lower House of the Reichsrath, resigned his seat in that House. In his letter of resignation, Count Coronini, who belongs to the Constitutional party, declared that he had endeavored to do his duty according to his best VOL. XXI.-4 A

belief, but that the conscientious fulfillment of duty did not insure success. He did not think that he could interpret the events that had taken place in the House of late, otherwise than by concluding from them that he no longer possessed the confidence of the House. He had become painfully aware that, in these circumstances, he could no longer be of service to the House, and he had, therefore, decided to give up his position. As the rules of the House did not allow of his resignation, and as he was not certain that the House would accede to his request to relieve him from the office, he had chosen the only course open and had resigned his seat. His seat was filled by the election of Dr. Smolka, the First Vice-President, while Prince Lobkowitz was elected to fill the latter post, so that the presidency, as well as both vice-presidencies, had now passed into the hands of the majority.

The session of the Reichstag was closed by the Government in June.

The continual anti-German policy of the Government brought about a union of the two factions of the Liberal and Constitutional parties into a German party, a union which was heartily approved by Dr. Herbst, the leader of the Constitutional party.

In April the Emperor sanctioned a measure empowering the Cisleithan ministry to raise a 5 per cent loan of 50,000,000 florins, which amount was required to make up the deficit in the last budget of this half of the empire. The loan was at once subscribed, and twentyfive times over, the amount actually offered being upward of 1,250,000,000 florins. The real amount of the issue was 54,347,800 florins, the price being at 92.

The foreign relations of the empire during the year were of the most friendly character. In August the Emperor met Emperor William of Germany at Gastein, and the usual demonstrations of friendship were made, while the meeting was said to be without any political significance.

On October 27th, King Humbert and Queen Margharita of Italy arrived in Vienna on a visit to the imperial family. It did not transpire what occurred at this meeting, but it was generally agreed that the greatest political significance was to be attached to it. It was regarded as marking the admission of Italy to the Austro-German alliance, while it was thought that at the same time questions relating to the estates of the deposed princes of Naples and Parma, who were closely related to the imperial family of Austria, were definitely settled. They were received with great demonstrations of friendship, and on their return the Emperor accompanied them as far as Venice.

The era of good feeling between the empire and Italy, which seemed to have been brought about by the visit of King Humbert, was threatened by some remarks made during a debate in the Hungarian delegation. At a committeemeeting, which was held with closed doors,

after Baron von Kallay, a chief of department in the ministry of foreign affairs, had stated that, in spite of the Irredenta movement, Austria entertained the most cordial relations toward Italy, Count Andrassy, who was at the time looked upon as the probable successor of Baron Haymerle, was thereupon reported to have stated, in the course of a speech, that he no longer feared the Irredenta movement, since the bond between the monarchy and Germany had become so strong. If the movement should lead to a war between Austria and Italy, and the latter country should be defeated, it might bring about serious consequences for the royal house of Italy. These remarks caused considerable excitement, and it was even stated that the Italian embassador was about to ask for his passports. In the full meeting of the Hungarian delegation of November 8th, Baron von Kallay declared the report of the meeting with these remarks to be incomplete, and added that he had laid particular stress upon the friendly relations brought about by the late visit of King Humbert, which seemed to have been received with satisfaction by all classes of the Italian population. Count Andrassy called to mind the fact that he had accompanied the Emperor to Venice, and that during his term of office he had kept up friendly relations with Italy.

The meeting of the Emperors of Germany and Russia at Dantzic, in September, called forth considerable surprise in Austria. But the prevailing feeling was that it would tend to strengthen the Austro-German alliance, and the Government hastened to give expression to this feeling in a dispatch to the Emperors at Dantzic, declaring its satisfaction at the meeting.

The assassination of the Emperor of Russia called forth expressions of sympathy from the Emperor. In the Upper House of the Reichsrath, the President gave expression at its first session to the feelings of abhorrence of the House at the crime. He said the event was the more painful, on account of the indication it gave of the existence of a dark but wide-spread conspiracy, threatening to undermine the principles of society, which the Upper House was bound to stand in the front rank to defend. The President, in conclusion, called upon the members present to rise from their seats in order to testify to the sorrow they experienced at this event, as well as to the sympathy they felt with the grief which filled the heart of the Austrian monarch, who in the Emperor Alexander II had lost a true friend. The President's remarks were warmly applauded. In the Lower House, however, the Poles declared that they could not vote for any resolutions of regret, and the new President, Smolka, a member of the Polish party, refused to permit any resolution of the kind to be discussed.

The monarchy suffered a severe loss in the death of Baron Haymerle, who died suddenly on October 10th, of apoplexy (see HAYMERLE).

He succeeded Count Andrassy as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1879, and had continued to hold the office. This vacancy was filled by the appointment of Count Kalnoky, the former embassador to Russia.

The victory of the Czechs in the university question was followed by excesses in Prague. Attacks were made on several occasions by the Bohemian students upon the Germans, and it was necessary for the authorities to interfere in behalf of the latter. The Ministry of Education, upon the recommendation of the senate of the university, ordered a suspension of the lectures for the summer, and a strict investigation. A number of Czech journals, which attempted to continue the agitation, were confiscated. Other excesses took place later in the year, in consequence of which the administration of the crown-land was placed in the hands of Field-Marshal Kraus, who had been up to that time the military governor.

The Czech excesses in Prague called forth the greatest indignation among the German population of the empire, notably in Vienna, where the Common Council passed resolutions condemning those excesses, while the language employed by the Liberal journals of that city was so strong as to cause the suspension of the latter.

A demand was made by the Czechs, that as Vienna was the capital of a state containing many different nationalities, of whom the Czechs formed a large part, that Czech teachers be employed in the public and industrial schools of that city. This demand was promptly met and denied by the Town Council.

The City Council of Prague, which is entirely in the hands of the Czechs, ordered that the children of Bohemian parents who were attending German schools should be removed from them. The councils of other communities passed similar resolutions, and, in consequence of the troubles arising therefrom, the matter was brought before the Provincial School Council. This body annulled the order of the city councils, and declared that it rested entirely with the parents to which school they wished to send their children.

On August 12th the Czech National Theatre in Prague was completely destroyed by fire a few days before it was to be opened. This conflagration called forth the deepest sympathy in all parts of the monarchy, and the Germans particularly tried to show, by their sympathy and their contributions to the collection which was taken up for its restoration, that they bore no ill-will to their Bohemian neighbors, and that it was their earnest desire to do away with the struggle between the different nationalities.

The marriage of the Crown Prince Rudolph to Stéphanie, the second daughter of the King of the Belgians, took place on May 10th, in Vienna. The ceremony was performed by Cardinal-Prince Schwarzenberg, Archbishop of