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lower part of the jaw recedes without forming a chin, and the hinder surface of the symphysis has a very oblique slope. These characteristics, approaching the type of the anthropoid apes, are exhibited in a much more marked manner than in any existing savage race, or in the fossils of men before discovered which show them, such as the jaw of Nanette.

A fortified camp has been discovered by the Abbé Ambrosio Sans in the Maestrazgo plateau in Spain, which bears every indication of having been constructed by a prehistoric people of the polished-stone age. It is situated in a group of hills. On one side the position is protected by a natural escarpment. Within the curved outer wall, which was built of stones without mortar, is a smaller wall, still intact, and heaps of stones, the ruins of dwellings. The habitations were oval, about 20 feet long by 63 feet in breadth, and were arranged in groups and in solitary positions, according to a definite plan. At the foot of the wall were found the remains of many animals, some of which belonged to extinct species. Outside of the inclosure were picked up polished celts of reddish-veined white quartz, lance-heads of blackish diorite, and other implements of the Neolithic age.

An ancient galley, discovered at Sandefjord, in Norway, throws light on the naval architecture of the Norse mariners a thousand years ago. It was the sepulchre of a viking, whose bones, with those of a little dog and some implements, were found inside, and the bones of horses and dogs sacrificed at the funeral round about; but the tomb had been plundered. The vessel was about 78 feet long, 17 feet in beam, and 5 feet 9 inches deep, and would probably draw less than four feet of water. The curves of the bent timbers seemed to be the natural growth of the trees. There were twenty ribs. The side-boards, of selected and well-seasoned oak, overlapped each other, and were fastened by iron rivets clinched on both sides. No evidences of the use of a saw were seen. The frametimbers were fastened together with root withes. Bow and stern had the same shape. The rudder was on the starboard side, a foot or two from the stern. There was no deck. There were holes for 32 oars. These were 20 feet long. The finish and workmanship were careful and elaborate, and the plan of the hull was anything but primitive and rude, the lines being admirable for speed and for seaworthi ness. The ship was covered by a burial-mound of blue clay, this material accounting for its excellent preservation.

APPLETON, JOHN ADAMS, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 9, 1817, and died at his residence, Clifton, Staten Island, July 13, 1881, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Appleton was one of the firm of "D. Appleton & Company," a house well known for its steady progress and uniform success as publishers and importers of books. Mr. John A. Appleton, wherever he was known,

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was highly respected and esteemed for his integrity and uprightness in all the walks of life. His time and attention were mainly devoted to the business upon which he entered as a young man, with his father and brothers; and in the prosecution of that business, upon sound and manly principles, he met with gratifying sucHe acquired a large fortune, which he wisely used, not only for the benefit of his immediate family and friends, but also for the good of the community in which he lived, and especially for the cause of the church to which he was devotedly attached. About seven years ago, he was severely injured by being thrown from his carriage, and he never fully recovered from the shock thus given to his system. His last illness was aggravated by a complication of disorders, and he sank rapidly under the attack, passing away in the early morning of Wednesday, July 13th.

There were several points in Mr. Appleton's character which deserve to be noted. He was, first of all, a devout, consistent Christianone who was neither ashamed nor afraid to acknowledge his faith and trust in his Saviour, and one who strove to remember always that he was a steward of God, placed in charge of large means and opportunities for promoting the spread of the Gospel and the happiness of his fellow-men. And he continued steadfast in this faith, and, when the summons came, he laid down the burden of life with firm, unwavering confidence in the mercy of our Heavenly Father in and through Christ Jesus our Lord. He was for many years senior warden of St. John's Church, Clifton, and was one of its largest benefactors. It may indeed be called his monument. A mural tablet has been erected in the church of his affections, commemorating his quiet life of faith and service as a Christian. It was done by the members of the church, his friends, and the employés in his business.

In admirable keeping with this inner life of faith, Mr. Appleton always proved himself to be a gentleman of the truest type. He was uniformly courteous and considerate toward others, never wounding the feelings of any one, however obscure or lowly his lot, and always ready with a pleasant word and kindly act. Though of a rather nervous temperament, and disliking everything of the nature of parade or show, he was fond of congenial society, and took delight in dispensing cordial and unostentatious hospitality at his beautiful residence in Staten Island. He was a lover of home and home pleasures, and, as he had been especially favored and happy in his marriage. he made his home the central point of quiet and peaceful enjoyment.

As a business man, Mr. Appleton was deservedly esteemed to be an honor to the name. He took his full share in upholding the high reputation which the house of D. Appleton & Co. has always sustained for integrity and fairness in their vast business transactions. He was

jealous for the good name of the house, and desirous, by every effort on his part, to extend its honorable usefulness. He was endeared to all with whom he was brought into close business relations, as touching evidence of which may be adduced the spontaneous gathering of the employés of the house, the day after his death, and the resolutions unanimously adopted at the meeting. Truly, in all the varied responsibilities of life, the passage of Holy Scripture selected as the text of an eloquent discourse preached at his funeral aptly describes Mr. Appleton's career: "The path of the just is as the shining light that shineth more and more unto the perfect day."

ARBITRATION. A decision of the Louisiana Court of Appeals embodies a totally different doctrine from that which has guided English courts, and American courts after them, for over two hundred years, relative to the obligation of merchants to submit to and abide by arbitration after agreement to do so. A contract for the sale of mules contained a stipulation that differences arising between the parties should be referred to arbitrators, one to be chosen by each party, and the two, on failing to agree, to fix upon an umpire. On the failure of the seller to deliver, the buyer brought suit in court. The selling party objected that the plaintiff had not offered to arbitrate, as the contract required. The suing party argued that a stipulation to arbitrate is revocable any time before award is made, and can not debar access to the civil courts. The court, acknowledging the weight of authority to conflict with the view taken, delivered the opinion that stipulations of this character, not being contrary to either law or to public policy, should not be considered less binding than other lawful contracts. Arbitrators are authorized by modern laws to take testimony under oath, and have accordingly the facilities for investigating simpler questions. When parties, knowing the full effect and circumstances of the agreement, have deliberately agreed to settle disputes by friendly reference, they should be left to the tribunal of their own election. The powers of arbitrators and the finality of the award have been considerably enhanced in New York and other States. Yet the liberty possessed by either party of withdrawing before the conclusion of the deliberations, discourages merchants from resorting to this mode of adjusting disputes in minor controversies, notwithstanding its preferableness to legal trial. In exchanges, boards of trade, and similar associations there usually resides efficient power to enforce a rule compelling members to submit their differences to the arbitrament of a committee, and the custom, thus made binding, is eminently satisfactory in its workings.

ARCHEOLOGY. Important discoveries of antiques illustrating the civilizations of Egypt, ancient Chaldea, and Greece, have been exhumed and deposited in the British Museum, the Boulak Museum of the Khedive, and in the

Royal Museum at Berlin. The Egyptian discovery was the fruit of the efforts of Maspero, the new director of the Boulak Museum, and of his assistant, Brugsch, both renowned Egyptologists. It includes records which clear up a doubtful period of Pharaonic chronology. The discoveries in Mesopotamia were made by an agent of the British Museum, who has been engaged for years in this exploration, and who has now located cities more ancient than Babylon, and brought to light remains of the primeval Assyrian civilization. The Greek remains recovered embrace examples of classic art in its highest prime, and also an interesting work of a later age illustrating the aberrations of Greek genius in the decadence of taste. The excavation of these objects from the ruins of Olympia and Pergamon was conducted by commissioners of the German Government, which had appropriated a large subsidy for this purpose.

In Egypt an extraordinary treasure of sepulchral relics was brought to light in the summer of 1881, through the efforts of Professor Maspero. For many years curious antiquities have occasionally appeared in the markets, of a sort which led to the suspicion that the Arab traders had discovered a royal tomb, which they were secretly rifling. Upon deciphering a photographic copy of a ritual purchased by a traveler at Thebes, and discovering it to be the funeral papyrus of Pinotem I, Professor Maspero's suspicions were confirmed. Having been appointed the successor to Mariette Pasha as conservator of the Khedivial collections, he had the opportunity of inaugurating his official connection with an important discovery. Proceeding to Thebes, he arrested an Arab dealer in relics, one of three brothers who alone were in possession of the secret. This man, after many weeks of obstinate reticence, disclosed the situation of the treasure. The objects were then taken out by Emil Brugsch, and transported to Cairo. The place was not a tomb, but a cave which had been used as a hidingplace, to which the contents of royal sepulchres had been taken for safety. The removal took place, it is supposed, either at the time of the tomb robberies of the twentieth dynasty, or of the sacking of Thebes by the Assyrians. The mummies and grave-treasures were piled together in great confusion, and some of the identifications which were made on the strength of funereal inscriptions afterward appeared donbtful, as there were evidences that the place had already been ransacked.

There were taken out altogether some six thousand objects, including twenty-nine mummies of kings, queens, princes, and high-priests, five papyri, one of which is the funeral papyrus of Queen Makera, of the twentieth dynasty, and two plaques of the kind which Professor Maspero has before described from specimens which must have come from the same place. The mummy-cases, which were all contained in a chamber twenty-three feet by thirteen, had

been opened by Arabs, and into some the wrong mummy had been returned, as the names on the bandages did not correspond to those upon the cases. The mummies of people of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties appear to have been removed to this place of safety from their graves in the Valley of the Tombs during the reign of the first priest-king, HerHor. And afterward, perhaps on account of its secrecy, the vault was used as a burial-place for succeeding princes.

The depredations committed among these coffins have been considerable, and much of the difficulty in identifying the bodies is owing to the abstractions and displacements. The funeral papyrus of Queen Not-em-maut was purchased several years ago by the Prince of Wales, who deposited it in the British Museum. The funeral papyrus of Neb-seni, one of the dignitaries whose coffins were found, has also been for some time in the British Museum. Many statuettes, inscribed tablets, scarabæi, mummies, etc., have been sold to travelers of late years, which were undoubtedly taken from this place by the Arabs, who have known the secret of the chamber for probably twenty-two

years.

Of the twenty-nine mummies recovered, seven are those of kings, nine of queens and princesses, and five of personages of distinction. The hiding-place was situated behind an angle of a cliff a little way from Deir-el-Bahari, near Thebes, southwest of the village. The entrance to the chamber in which they were concealed was by a perpendicular shaft, 12 metres deep, whose mouth was 60 metres above the plain. From the bottom of the pit a gallery, 74 metres in length, conducted to the chamber, whose dimensions were 7 metres by 4. A hint of the causes which led to the deposit of the bodies in this secret place is probably given in hieratic inscriptions on the mummy-cases of Leti I and Rameses XII, which stated that their remains had been placed for safety in the tomb of Queen Ansera. The mummy of this queen was found in the vault, though not in her own mummy case, but that of Rai, the nurse of Queen Ahmes-Nofertari.

Among the mummies were identified those of a Raskenen, one of the last kings of the seventeenth dynasty; of King Ahmes I, the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, and of Ahmes-Nofertari, his queen; Queen Arhotep and Princess Sat Ammon, his daughters, and Prince Sa Ammon, his son; of Amenhotep I, the second king of this dynasty; the mummycases of Thothmes I and Thothmes II, succeeding monarchs; the mummy-case, and perhaps the mummy, of Thothmes III, or the Great; mummies of Queens Hont-ta-me-hou, An, Setka, and Princess Mes-sont-ta-me-hou, all of the eighteenth dynasty; the mummy of Rameses I, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty; of King Seti I, his successor; the supposed mummy of Rameses II, or the Great, the third king of this dynasty, and the Pharaoh of the

Jewish captivity, but which Professor Maspero afterward concluded to be that of Rameses XII, of the twentieth dynasty; of Queen Not-em-maut, wife of Her-Hor, the first priestking; of the high-priest Pinotem; of Queen Ramaka and her infant daughter Mout-em-hat, of the twenty-first dynasty; of King Pinotem II, the third of this dynasty, and of Queen Hon-ta-taoni, his daughter, Queen Ast-em-jeb and Princess Nessi-kon-sou, other daughters, Prince Jep-ta-a-ouf-anch, high-priest of Ammon Ra, his son, and the high-priest Mas-sa-ha-ta, another son or near relative.

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The assemblage of mummies of different periods in this place was owing, according to the conjectures of Maspero, originally to the tombrobberies of the reign of Rameses IX. The tomb of Amenhotep I was one of those which the robbers attempted to break into. It was probably in the midst of the necropolis at Koorneh. Several mummies were missing probably at the time of the removal. tomb of Queen Mashont-ti-moo-hoo had been pillaged, and apparently those of Thothmes III, Rameses I, Seti I, and others. Contemporary mummies of the family of the twentieth dynasty were deposited in the same place for safety on account of the unsettled state of the country, owing to insurrections and the establishment of the rival dynasty at Tanis. This twenty-first dynasty could not have succeeded Her-Hor, but reigned contemporaneously with the priest-kings whose names are preserved in this cavern. These descendants of Her-Hor were as follows: High-Priest Piankhi; HighPriest Pinotem I; Pinotem II; his sons, King Menkheperra and High-Priest Mahasirti; and King Pinotem, whose wife, Makeri, was daughter of the contemporary King of Tanis. The rival dynasties were both supplanted after the death of Makeri by Sheshouk, the head of a Semitic family in Lower Egypt, who founded the Bubastite dynasty.

Assyriologists have for some time expected that in the ruined cities of Babylonia more ancient versions of the Assyrian text than the cuneiform inscriptions already recovered would yet be brought to light. In 1880 Hormuzd Rassam found a fragment of a tablet relating to the Deluge in the ruins of one of the temple libraries of Babylon. Through the seasons of 1880 and 1881 the same explorer has industriously examined the sites of the Chaldean cities of Babylon, Borsippa, Sippara, and Cutha, and has unearthed a large number of religious texts and records.

Since the large discovery of inscribed tablets made by Arabs in 1874, there have been innumerable relics and inscriptions exhumed in Babylon. The same spot has been explored by Rassam. It was the center of commercial life in ancient Babylon, being the court of a family named Beni Egibi, who seem to have been financial agents of the government. The tax-receipts found here reveal the fact that the taxes for the maintenance of the irrigation

canals and the highways were raised by duties on the land, the date and corn crops, and on cattle. There were large quantities of temple lands held in mortmain, like the mosque property in the Turkish Empire. From the palaces of Babylon Rassam has recovered records which cover the period from the reign of Nabonidus to the capture of the city by Cyrus.

Babylon was built almost entirely of brick. Chambers and corridors of the Palace of the Kings, with decorations of plaster and painted bricks, were found. Extensive hydraulic works, consisting of wells and conduits connected with the river, seem to indicate the locality of the hanging gardens. One of the kings, according to a discovered document, had sixty gardens or paradises made for him near the city. The ruins of the traditional site of the Tower of Babel are probably the seven-story tower of the Temple of Nebo.

Rassam has identified and explored the sites of two cities of higher antiquity than Babylon. These are Sippara, the city of the Sun-god, which was, according to Berosus, more ancient than Ur, having been founded before the flood, and Cutha, one of the great temple-cities of Babylonia. The modern name of the site of Sippara is Abbu Hubba. The mounds cover an area of over two miles in circumference. The buildings were placed with their angles to the cardinal points of the compass. The southwest wall of an immense building was first uncovered. It was fifteen hundred feet long, and broken at regular intervals by projecting buttresses, which were ornamented by grooved panels. The edifice consisted of many long, narrow rooms, with exceedingly thick walls, arranged around a central court. This building was the Temple of the Sun-god. In a large gallery were the remains of the sacrificial altar, nearly thirty feet square; and in a connecting chamber were the records of the temple. One of the records is a votive tablet commemorating the victory of the Babylonian king Nabupallidina over the Sutu tribe of Elamites, and dating from about the year 852 It contains a figure in relief of the god and of the king and priests performing worship. It was the cult of the solar disk and rays, a form of which was introduced into Egypt in the eighteenth dynasty. A list of the six solar festivals is inscribed, two of them corresponding to the spring and autumn equinoxes. Sheep, oxen, rams, and fruits of the earth are mentioned as the sacrificial offerings, as in the Bible. This most ancient of the cities of Mesopotamia, and a neighboring place, whose ruins yielded records of minor importance, are in all probability identical with the cities of Sepharvaim mentioned in 2 Kings, xvii, 24-31, in connection with Cutha, whose site was also identified and partially explored by Rassam. The British Museum, which receives the objects recovered by Rassam, already contains over three thousand of these tablets of the earlier period, including the large collection

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secured from the Arabs by the late George Smith.

The excavations at Olympia, which have been prosecuted since 1875 with means furnished by the German Government, have revealed the whole plan of this most interesting city, which remained for many centuries the center of Hellenic civilization and the scene of the national festivals. The walled inclosure called the Sacred Grove, in which were the Temple of Zeus and the other shrines and sanctuaries and the official buildings connected with the Olympic games, was about four thousand feet long, and extended back from the river to the foot of the mountain about two thousand feet. The Temple of Zeus was a simpler, more massive and more imposing edifice than the Parthenon, built in a purer Doric style. The group of twenty-one colossal figures by Paionios, representing the battle between Oinomaos and Pelops, with Zeus as arbiter in the middle, which adorned the eastern pediment, have all been recovered in various states of preservation. Statues of the river-gods Alpheios and Kladeos flanked the pediment. The western pediment contained a group by Alkmenes representing a contest at the wedding of Peirithoös arrested by the intervention of the young Apollo, showing drunken Centaurs carrying off the women and Hellenes coming to the rescue, with weeping female slaves on the ground. This composition consists likewise of twentyone figures, of thirteen of which the heads remain. At both ends of the temple are sculptures in high relief representing the labors of Herakles. They are pronounced by Curtius to belong to the same school of sculpture as the pediments. The pediments can be intelligibly reconstructed, and surpass any pediments before known. Curtius assigns the sculptures of the temple to the school of Kalamis, which immediately preceded the highest development of Attic art in the age of Phidias. In the representation of Apollo the conventional traditions were adhered to, while in the forms of the men and Centaurs complete freedom was exercised. The Heraion, which comes next in size to the Temple of Zeus, dates from an earlier period. It illustrates the growth of a Greek temple, which was originally a temporary wooden structure for the reception of votive offerings, but was gradually built up by the replacement of one group after another of the wooden pillars by stone columns. The ground-plan of another temple surrounded by pillars has also been discovered. It is the Metroön, or sanctuary of the mother of the gods. The treasuries have been exposed to view in the northern part of the Altis, or sacred inclosure. They resemble temples, and stand in a row. The two largest, the thesauri of the Syracusans and of the Megareans, have been identified. The latter contains sculptures representing the war of the giants, of an age preceding the Æginita. One of the most interesting monuments of the

classic period is the colossal figure of Nike, by Paionios. The round temple built by Philip of Macedon after the battle of Charonea stands in a fair state of preservation to the west of the Heraion. Structures of the Roman period are rotundas, water-works, etc., erected by Antoninus Pius and Herodes Atticus. The Pelopion, or precinct for the worship of the hero Pelops, was marked by no structure except an entrance-hall at one end. The altar of Zeus, an elliptical ring of rough stones, occupied the very center of the Altis. In the soil around the altar quantities of votive offerings in bronze and terra-cotta were found. The Prytaneion, containing the altar of Hestia and the banqueting-hall in which the Olympic victors were feasted, stood at the northwest corner of the Altis. Between the buildings the open spaces were filled with statues, the votive gifts of cities and individuals, and also statues of the victors in the Olympian contests. But few of these remain.

Outside of the Altis the stadiums, leading to the course of the runners, stood on the east. The starting-place and goal are still in position. All the other contests took place here, except the chariot-races in the Hippodrome, of which no vestiges remain. An edifice consisting of a quadrangular court, approached by two colonnades, dates from about the same period as the Temple of Zeus. It is supposed to have been the meeting-place of the Olympic Council. A series of fine buildings stood between the Kladeos and the Altis on the west. A circular building contained an altar with inscriptions to "the hero," referring, undoubtedly, to Ianos, and afterward Klytias, founders of the priestly families of diviners which first gave to Olympia its importance. A group of dwellings near by were probably the homes of the priests, and the building whose site was taken for the Byzantine church must have been the assembly-hall of the priestly functionaries. To the north were the Palæstra or practice-court for the wrestlers, and the halls where the rhetorical declamations were delivered. East of the Byzantine church was the court, surrounded with columns, which is called the Grand Gymnasium. This was probably the largest and most splendid building in Olympia.

There have been more than four hundred inscriptions found. Many of them have reference to the visitors at the games, and afford much information regarding the different games. The German explorers have also exhumed important remains of the Acropolis at Pergamon, a city of great splendor in post-Alexandrian times. The sculptured ornaments of the great altar, mentioned by ancient writers, have been recovered in a good state of preservation. The principal frieze represents the battle of the gods and giants. This work dates from about 200 B. C., the period of the inroads of the Gallic barbarians. The figures are of heroic size, and executed in a free and bold style. The gods are dignified and graceful in attitude and pro

portions. In picturing the giants the artist gave free play to an exuberant fancy. Some of them are fine types of manly strength and beauty; others fantastic mixtures of human and monstrous forms; some with legs prolonged into serpents; many with one or two pairs of wings; one with a lion's head and mane; one with the horns and ears of a Triton, and one with the shoulders and hump of a buffalo. Zeus is represented engaged with many foes at once-his serpent seizing the heads of two of the hideous serpent-legs, and his ægis held aloft in his extended right hand. Athene with the gorgoneion on her breast is dragging a winged youthful giant by the hair. Hecate is a singular conception, having three heads and trunks and six arms. Apollo and Dionysos are forms of great beauty. A lovely female figure, engaged in hurling a vase encircled with serpents at a giant, has puzzled all archeologists. Cybele, riding upon her lion, is armed with a bow. Of the frieze, ninety-four slabs, about three fifths of the whole, have been excavated and sent to Berlin, and with them thirty-four slabs of the smaller frieze, representing scenes from the legend of Telephus; and numerous inscriptions, statues, and other relics.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC (REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA). "Our relations with foreign powers will be zealously maintained and fostered by my Government, care being taken to augment and strengthen the bonds of union between this republic and the most advanced nations. It will be my special endeavor to preserve harmony with our neighbors, while strictly abstaining from interference in their internal concerns. And as for those with whom, in relation to boundaries, we have difficulties still pending, I shall seek to solve these in a manner worthy of all concerned, without yielding one iota where I understand the dignity, rights, or integrity of the republic to be affected." These words, quoted from President Roca's inaugural speech to the Argentine Congress, were spoken on October 12, 1880. Just one year later were exchanged the following notes between the United States Minister at Buenos Ayres and the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs:

UNITED STATES LEGATION, October 22d, 11.30 P. M. MY DEAR MINISTER: Allow me to offer you my most cordial and sincere congratulations on the final approbation, by the representatives of both countries, of the treaty which is the crowning and most glorious know the meaning of the word gratitude. It may be work of your life. It is said that republics do not so; but henceforward the two nations can never forget or cease to feel grateful for what you have done for them in one year of patient work and careful people of the United States will speedily indorse this thought. Be assured that my Government and the well-merited recognition of the honor due to you for the glorious peace and prosperity that must inevitably result from your great achievement. shall take the earliest opportunity of calling on you in person to present my respects and renew my congratulations.

Your very sincere friend, THOMAS O. OSBORN. BUENOS AYRES, October 22d. MY DEAR MINISTER: A thousand thanks for the very kind note you have sent me. I prize it extremely,

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