patented in 1870: two endless rubber belts, electrically excited by friction, move vertically upward on each side of the row, and as the machine is driven along, the plants are violently agitated by mechanical means; the cotton which is shaken from the bolls adheres to the rubber bands, and is conveyed to a receptacle at the top of the machine. A pneumatic picker working automatically contains a horizontal fan which is actuated by the wheels on which the machine is drawn, the cotton being disengaged by a series of curved hoops inclosed within a hood and conveyed by the current of air into a wire-cloth receiver where the air finds exit. The stalks of the cotton-plant are cut, and the cotton beaten out into a wagonbox upon a grating of transverse wires, according to the method of a Louisiana inventor. An elaborate picker, patented in 1872, is a long cylinder covered with bristles, which revolves by the aid of one of the supporting wheels, and extracts the ripe cotton from the bolls, which are bent over to the brush by a reel in front; a cleaning cylinder removes the lint from the bristles and deposits it in the receptacle behind. A similar method has been recently patented, in which vertically revolving brushes, in contact with cleaning-combs, are arranged in two pairs, one pair of brushes working on each side of the cotton-row. Another mechanical harvester contains a series of barbed flexible rods which work up and down alternately among the cotton-plants, each in its ascent stripping the cotton from the descending ones, which is taken from the tops of the vibrating arms by endless bands.

The prevention of the ravages of the cottonworm has never been attempted with any success until within the last ten years. Statistical inquiries show that the annual loss to the country from this pest between the years 1865 and 1879 has been $15,000,000, while in some years it has amounted to double that sum. The natural history of the cotton-worm was explained at the Atlanta Exhibition by Professor C. V. Riley. The worm feeds on the under side of the leaves, and is seldom observed in the earlier part of the season, though its presence is detected by skilled eyes from yellowish and semi-transparent blotches on the leaves. It makes its chrysalis usually in a piece of rolled-up leaf. The moth, which is nocturnal in its habits, deposits its eggs on the under side of the lowest and largest leaves. The eggs are 6 millimetre wide, and are not easily detected, being of nearly the color of the leaf. The period of the phases of a generation varies according to temperature. The average time, taking the whole season together, is about one month. There are thus seven or more generations developed each season in the Gulf district. The first worms appear in the southern portion of the cotton belt between the middle of April and the middle of May. The cotton-worm is exceedingly prolific, the moth being capable of laying 600 or 700 eggs. The

worm is not present in destructive numbers before the third generation. The notion that it suddenly appears in midsummer is therefore natural. The insect hibernates only in the southern part of the cotton-region, and its extension north must proceed every season from thence. Staining and fragments of leaf in the cotton, impurities the most difficult to remove, are caused by the gnawing of the cotton-worm. The first effectual method of destroying the cotton-worm was recommended by Professor Riley, Entomologist to the Department of Agriculture at Washington, in 1873. This was the use of Paris-green. Appliances for the application of this and similar arsenical preparations were introduced in great variety between 1875 and 1878. They all had for their object the throwing of the poisons, finely divided in solutions or powders, over the plants broadcast. The subject of the prevention of the cotton-worm's depredations was made, in 1878, the subject of a special investigation by the Agricultural Bureau. The method of spreading the poison from below was found preferable. The dry powder is more efficacious in wet weather, but the wet method is ordinarily more expeditious and less dangerous. The cost of appliances for the wet method is greater. The punctured sprinklers and gauze sifters have been abandoned, as no means could be devised for keeping them from clogging. Slitnozzle sprinklers, which project the fluid in a fan-like sheet, that breaks up into a spray, are made with the fissures cut in different curves and angles to produce different kinds of jets. These are excellent where large sprays for broadcast sprinkling are desired. For obtaining small sprays for poisoning cotton from beneath, a form of nozzle has been devised in which the fluid is let into the nozzle-chamber at a tangent, causing a rapid whirling of the fluid against the inner surface and its slit; this washes away the particles which would otherwise accumulate and clog up the passage. Lip-nozzles spread the fluid in a shower by dashing the stream against an inclined surface. These may produce a jet in one sheet, or reflected in two or more planes, or spreading in a funnel-shaped spray. Rotary nozzles revolve by the force of the jet, causing a spiral movement of the fluid, which breaks it up into a spray. Rifling of a tubular nozzle produces the same effect. A form of rotary sprinkler, called the cyclone nozzle, is well adapted for under-sprinkling, as it produces the finest kind of spray; the round-nozzle chamber has a tangential inlet, and, at right angles to this, a central circular outlet.

There are four classes of machines for spreading poison-brush-throwers, rotary fan blowers, bellows-blowers, and squirting-machines. The latter is the most valuable form. Forcepumps have been tried, but they have been found too expensive for ordinary use. A device, called the automatic sprinkler, does away with the necessity of pumps. The barrel of

poison is elevated very high in the air, and the dust is released in such a manner as to spread it in an even shower. Gas-pressure has been successfully used to distribute poison. One of the best machines forces the liquid through a system of branching tubes ending in a trailing flexible fork which sprinkles two rows from underneath. With $10 or $15 outlay for machinery, and less than five cents per acre for material, and with the labor of one man and a team, 150 acres of cotton can be effectually poisoned in one day.

The only vegetable poison which has proved a protection against the cotton-worm is pyrethrum. The cultivation of the plants that furnish this powder, which is so remarkably deadly to insects without being harmful to other life, the Department of Agriculture is seeking to introduce in the United States.

The business-men of the South look forward with confidence to a rapid development of cotton manufacture in the Southern States, and the transfer to that section of the business of New England and of Great Britain to a considerable extent. Water-power is found in ample quantities throughout large portions of the cotton-region. The grounds on which they base their belief that cotton-milling will grow in their section, at the expense of the present great centers of the industry, where the investment of vast amounts of capital has apparently fixed it for ever, are that the entire cost of packing and of transport can be saved and added to the profits of the Southern manufacturer. The cotton is also said to be better and more easily worked before being compressed in bales; and the climate of the South, as compared with that of the Northern States, is said to be more favorable to the manufacture, which requires no artificial moisture, and is, hence, more healthful for the operatives. The difference in the cost of material to the Southern and the Northern manufacturer is estimated as follows on each bale: bagging and ties, $1; ginning and baling, $3; storage and insurance, 75 cents; drayage, 20 cents; sampling of two pounds, 20 cents; compressing, 75 cents; commissions and brokerage, $2; freight to New England, and insurance,

DAKOTA. The area of this Territory, according to the latest estimate of the United States Government officials, is 150,932 square miles. The previous estimate was 148,932 square miles. The population of the Territory was 4,837 in 1860, and 14,181 in 1870. By the census of 1880 it is 135,180.

The Territory lies north of Nebraska and west of Minnesota and Iowa. It was organized in 1861, and the first Legislature was convened in 1862. It is divided into ninety-five counties, of which only a part are organized.

$5; loss by stealing, dirt, storms, careless handling, etc., $3-in all, $14.90. This is equivalent to 13 cent a pound. The charges for baling, transportation, and the services of middle-men, paid by Northern and British manufacturers on their takings from the crop of 1879, amounted to not less than $100,000,000, or 40 per cent of the total receipts of the planters for the crop.

The average cost of water-power in the Southern States is $6 per horse-power per annum; while the steam-power used in some of the large New England mills costs $12. The Southern streams never freeze, and are seldom affected by drought to any material extent. The humidity of the Southern climate is almost constant, and the hygrometric condition most favorable to cotton manufacture prevails winter and summer, the range rarely passing the limits of 65° and 70°.

CYPRUS. This island, in respect to size, occupies the third rank among her Mediterranean sisters, and comes after Sicily and Sardinia. Its length is about 140 miles; its total surface is estimated at 4,000 square miles. It is crossed, lengthwise, by two chains of mountains: the northern one follows the sea-shore, fronting Caramania (the old Cilicia); the other includes, in the north, the group of Olympus or Troodos Mountains (6,621 feet of elevation). Two plains, Morpha and Messaria, extend between those two chains; the latter, watered by the Pidias, is very fertile. In the beginning of the Christian era the population of the island amounted to 1,000,000 inhabitants. This number is now considerably reduced; and, although, for want of a correct census, exactness is out of the question, yet it is deemed quite safe to affirm that it does not exceed 170,000 inhabitants, viz. :

The capital of the Territory is Yankton, and the Governor is Nehemiah G. Ordway. The delegate in the United States Congress is Richard F. Pettigrew, a Republican. At his election the vote was: Pettigrew, 18,909; McCormick, Democrat, 9,182.

The state of agriculture in some of the counties shows a very rapid improvement. In Cass County is the famous Red River. The population is about 12,000, and nearly all the land of the county has been taken up. It is sold at from five to fifteen dollars per acre. About

120,000 acres were under cultivation in 1881, of which 100,000 contained wheat. In the next year it was expected that the wheat-land would increase to 150,000 acres and the crop to 3,000,000 bushels.

The county north of Cass is Traill, and the county south Richland. Traill County has a population of 6,000 and Richland 3,300. A large quantity of railroad and Government land is in these counties and yet remains unsettled. It is good farming land, and for sale cheap. Goose Creek, Elm, Rush, Maple, Cheyenne, and Wild Rivers flow through this county, and it also has Red River on the east. The Cheyenne is the largest, and empties into Red River. It is one hundred and seventy-five miles long, and flows east for one hundred miles through a good country. Devil's Lake also empties a large body of water into the Cheyenne, which then flows southward ninety-six miles, cutting Barnes County in halves. The valley of the Cheyenne is narrow and picturesque, and very fertile. Its water-powers are unsurpassed.

Barnes County is less than five years old, but it already has a population of 3,000 inhabitants. In 1877, 3,000 acres were cultivated; in 1879, 27,000; and in 1880, 40,000. The land is good and very cheap. It is rolling prairie, the undulations at times rising into hills. This county is well timbered with oak, elm, and ash. Along the rivers are fine meadows, and the soil of the uplands is composed of black loam. North of Barnes County is Foster County, and on the south Ransom County. These are represented as being good counties. Near the center of Barnes lies the shire-town, Valley City, in the Cheyenne Valley. It is a pretty town, and is surrounded by a lovely and fertile country. The river flows by the town, and its banks are covered with a growth of oaks, elms, cherry, and box-elder trees. The town already has several hundred inhabitants, although it was only commenced in 1878. There are twenty-five business firms, mills, school-houses, hotels, a bank, and one fine brick block. There are quite a number of handsome private residences, and altogether the town may be said to have a promising future before it.

Adjoining Barnes is Stutsman County. This county has 1,300,000 acres of good land, consisting of prairie, meadow, and bottom lands. The land is subject to entry by pre-emption, as tree-claims and homesteads.

The James River divides Stutsman in twain, and with its tributaries waters the county amply. The James is a noble stream, flows through five hundred and twenty-five miles of country, and is estimated to be one thousand miles long. A steamer has been placed on it, and a company organized for its improvement and navigation. James Town is the countyseat of Stutsman, and is located on the James River, at a beautiful spot where the valley widens, and is surrounded by fertile knolls rising in terraces. The town has obtained a

fine start; has a bank, hotels, handsome courthouse, and many neat and attractive dwellings. Stutsman is one of the best grazing counties in Dakota, and cattle and sheep raising are carried on as one of its regular businesses. The railroad lands are sold at from $2.50 to $5 per

acre.

Kidder County is west of Stutsman, and contains 900,000 acres of land, most of which is extremely fertile. It is on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and of easy access to settlers. About 2,000 acres are under cultivation, and yield well. Wheat-raising in this county will be one of the great businesses of its future, and the flouring-mills at Bismarck furnish a good market.

Burleigh County lies west of Kidder, and borders on the Missouri River. It contains 1,843,000 acres of good land, and is well settled. Bismarck is the shire-town, and for a long time has been known as the terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, and is now a commercial center. It has both railway and river transportation, and no less than forty steamers ply from this town, up and down the Missouri, to the settlements and military posts along its banks. Heavy freights are carried over the Northern Pacific east, and it has a stage transportation company running to the Black Hills.

The country around Bismarck is beautiful and fertile, and there are some fine farms. Wheat, oats, and corn are grown, and the land produces well. Of wheat, 25 bushels per acre were raised last year; oats, 50 bushels per acre; corn, 105 bushels. On some land 150 to 300 bushels of potatoes grew, and all the vegetables are abundant and of remarkably fine flavor. The wheat is of superior quality and makes good flour. Timber in this county is quite plentiful, and coal is near at hand, large beds of it having been found in the adjoining county, on the line of the Northern Pacific road.

Crossing the Missouri River at Bismarck, one enters the "Great American Desert." The first evidence of the sterility of this country is the smart little town of Mandan, containing 500 inhabitants. It is located on the bank of the beautiful Heart River, at its junction with the Missouri, and is surrounded on three sides by a rich agricultural region. More than fifty farms are bearing crops, and scores of new ones are being opened up. A broad plateau, surrounded by hills, lies back of Mandan, and the scenery is beautiful. Looking up the Heart River, a prospect meets the eye that reminds one of anything else than a desert. Hundreds of cattle are seen grazing on the hills. The groves of timber along the stream afford the cattle all the shelter they need, even in the coldest of weather, and not a mouthful of hay need be cut for feed. Numerous small streams empty into the Heart River, watering the country well. The Northern Pacific Railroad

runs along Heart River to the Little Missouri. Sweetbrier Creek is an open, pretty valley. The Badger Valley is rich and attractive, and, on reaching the "summit," the highest point attained by the railroad on this division, a splendid stretch of fertile prairie appears.

From the Little Missouri west to the Yellowstone, after crossing the narrow belt of bad lands, the country is fertile and well watered by many streams. Lignite coal abounds, and mines are now in successful operation. The best building-stones can be procured from the bluffs, and the clays afford excellent material for making brick. The Government owns every alternate section of these lands, and they are open to settlement by pre-emption, homestead, and tree claims.

One of the best large farms in Dakota is Mr. Dalrymple's. It consists of 75,000 acres, and cost from 40 cents to $5 per acre five years ago. The taxes are ten cents per acre per annum for school, road, and county purposes. There is no government tax. The farm is laid off into 5,000-acre tracts, with a superintendent over each division. He has a foreman and a gang-foreman under him. The superintendent subdivides his 5,000 acres into 250-acre lots, and these also have foremen. All the business is conducted on regular vouchers, and all supplies are drawn on requisitions, the same as in the army. The division foreman gives all orders. Money is paid on time-checks, and each workman receives his money whenever he wants it. Mr. Dalrymple is cultivating 25,000 acres, and 5,000 acres are being added each year. The crops are sowed in April, and about three weeks are taken for the planting season. Wheat of the Scotch Fife variety is planted, and one bushel and twenty quarts is sown per acre. All the planting is done by machinery. It takes 400 head of horses and mules to plant the crop. One seed-sower plants about two hundred acres, and each harrower drags about one hundred.

The new land is broken after the crop is in, and the breaking is generally commenced early in May. The land produces No. 1 hard Fife wheat, and the yield is twenty to twenty-four bushels per acre.

The cutting of the crop commences August 1st, and 115 automatic binders and harvesters are used. Of these, 100 are Wood's patent and 15 McCormack's. The sheaves are bound with wire. The thrashing-machines used are twenty-one in number. The crop is cut in twelve days, and about one thousand bushels per day are thrashed on each thrasher. The thrashers take a gang of twenty-five men and twenty horses for each to haul wheat to the machines and then haul it to the cars. No stacking is done on the farm. As many as fifty cars per day are loaded with wheat at this farm, the average per car being 400 bushels. An expert on horseback attends each two harvesters when they are at work.

The seed-wheat is taken from the new land,

and all the surplus grain is put into market immediately after harvest. The first yield of wheat from the land is usually the best; the average weight of wheat raised on this farm is fifty-nine pounds. The workmen on the farms are mostly Swedes, Danes, and Germans. In the spring months they are paid $18 per month and board, during the cutting season $2.25 per day and board, during the thrashing season $2 per day and board, and in the fall $25 per month and board. In winter only one man for each forty head of horses is retained in service, and he is paid $30 per month.

The cost of living in the Northwest is not much, if any, greater than in the East. The following is the Fargo market on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad:

Beef, 74 cents per pound; mutton, 7 cents; pork, 6 cents; milk, per quart, 5 cents; hams, 10 cents per pound; salt pork, 200 pounds for $12.50; venison, 8 cents; turkeys and chickens, 12 cents; fresh fish from Lake Superior, 6 cents; lard, 84 cents; eggs, per dozen, 20 cents; butter, per pound, 25 cents; potatoes, per bushel, 60 cents; onions, per bushel, 60 cents; beans, per bushel, $2.25; corn, per bushel, 56 cents; oats, per bushel, 50 cents; wheat, per bushel, $1; groceries, dry goods, hardware, and lime, about the same as Eastern prices; work-horses, per head, $150; driving-horses, $175; common "plugs," $50; mules, $150 per head; bronchos, $60; ponies, $10 to $30; oxen, per yoke, good, $125; common, $80; milch-cows, $25 to $35 per head; beefcattle, on the hoof, 2 to 3 cents per pound.

DAVIES, HENRY E., born at Black Lake, near Ogdensburg, New York, February 8, 1805; died in New York city December 17, 1881. Descended from a well-known and highly respected family of Connecticut, he was bred on his father's farm, and until his fourteenth year attended a common school. Then, in conformity with a custom of those days, he went to live in the family of a lawyer, under whose direction he could pursue at the same time a collegiate and a legal course of study. His preceptor was Alfred Conkling, afterward Judge of the United States Court for the Northern District of New York. Young Davies was admitted to the bar in 1826 at the general term held in Utica, and began his practice in Buffalo, where he soon became prominent in politics as a Whig. In 1830 he removed to New York, and shortly afterward formed a partnership with ex-Judge Samuel A. Foote, which lasted for seventeen years. In 1848 this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Davies, who had accumulated a large practice and high reputation, entered into a partnership with ex-Judge William Kent, a son of Chancellor Kent. In 1835 Mr. Davies married a daughter of John Tappan, of Boston, whose brothers, Lewis and Arthur, were famous abolitionists. About 1840 he served as alderman for the Fifteenth Ward, in which he resided, and in 1850 was chosen Corporation Counsel by the Common Council.

In the fall of 1855 Mr. Davies ran for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Robert H. Morris, deceased, and was opposed by Edward P. Crowly and Henry Hilton. No notice of a vacancy having been filed with the sheriff by the Secretary of State, a question arose which was very similar to that in reference to Richard O'Gorman and the Superior Court. It was decided by litigation in favor of Mr. Davies, who had been elected by the popular vote. In the summer of 1855 Judge Davies accompanied ex-President Fillmore to Europe, having been the intimate friend and confidential adviser of the latter during his term of office as Chief Magistrate. In the autumn of 1859 Judge Davies was elected to the Court of Appeals, where he served from January 1, 1860, to 1869, being the Chief-Justice for several years. He then entered into partnership with Judge Noah Davis, with whom he practiced until the latter was elevated to the bench. After that time Judge Davies was conspicuous only in his practice as counsel and trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, receiver of the Erie Railway, counsel for the American Exchange Bank, and member of the commission to determine the advisability of constructing an underground railroad in Broadway. The day before his last illness he sat for many hours listening to testimony on that subject. Of late years he took no part in politics. He served often as referee or chamber-counsel in important legal cases. Two celebrated murder cases were before him while he was Chief-Justice-those of Cancerni and Burdell-the former being remarkable because a trial had proceeded by consent of both sides with only eleven jurors, and on this account the verdict had been set aside. Judge Davies was distinguished for integrity, energy, and industry, as well as for his mental vigor and strength of will.

DELAWARE. The Legislature of this State opened its biennial session on January 4th. As presiding officers of the two Houses, both called "Speakers" in Delaware, C. F. Rust was elected in the Senate on a vote of 7 in 9, and Reynear Williams in the House of Representatives, by a vote of 13 in 21; his competitors, Edward G. Bradford, Jr., and John Pilling, having received 6 and 1 respectively, one vote recorded as blank.

For the State finances and public indebted ness, see "Annual Cyclopædia," 1880. A recommendation made by the Governor to refund the State debt in its entirety by the conversion of all outstanding bonds into new ones, payable in twenty years, and bearing interest at the rate of four instead of six per cent per annum, was acted upon by the General Assembly, and a law passed for that purpose. Its main provisions are that the bonded debt ($847,000) be refunded in $1,000 four-per-cent bonds; and that the whole loan be disposed of to the highest bidder.

In the matter relating to the four national banks which do business in Delaware, but re

fused to pay the State taxes assessed on the shares of their capital stock, and informed the State Treasurer of their reasons for such refusal, the Governor urged the Legislature to determine the question by instructing the Treasurer to commence suits against them in accordance with the Attorney-General's opinion transmitted to them with the Treasurer's report. A joint resolution was therefore passed by both Houses, appointing a special committee" on arrears of national banks."

The system in Delaware which gives no salary to county officers, but compensates them for their services with the legal fees paid by the parties with whom they may have official business, is regarded as unjust to the public servants, "because they are compelled to render a considerable gratuitous service," and the fees prescribed by statute, in many instances, are never paid by the parties liable therefor. This result caused complaint and dissatisfaction on the part of the officers concerned; and, as a remedy of the evil, it was proposed to pass a law authorizing the payment of such officers, as far as practicable, by annual salaries, payable monthly, commensurate with the labor performed, in lieu of the fees pertaining to such offices; the fees now by law taxable by such officers to be by them taxed and received as heretofore, and paid to the State Treasurer such law to take effect as the terms of the present incumbents expire.

The public schools in some of the rural districts being usually closed earlier in the year than elsewhere, apparently from lack of means to keep them open for a longer time, a consolidation of those districts was proposed, and also that an amount of money should be annually levied, sufficient to keep the schools of each district in operation during eight months' time. The Legislature provided for this by enactment of a law entitled "An act supplementary to the existing law in relation to free schools." It directs the Governor to appoint, in addition to the Superintendent of the Public Schools, an Assistant Superintendent, the term of his office being one year; and fixes his annual salary at $800; that of the Superintendent at $1,500. It provides also for the establishment of a State Board of Education, which is to consist of the Secretary of State, the President of the Delaware College, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The act further provides that, besides the sums voted by the people of each school district for the support of their respective schools, taxes for each school district in the three counties of the State shall be levied and collected annually in the month of April, and distributed among the school districts in the proportional sums of $160 for each district in New Castle County, of $125 in Kent County, and of $60 in Sussex County.

The Governor called the attention of the Legislature to "the open and unblushing bribery and intimidation alleged to have been