No. 232. DODGE, RAYMOND, and F. G. BENEDICT. Psychological Effects of Alcohol. An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Moderate Doses of Ethyl Alcohol on a Related Group of Neuro-muscular Processes in Man. Octavo, 281 pages, 1 plate, 32 figs. Published 1915. Price $2.50. This first publication of results under the program of the Nutrition Laboratory for an exhaustive study of the physiological consequences of the ingestion of moderate doses of ethyl alcohol in man deals with its effects on the neuro-muscular tissues with especial reference to its effects on mental processes. Responses from various levels of the nervous system from the lumbar reflex centers of the cord to the association areas of the cerebral cortex were investigated by techniques which were carefully selected for their objectivity and freedom from arbitrary interference as well as for their accurate measurement of systematically related processes. These approved techniques are carefully described; in connection with the accumulation of normal measurements, they should provide a useful base-line for any future study of experimental variations in the selected processes. The variations from normal of these several measurements, after the ingestion of alcohol doses of 30 c.c. and 45 c.c., respectively, give data for the nature and the comparative incidence of the effects of alcohol on widely different levels of the nervous system. The results of the measurements not only furnish solution to many of the outstanding problems of the psychophysiological effects of alcohol, but also serve as a basis for interpreting some troublesome discrepancies and apparent contradictions. in less extensively correlated data. In conjunction with the pulse data they furnish presumptive evidence of the effect of alcohol on organic efficiency. No. 233. BENEDICT, FRANCIS G., and FRITZ B. TALBOT. The Physiology of the New-born Infant: Character and Amount of the Katabolism. Octavo, 126 pages, 10 figures. Published 1915. Price $1.00. Investigations on infants were commenced in the hope of securing information with regard to normal infants prior to an extended pathological study. A systematic research into the metabolism of over 100 new-born infants has resulted in an accumulation of sufficient data for definite conclusions; a constant routine was rigidly adhered to in all cases, so that the results are comparable. Several hundred experimental periods were obtained. An analysis of the data for the minimum metabolism periods shows that on the first day of life there are important temperature regulation disturbances which result either in a decreased metabolism, or an increased metabolism when there is an effort on the part of the infant to compensate for the loss of heat. After the second day there is a fair uniformity in the heat-production per square meter of body-surface and a remarkable uniformity per square meter of body-surface per unit of length. This constancy is such as to permit the establishment of a factor which indicates that when the square meter of body-surface, as computed from the body-weight, is divided by the length, the metabolism per unit is 12.65 calories. From a study of the effect of temperature changes on the basal metabolism and the amount of available breast secretion the first week of life, certain procedures for the conservation of energy and supplemental feeding are suggested. No. 261. BENEDICT, FRANCIS G., and THORNE M. CARPENTER. Food Ingestion and Energy Transformations with Special Reference to the Stimulating Effect of Nutrients. Octavo, 335 pages, 3 figs. Published 1918. Price $3.50. This publication reports the results of a series of observations with human subjects on the influence of the ingestion of food upon metabolism, extending over a period of 10 years (1904-1915). Data for the research were secured, first at Wesleyan University, with the respiration calorimeter, and subsequently at the Nutrition Laboratory, with the chair and bed calorimeters, the universal respiration apparatus, and the Tissot respiration apparatus. Following an historical review of all previous investigations with man relating to food ingestion and energy transformations, an extended discussion is given of the necessity of establishing a suitable base-line upon which may be superimposed the factor of the ingestion of food. A critical examination is made of those factors liable to influence the determination of the basal metabolism, as muscular activity. sleep, condition of fasting, growth, climate, temperature, environment, etc.; the advantages and disadvantages are considered of the three types of basal periods employed (basal periods lasting 24 hours or approximately 8 hours or approximately 15 minutes); the use of average basal values is likewise discussed. Measurements of carbon-dioxide production, oxygen consumption, and heatproduction, and in numerous instances records of pulse-rate, respiration-rate, and blood-pressure were obtained with 39 male subjects in about 190 experiments. Studies were made of metabolism during chewing and after the ingestion of water, coffee, beef tea, and single food materials in which carbohydrate, fat, and protein predominated. A number of experiments were also made with combinations of food materials. The "cost of digestion," or the mathematical relationship between the fuel value of the intake and the increase in heat reduction due to the ingestion of food, is estimated with carbohydrates to be not far from 6 per cent on the average; Iwith fat the increase is about 3 per cent of the fuel value of the intake, with a protein-rich diet approximately 12 per cent, and with mixed diets 6 per cent. The present series of experiments can not be used as experimental evidence for any of the three current theories with regard to the cause of the rise in metabolism after food ingestion, though experience in the Nutrition Laboratory points rather strongly in favor of the theory of acid-body-stimuli. The report concludes with suggestions as to the best method for studying the effect produced upon basal metabolism by the ingestion of food or drugs. No 266. MILES, WALTER R. Effect of Alcohol on Psycho-Physiological Functions. Octavo, 144 pages, 15 figures. Published 1919. Price $1.50. This alcohol study is unique in that it is a comparison of results from two series of experiments, performed on the same subject, employing identical apparatus, technique, and laboratory conditions, but by different investigators. The importance of such repetition series of experiments is urged as fundamental to the establishment of trustworthy results in this field. These data supplement and amplify those reported by Dodge and Benedict on the psychological effects of alcohol (publication No. 232 of the Carnegie Institution of Washington) and form another contribution on the psychological side under the tentative plan for alcohol investigation at the Nutrition Laboratory. The dose was 30 cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol diluted with water and flavoring material to a total volume of 150 cubic centimeters. The normal and alcohol data were equal in amount and control doses were used on the normal days. The subject who served in the repetition experiments treated of in this report was the one (No. VI) of the normal group employed by Dodge and Benedict who showed the smallest general effect of the alcohol. The experiments were more intensive than in the previous series, covering as they did 5 hours per day for 6 consecutive days. Of the 30 results in the second series which may be taken as indicators of the alcohol effect, 27 (a ratio of 9 to 1) show inferior functioning of processes after the dose. In 16 cases the change was less than 10 per cent and in 11 cases it ranged from 10 to 37 per cent. No one day exercised a predominating influence on the general findings. The two series of results are in practical agreement as to the direction of the alcohol effect, and together they establish the fact that this subject was influenced by alcohol in substantially the same way as five or six other normal men, although he clearly demonstrated certain individual peculiarities. Appended material in the report supplies data concerning the use of alcoholic beverages outside of the psychological laboratory by the subjects of Dodge and Benedict, the general effects of alcohol as reported by these subjects, and also some recalculations of the previously published data. No. 279. HARRIS, J. ARTHUR, and FRANCIS G. BENEDICT. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Octavo, vi+266 pages, 30 diagrams. Published 1919. Price $4.00. This volume presents the results of a first attempt at a more refined analysis of the data of basal metabolism by means of the higher statistical or biometric formulæ. Measurements of 136 men, 103 women, and 94 new-born infants serve as a basis of the conclusions drawn; all of these measurements have been made at the Nutrition Laboratory or by those working in co-operation with this institution. The original data, many of which have not heretofore been published, are given in full. These data, the most extensive series as yet available, have been summarized in terms of statistical constants (means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, coefficients of correlation, and regression equations) which must serve as standard constants in metabolism work until those based upon more extensive series of data are available. The relationships between certain of the physical and physiological measurements of the human individual and between the various physiological measurements have been expressed in terms of correlation coefficients and represented by regression equations. Special consideration was given to the relationship between metabolism and age, the differentiation of the sexes in metabolic activity, the validity of the so-called body-surface law, and a presentation of standard tables prepared for men and women, from which the most probable metabolism of a subject whose normal basal metabolism is unknown may be easily determined. No. 280. BENEDICT, FRANCIS G., WALTER R. MILES, PAUL ROTH, and H. MONMOUTH SMITH. Human Vitality and Efficiency under Prolonged Restricted Diet. Octavo, x1+702 pages, 124 figures. Published 1919. Price $9.00. To study the influence of a prolonged restriction in diet twelve young men (average age 23 years) were kept on one-half to two-thirds of their caloric requirements for four months. During this period measurements were made of the gaseous metabolism, food intake, nitrogen output, and digestibility of food. A large number of physiological measurements, such as blood-pressure, pulse-rate, respiration-rate, and body-temperature, and a series of psychological tests were carried out, as well as a measurement of the mechanical efficiency of the body. A control squad of twelve men was simultaneously studied. No bad effects were noted and the results lead to many considerations of practical importance. No. 84. OSBORNE, THOMAS B. The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel. pages. Published 1907. Price $0.75. Octavo, 119 This paper contains the results of the author's studies of the protein constituents. of the wheat kernel. The properties and proportions of the different types of protein which can be isolated from the seed are given, and the relations of these to the proteins earlier described by others are discussed. The results of the recent analyses of the products of hydrolysis of these proteins are given in detail, and some questions regarding their nutritive value, which are raised by these analyses, are discussed. The character and proportion of the proteins of the embryo are compared with those of the endosperm. This paper aims to give as complete an account as possible of what is now known of the proteins of wheat. No. 156. OSBORNE, THOMAS B., and LafayettE B. MENDEL. Feeding Experiments with Isolated Food Substances. Octavo, 53 pages, text figures 1-XXI. Published 1911. Price $0.50. Part II. Octavo, pp. 11+55-138, figs.XXII-CXXIX. Published 1911. Price $1. This series of publications gives the results of an investigation originally intended to secure data as to the relative nutritive value of the protein constituents of the more important food substances. Since many of the proteins differ widely from one another in their chemical constitution, an attempt is made to determine definitely to what extent these differences affect their value in nutrition. The conditions under which animals can be fed with mixtures of isolated food substances are described. Only the purest preparations of the proteins which could be made were fed in combination with carbohydrates, fats, and inorganic salts. In Part I is given an extensive review of the literature relating to feeding animals with artificial mixtures of isolated food substances. The methods employed by the authors are described, and an account of their experience in feeding such mixtures is given. The results recorded relate chiefly to determining the conditions necessary for properly studying the role of the different proteins and nutrition. Part II presents an account of feeding experiments with food mixtures containing different proteins, all of which, with the exception of zein from maize, served equally well to maintain mature animals. These data have an important bearing on the relation of amino-acids to nutrition and the extent of the synthetic processes which occur in assimilation. It is shown that while all these food mixtures, except those containing zein, maintain rats during periods of 150 to more than 200 days, they ultimately fail to meet the nutritive requirements of the animals unless a change is made in the diet. In the course of the experiments it was found that a food containing a sufficient quantity of milk powder met all the nutritive requirements of the rats during very long periods, which led the authors to prepare a fat-free and protein-free powder from milk, which should serve as a basal ration. The addition of this substance to the food at once restored rats declining on purely artificial food and also induced normal growth in the young, irrespective of the protein of the food, with the exception of the alcoholic-soluble proteins of the cereals. The methods of feeding described furnish new means for studying many questions, not only concerning proteins in metabolism, but all the other components of food. EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION, VARIATION, AND HEREDITY. No. 23. (Paper No. 1, Station for Experimental Evolution.) CASTLE, W. E. Heredity of Coat Characters in Guinea-pigs and Rabbits. Octavo, 78 pages, 6 plates, 8 figs. Published 1905. (In cloth.) Price $1.00. This work gives the results of the author's experiments from their beginning in 1900 until the middle of the year 1904. The fundamental colors and the color patterns of guinea-pigs are for the first time analyzed; the existence of latent characters (factors, of the present time) is discovered and a case of blending character (lop-earedness in rabbits) examined. The recessiveness of albinism, of smooth coat, and of long coat are pointed out, and the imperfection of dominance in many cases is recognized. No. 24. (Paper No. 2, Station for Experimental Evolution.) MACDOUGAL, D. T., A. M. VAIL, G. H. SHULL, and J. K. SMALL. Mutants and Hybrids of the Oenotheras. Octavo, 57 pages, 22 plates. Published 1905. (In cloth.) Price $1.00. A first study in America-the home of the evening primrose-of its relationships and the inheritance of its characters. The home of Oenothera lamarckiana is traced; the various native primroses are described; some of their hybrids are fully worked out and the dominance of characters considered. Further evidence of mutation in the evening primrose in new soil was forthcoming. The paper concludes with a statistical comparison by Dr. Shull of Oenothera lamarckiana with nanella and rubrinervis. The variation polygons in stature of lamarckiana and nanella are shown to be discontinuous, as are also those of the number of branches of lamarckiana and rubrinervis, No. 30. (Paper No. 3, Station for Experimental Evolution.) SHULL, G. H. Stages in the Development of Sium cicutafolium. Octavo, 28 pages, 7 plates, 11 text figures. Published 1905. Price $0.25. The hemlock or water-parsnip (Sium cicutafolium) presents during development a great range of leaf form. The theory that the forms which develop earliest are ancestral is not supported by the evidence, and the conclusion is reached that the interpretation of the various forms must be physiological rather than phylogenetic. No. 48. (Paper No. 4, Station for Experimental Evolution.) TOWER, W. L. An Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa. Octavo, x+320 pages, 30 plates, 31 text figures. Published 1906. Price $3.25. An extensive treatise on the group to which the Colorado potato beetle belongs, with reference to the distribution of the species, their variations, their color phenomena in general, and especially their chemistry, ontogeny, and experimental modification. The habits and instincts of these insects are discussed and an important series of pedigree cultures of modified insects is described. Finally, the bearing of these experimental results on the origin of species is considered at some length. No. 49. (Papers Nos. 5 and 6, Station for Experimental Evolution.) CASTLE, W. E. The Origin of a Polydactylous Race of Guinea-pigs. Octavo, 13 pages. Published 1906. Price $0.25. The authors discuss the result of mating guinea-pigs with long and with short hair respectively and conclude that long hair is recessive. However, in subsequent crosses, hairs of an intermediate length arose, and this condition is believed to have acted as a permanent blend of the long- and short-haired types; and the conclusion |