No. 175. BAUER, L. A. Land Magnetic Observations, 1905-1910. (Researches of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.) Quarto, iv+185 pages, 10 plates. Published 1912. Price $3.00. No. 175. Vol. II. BAUER, L. A., and J. A. FLEMING. Land Magnetic Observations, 1911-1913, and Reports on Special Researches. (Researches of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.) Quarto, v+278 pages, 13 plates. 9 figs. Published 1915. Price $5.00. These volumes contain the results of all magnetic observations made on land by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism from the beginning of its observational work in February 1905 to the end of 1913. Descriptions of the types of instruments used are given. The discussions of the general methods of the magnetic and astronomical field work include, besides the general detail of selection and occupation of stations, specimens of field records, computations, and determinations of constants and corrections. However carefully constructed, various instruments give results differing by small, more or less constant, amounts, and in order to secure a standard of reference, extensive intercomparisons of instruments have been made at Washington, in the field, and at many magnetic observatories throughout the world; with these data it has been possible to reduce the magnetic results for the region covered in the publication to magnetic standards within an error in general on the order of the error of observation. In Volume I intercomparisons of the provisional magnetic standards adopted with standards of 12 observatories in the northern hemisphere and 4 in the southern hemisphere, are given, as also the indirect results of observations by other organizations at seven additional magnetic observatories in the northern hemisphere; these show that the provisional standards adopted are very close to international standards, at least so far as all practical requirements of general magnetic survey of the Earth are concerned. The corrections to these standards for the various instruments used are given in detail. The results are summarized as follows: Africa, 386 stations; Asia, 308 stations; Australasia, 10 stations; Europe, 36 stations; North America, 328 stations; South America, 111 stations; Islands of the Atlantic Ocean, 68 stations; Islands of the Pacific Ocean, 51 stations. The table of results contains for each station the geographical latitude, longitude, date of observation, observed values of magnetic declination, inclination, and horizontal intensity, the local mean times to the nearest one-tenth hour for each element, the instruments used, and the observer. The volume also contains descriptions of stations arranged under the same geographical divisions adopted in the table of results. Volume II presents the results of all magnetic observations made on land by the Department from January 1911 to the end of 1913, and reports on some of the special researches and equipment. It describes new magnetic instruments of light and portable types, designed, constructed, and used for the field operations of the Department subsequent to the work reported in the first volume, including a combined magnetometer and dip circle and a combined magnetometer and earth inductor. The results of the extensive intercomparisons of instruments at Washington and in all parts of the world are given in detail for each instrument. The stations at which the magnetic observations were made between 1911-1913 may be summarized as follows. Africa, 202; Asia, 83; Australasia, 284; Europe, 38; North America, 48; South America, 247; Islands of the Atlantic Ocean, 16; Islands of the Indian Ocean, 14; Islands of the Pacific Ocean, 16; Antarctic Regions, 30. A table of results gives data corresponding to the table described for the first volume. Extended extracts from the Observer's reports are given, and descriptions of stations. The newly-erected research building of the Department at Washington, viz., a main fireproof building containing the headquarters, laboratory, and instrument shop; a one-story non-magnetic building to serve as a standardizing magnetic observatory; and smaller accessory structures. One section of the report is devoted to the director's inspection trip in 1911 and to the observations secured at Manua, Samoa, during the total solar eclipse on April 28, 1911. No. 175. Vol. III. BAUER, L. A., W. J. PETERS, J. A. FLEMING, J. P. AULT, and W. F. G. SWAN. Ocean Magnetic Observations, 1905-1916, and Reports on Special Researches. (Researches of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.) Quarto, vII+447 pp., 24 plates, 35 figures. Published 1917. Price $10.00. This volume presents the final results of all magnetic observations made at sea, on the chartered vessel, the Galilee, 1905-08, and on the specially constructed vessel, the Carnegie, 1909-14; also the results of the shore magnetic observations made in connection with the work of the two vessels; the preliminary results of the magnetic observations made on the Carnegie, 1915-16 (October), are also given. The "Tables of Results" contain the values of the magnetic declination, the inclination, and the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic field. For the Galilee ocean work there are 443 tabular entries and for the Carnegie about 2,750, a total for the two vessels of about 3,200. After a general introduction and a brief account of previous ocean magnetic surveys, the magnetic work of each vessel is treated separately. The construction of the Carnegie in 1909 is described and illustrated. A special feature of the Carnegie work is the full account of the instruments devised by various members of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, and constructed in the Department's instrument shop, including descriptions and illustrations of the marine collimating compass for magnetic declination; the sea deflector for horizontal intensity and declination; the sea dip-circle for inclination and total intensity; the marine earth-inductor for inclination, and a reversible gimbal stand. The descriptions also give the scheme or method of observation with each instrument. The section on geographic position at sea is given special treatment under the Carnegie work, and specimens of observations and computations are added. A brief account is given also of special investigations. A general statement, accompanied by diagrams, is made regarding the extent and character of the corrections which the existing magnetic charts require in order to make them conform to the observations on the Galilee and the Carnegie. Under extracts from the commander's field reports are found, among other matters, notes on the occurrence of thunder at sea observed on the Carnegie's cruise, 1915-16, and an account of the Carnegie's sub-Antarctic voyage of 1915-16. The special report by L. A. Bauer and W. F. G. Swann deals with the "Results of the atmospheric-electric observations made aboard the Galilee (1907-08) and the Carnegie (1909-16)." The introduction, by L. A. Bauer, summarizes the considerations determining the extent of the program of scientific work possible aboard such vessels as the Carnegie and Galilee. Next is given a compilation of the main atmospheric-electric results obtained at sea by the Department since 1907, as based on the field reports. A greatly increased program of atmospheric-electric work was undertaken on the Carnegie's fourth cruise (1915-16), and the paper contains a full account and discussion of W. F. G. Swann of the results obtained on this cruise. No. 106. CHAMBERLIN, R. T. Contributions to Cosmogony and the Fundamental Problems of Geology. Gases in Rocks. Octavo, 80 pages. Published 1908. Price $0.50. A study of gases in rocks to determine their range and distribution, the states in which gases or gas-producing substances exist in rock, with deduction as to the general relations of the gases relative to the hypothesis of a molten earth, also relative to the planetesimal hypothesis and to atmospheric supply. No. 107. CHAMBERLIN, T. C., et al. Contributions to Cosmogony and the Fundamental Problems of Geology. The Tidal and Other Problems. Octavo, IV+264 pages, 19 text figures. Published 1909. Price $1.50. This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: I. The Tidal Problem: CHAMBERLIN, T. C.-The Former Rates of the Earth's Rotation and their Bearings SLICHTER, CHARLES S.-The Rotation Period of a Heterogeneous Spheroid. CHAMBERLIN, T. C.-The Bearing of Molecular Activity on Spontaneous Fission II. LUNN, ARTHUR C.-Geophysical Theory under the Planetesimal Hypothesis. Professor Chamberlin's paper contains a treatment of the effects of the earth's tides based upon (a) hypotheses as to the origin of the earth; (b) deductions from the tides themselves; and (c) geological evidences of tidal friction. The conclusions reached are that the tides of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere at present are not sensibly changing the rate of the earth's rotation, and that the geological evidences indicate that during geological history the rate of rotation of the earth and its shape have been approximately as they are at present. Professor Slichter gives, in tabular form, the polar and equatorial radii, the ellipticity, the polar and equatorial attractions, the latitude of mean radius, the equatorial contraction, and the meridional elongation for various rates of rotation. The rate of change of rotation of the earth from the rate of degradation of energy in the ocean tides is computed by Professor MacMillan. The result reached, after making liberal assumptions as to the magnitudes of the tides, is that they lengthen the day one second in 500,000 years. The first paper of Professor Moulton starts with the present earth-moon system and, by considering particularly the relations of energy and moment of momentum, traces the members of the system back to their closest possible proximity. It is found that at their closest possible approach their surfaces were more than 4,000 miles apart, and it is inferred that the moon did not originate by fission from the earth. From a consideration of the secular acceleration of the moon's motion it is found that the day is now changing at the rate of one second in 13,000,000 years. Professor Moulton's second paper starts with the original united hypothetical earth-moon mass and considers the question of its fission. It is found that the mass could not suffer fission under contraction until its density became many times that at present. This paper, together with his preceding paper, leads to the conclusion that the moon has not originated by fission from the earth. Professor Chamberlin, in his second paper, considers the bearing of molecular activity on mass fission, and concludes that it keeps the equilibrium from becoming disturbed to such an extent that the separation of large masses is possible. Professor Lunn's work is mainly a quantitative study of that portion of the earth's internal energy which may have been derived from the mechanical energy of a system of planetesimals. The computations are made from the Laplacian law of density, and then the influences of certain secondary hypotheses are considered. Professor Stieglitz makes a study of the conditions for precipitation and deposition of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and calcium bicarbonate in the presence of atmospheric carbon dioxide. No. 87. The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906. Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, ANDREW C. LAWSON, Chairman. Quarto, two volumes and atlas. Vol. 1 (in 2' parts). Report of the Commission. Published 1908. Part I, pages XVIII+254, plates 1-98, text figures 1-54. Part II, pages 255-451, plates 99-146, text figures 55-69. Atlas contains 25 maps, relating to volume 1 and 15 sheets of seismograms re- Vol. 2. Mechanics of the Earthquake. By H. F. REID. 200 pages, 2 plates, 62 text figures. Published 1910. Price $2.00. $17.00 This is the report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission appointed by the Governor of California to study the earthquake of April 18, 1906. The fault where the earthquake originated is a part of a larger physiographic feature known as the San Andreas rift. This rift and the geology of the coast system of mountains are carefully described in the first volume, which is mainly descriptive. Then follow detailed accounts of the displacements along all parts of the fault and descriptions of the effect and intensity of the shock in all parts of California and the neighboring States, where it was felt. All the phenomena observed are described, including the visible undulations of the ground, the formation of cracks, fissures, landslides, etc. The permanent displacements of the ground, as determined by geodetic measurements, are given, and the positions of certain monuments erected for the purpose of determining future slips on the fault are recorded. The second volume, on the mechanics of the earthquake, contains a theoretical discussion of the phenomena described in the first volume. It traces the forces required to cause the rupture at the fault to drags applied from below, and points out that the rupture was necessarily preceded by a relative displacement of regions on opposite sides of the fault, which suggests a method of anticipating certain earthquakes. The records obtained by seismographs in all parts of the world are given and discussed. A very complete mathematical theory of seismographs is given. No. 57. WASHINGTON, H. S. The Roman Comagmatic Region. Octavo, vi+199 pages, 3 text figures. Published 1906. Price $1.00. A petrological discussion of the main line of Italian volcanoes, from Lake Bolsena to Vesuvius. Complete and detailed, largely quantitative, descriptions, and numerous new chemical analyses of the various rock types are given, and their mutual relations and the general petrological characters of the petrographic province are discussed at length, the basis of the discussion being largely chemical. The descriptions and treatment are in accordance with the Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks, of the methods and terminology of which this work serves as an example, though the ordinary rock names are also used. No. 46 ADAMs, F. D., and E. J. COKER. An Investigation into the Elastic Constants of Rocks, more especially with reference to Cubic Compressibility. Octavo, 69 pages, 16 plates, 25 figures. Published 1906. Price $1.75. In the report on this investigation the amount of cubic compressibility which rocks undergo when submitted to pressure before they begin to flow, or under conditions when they are unable to flow, is determined. In arriving at these results the elastic constants of the rocks were investigated. Fifteen typical rocks, representing the chief types of acid and basic plutonic rocks forming the deeper portions of the earth's crust, were studied, together with certain sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. A comparative study was also made of the cubic compressibility and elastic constants of plate glass. No. 26. PUMPELLY, Raphael, W. M. DAVIS, R. W. PUMPELLY, and ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON. Explorations in Turkestan, with an Account of the Basin of Eastern Persia and Sistan. Expedition of 1903. Quarto, XII+324 pages, 6 plates, 174 text figures. Published 1905. Price $4.00. Besides the archeological and physico-geographical report by Professor Pumpelly, on his reconnaissance in Turkestan, Publication No. 25 contains a report of nearly 100 quarto pages by Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard University, mainly consisting of a geological study of Turkestan. Mr. R. W. Pumpelly contributes physiographic observations between the Syr Darya and Kara Kul, on the Pamir, and Mr. Ellsworth Huntington, of Yale University, contributes two papers, entitled, "A Geological and Physiographic Reconnaissance in Central Turkestan" and "The Basin of Eastern Persia and Sistan." No. 54. WILLIS, Bailey, CHARLES D. WALCOTT, and others. Research in China. In three volumes and atlas. Vol. I in two parts. Published 1907. Price $8.00. Part I. Descriptive Topography and Geology; by BAILEY WILLIS, ELIOT BLACK- Part II. Petrography and Zoology; by ELIOT BLACKWELDER. Syllabary for the Vol. II. Systematic Geology. By BAILEY WILLIS. Quarto, v+133+v pages, 8 A Report on the Ordovician Fossils collected by the Carnegie Institution Expedition Report upon Upper Paleozoic Fossils from China collected by the Carnegie Institu- Volume I, Part I, contains observations relating to the geology of northeastern, northern, and central China (Shan-tung, Chi-li, Shan-si, and Shen-si). The treatment is primarily by districts, and under each district the terranes observed are described in order from older to younger. The nature and succession of strata, the fossils, and the structure of each terrane are discussed. The terranes observed may be enumerated as follows: Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Devono-Silurian (in Central China only), Carboniferous, Permian (?), Jurassic, and Quaternary. The principal contributions to knowledge relate to the Pre-Cambrian, the stratigraphy and fossils of the Cambrian and the history of the Quartenary. The last named comprises an analysis of the mountain forms in terms of uplift and erosion and a discussion of the loess. A unique feature is the account of an early Cambrian tillite or glacial till, which underlies the Cambrian limestone of the Yang-tzi valley. The volume is profusely illustrated with photographs of the scenery of the mountain districts of Chi-li, Shan-si (the land of the loess), and Shen-si. The atlas contains 2 route maps, 20 topographic maps, and 20 identical geologic maps. The topographic maps represent the features along and adjacent to the route on a scale of 1:125000, with 100-foot contours. They are based on plane-table surveys and the forms of the land were sketched expressively in contours on the spot. Vol. I, Part II, includes three special reports which are subsidiary to the general treatment of the geological observations in Part I of the same volume. The first and largest section contains a description of the varieties of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks collected by the expedition in China. All of these specimens come from northern China, the majority of them being from Shantung, western Chi-li, eastern Shan-si, and southern Shen-si. The collection comprises typical representatives of the geological systems from Archean to Mesozoic. Of special importance are the description and interpretation of the varied oolitic and conglomeratic limestones found in the Cambrian terrane. The second section, dealing with zoological observations, includes an annotated list of the amphibians, reptiles, and birds observed. About 130 species of birds are noted and of these 6 of the least known are illustrated by beautiful colored plates. The last section contains a syllabary of Chinese sounds, prepared by Professor Hirth, of Columbia University. The orthography recommended by the author is |