No. 16. JENNINGS, HERBERT S. ZOOLOGY. Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower Organisms. Octavo, 256 pages, 81 text figures. Published 1904. (In cloth.) Price $1.50. This consists of a series of investigations of the behavior and reactions of a number of lower organisms, chiefly unicellular forms; together with a discussion of the theories dealing with these matters. Detailed experimental results are given for the reactions of infusoria to heat and cold, and to light; for the reactions of certain Rotifera to various stimuli; and a full account is presented of the movements and reactions of Amoeba. The general chapters deal with the Theory of Tropisms, with Physiological States as determining factors in Behavior, and with the "Method of Trial and Error." No. 20. DUERDEN, J. E. The Coral Siderastrea radians. Quarto, v+130 pages, 11 plates, 13 text figures. Published 1904. Price $1.00. This book sets forth the results of studies in the early stages of the development of the coral Siderastrea radians, including the development of the tentacles and septa as far as the third cycle and that of the mesenteries to the completion of the second cycle. An account is first given of the external characters and internal anatomy of the adult colony, and afterward of the development of the young polyp from the free-swimming larva. The manner of appearance and the relationship of the tentacles, mesenteries, and septa are considered at some length, their establishment being the principal object of the investigation. No. 32. DEAN, BASHFORD. Chimaroid Fishes and Their Development. Quarto, 194 pages, 11 plates, 144 text figures. Published 1906. Price $4.00. A general account of a group of fishes which by some investigators has been described as the most primitive of all vertebrates. The present memoir considers this claim especially from the evidence contributed by the fossil members of the group and by the embryonic history of a living species, the Californian Chimera colliei. It is shown that chimæroids are widely modified rather than primitive, and in all probability are descendants of the early type of the Port Jackson shark (Cestracion). The work is illustrated by beautifully executed text figures and colored plates, and presents a complete list of the literature of the subject. No. 47. MAYER, ALFRED G. Rythmical Pulsation in Scyphomedusa. Octavo, 62 pages, 22 plates, 36 text figures. Published 1906. Price $0.50. This paper describes the effects of the cations of sea-water, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium upon pulsation in jellyfishes, and the hearts of salpæ and of turtles. It is shown that if any strip of tissue capable of pulsation be cut into the shape of a closed circuit, and then set into pulsation, it will maintain itself in movement for an indefinite period of time. This paper should be read in connection with the author's second paper on the same subject in Publication No. 102. No. 109. MAYER, ALFRED G. The Medusa of the World. Quarto. In three volumes. Published 1911. Price $6.00 per volume. I. The Hydromeḍusæ, pp. 1-230+xv, pl. 1-29, text figs. 1-119. II. The Hydromedusæ (continued), pp. 231-498+xv, pl. 30-55, text figs. 120-327. This work is the only general treatise upon medusæ which has appeared since Haeckel published Das System der Medusen in 1879-80. The first two volumes treat of the Hydromedusæ and the third is devoted to the Scyphomedusæ. The colored plates are all drawn from life, and, with few exceptions, are confined to the representation of American Medusæ. The text figures, on the other hand, chiefly represent foreign forms, and are mostly reproductions from the drawings of other authors. The work presents not only a system of classification for the medusæ, but also devotes much attention to the philogeny, embryology, physiology, regeneration, habits, and ecology of the medusæ. No. 162. MAYER, ALFRED G. Ctenophores of Atlantic Coast of North America. Octavo, 58 pages, 17 plates, 12 figures. Published 1912. Price $2.75. This paper gives a systematic description, accompanied by drawings from life, of all ctenophores known to occur off the Atlantic coast of North America from the Arctic Ocean to the tropics. The embryology, physiology, habits, and anatomy of the American Atlantic ctenophores are also discussed, and reviews of all papers bearing upon these subjects are presented. No. 102. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: BROOKS, W. K.-Pelagic Tunicata of the Gulf Stream: Part II, Salpa floridana. Part PERKINS, H. F.-Notes on Medusa of the Western Atlantic. 84 pages, 4 plates. Jordan's paper upon Echinoderm eggs casts doubt upon the theory of the individuality of the chromosomes in inheritance. His paper upon Aplopus shows that one half of the spermatozoa contain 18 and the other half 17 chromosomes, the accessory chromosome apparently being a sex determinant. Brooks corrects certain errors in previous descriptions of Salpe, and also describes a new Appendicularian, with an account of its house and its embryology. Brooks and McGlone find that there is no reason to believe that there is any ancestral connection or relationship between the lung of the prosobranchiate gastropod Ampullaria and that of the pulmonates, although the embryonic history of the lung of Ampullaria shows that the origin of the lung of the pulmonates through the modification of a gill is not impossible. Mayer finds that the tidal rise and fall has nothing to do with causing the remarkable breeding swarm of the Atlantic palolo (Eunice fucata), which swarms in great numbers upon the surface of the sea early in the morning of the day of the last quarter of the July moon. Mayer also finds that the pulsation of Scyphomedusæ is caused by the stimulus due to the maintenance of a slight excess of ionic sodium at the nerve centers, also that sea-water is a balanced fluid for pulsation, containing both stimulants and inhibitors, which exactly offset one another. Perkins describes a new species of Cladonema and gives an account of its hydroid, and an Aglaura is also described as new. The habits and embryology of Cassiopea are discussed. Linton describes a considerable number of fish parasites from the Tortugas region, and establishes new genera and species. No. 103. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: 17 STOCKARD, C. R.-Studies of Tissue Growth. I. An Experimental Study of the Rate CHAPMAN, F. M.-A Contribution to the Life-histories of the Booby and Man-o'-war CONKLIN, E. G. The Habits and Early Development of Linerges mercurius. 18 pp., 8 pl. Dr. Cowles shows that the sand crab Ocypoda arenaria has memory and can profit by experience, and also that it can not detect color, although it readily perceives a moving object. The color-pattern of the crab changes under different conditions of light and heat. Stockard shows that the habits of the walking-stick insect Aplopus accord with and enhance the value of its remarkable protective coloration. In his second paper, Stockard finds that regenerating tissue grows, if necessary, at the expense of the body itself, and if starved the old body actually decreases in size to provide nutriment for the rapidly proliferating cells of the regenerating tissue. He shows that in its remarkable ability to absorb nutriment regenerating tissue resembles cancer and other malignant tumors. He finds that CaCl2 and NaCl tend to retard regeneration, as do also strong solutions of KCl, but weak solutions of KC1 accelerate the process. Zeleny studied the regeneration of the chelæ of the gulf-weed crab (Portunus sayi) and found that there is no change in the power of regeneration as a result of successive removal in the chele, also that there is no appreciable change in the left chela as a result of the removal and regeneration of the right chela. He also studied regeneration in the medusa Cassiopea and discovered that the rate of regeneration is independent of the functional activity or inactivity of the medusa. Chapman discovered that the booby (Sula fibre), which nests upon Cay Verde, Bahamas, between February and April, lays two eggs, but rears only one young bird. His observations and collections upon Cay Verde have led to the construction of a group in the American Museum of Natural History illustrating the nesting habits of the frigate-bird and the booby. Prof. Edwin G. Conklin finds that the egg of the Scyphomedusa Linerges consists of a peripheral layer of clear protoplasm, an intermediate shell of densely packed yolk-spherules, and a central sphere of dissolved yolk. The peripheral layer of the egg forms the peripheral layer of the gastrula and blastula and gives rise to the cilia of the ectoderm. The middle layer constitutes the principal part of all of the cells of the body, while the central yolk serves for nourishment. Thus animals so low as the meduse show the beginning of that differentiation of organforming substances in the egg which Professor Conklin discovered was so characteristic of the eggs of higher forms. In another paper Conklin treats of the anatomy and habits of two peculiar, free-swimming Actinian larvæ. Prof. John B. Watson conducted very elaborate analytical studies of the nesting habits of sea gulls. He caused birds to be taken from Bird Key to Havana, 80 miles, to Key West, 66 miles, and to Cape Hatteras, 850 miles from Bird Key. Liberated at these places they soon returned to their nests on Bird Key. Professor Reighard gives an account of his experiments, performed at Tortugas, which are by far the most convincing that have ever been carried out upon the subject of warning_coloration, being performed in surroundings natural to the animals themselves. He concludes that the conspicuous coloration of coral-reef fishes is the result of race tendency unchecked by selection. Warning coloration may, however, be artificially established, but appears not to exist in nature, at least in so far as the Tortugas reef-fishes are concerned. No. 132. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. III. Octavo, 152 pages, 38 text figures, 17 plates. Published 1911. Price $3.00. This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: MAYER, ALFRED G.-The Converse Relation between Ciliary and Neuro-muscular HARVEY, E. NEWTON.-Effect of Different Temperatures on the Medusa Cassiopea, 13 STOCKARD, CHARLES R.-The Influence of Regenerating Tissue on the Animal Body. HARGITT, CHARLES W.-Cradactis variabilis: An Apparently New Tortugan Actinian. MCCLENDON, J. F.-On Adaptations in Structure and Habits of Some Marine Ani- MAST, S. O.-Behavior of the Loggerhead Turtle in Depositing its Eggs. 5 pages. STROMSTEN, FRANK A.-A Contribution to the Anatomy and Development of the COWLES, R. P.-Reaction to Light and other points in the Behavior of the Starfish. TENNENT, D. H., and V. H. KEILLER.-The Anatomy of Pentaceros reticulatus. 6 TENNENT, D. H.-Échinoderm Hybridization. 33 pages, 6 plates, 7 figs. Mayer states that, whatever effect the cations sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, hydrogen, or CO2 may have upon neuro-muscular movements their effects upon the movements of cilia are the exact opposite. Harvey shows that it is probable that in the Scyphomedusa Cassiopea the origination of stimuli in the nerve-organs is dependent upon the progressing of some chemical reaction. He finds also that nerve conduction exhibits a falling off in rate with rise of temperature similar to that observed in enzyme action, and he is led to conclude that the propagation of the nerve impulse is not only dependent upon the velocity of a chemical reaction, but that the reaction is still further accelerated by the presence of an enzyme. Stockard shows that regenerating tissue possesses an excessive capacity for the absorption of nutriment, which it obtains at the expense of the old body-tissues, causing them to decrease in size as does the growth of a rapidly growing tumor. The rate of regeneration is independent of the extent of injury and either remains constant or decreases with greater injury. Hargitt describes an actinian Cradactis variabilis, which is believed to be new to science and which lives in the crevices of the coral reefs. McClendon shows that a Pontoniid, Typton tortuga, displays a convergence in structure and habits with Alpheus and lives with the latter in the cavities of loggerhead sponges. Both forms are thigmotactic and prefer to remain in glass tubes rather than in an open aquarium. He also describes the habits of the sea-anemone Cradactis variabilis Hargitt, which can detach its base from the rocks and move about upon the tips of its tentacles. Mast gives a detailed description of the behavior of the loggerhead turtle in scooping out the sand and depositing its eggs in the nest thus formed. Hooker finds that the newly hatched loggerhead turtles are strongly attracted by the blue of the sea or of the sky above the sea, and thus under normal conditions move away from the green bushes and go straight toward the ocean. Stromsten shows that in the embryo of the loggerhead turtle the mesenchymal spaces capture certain capillaries and convert them into the anlagen of the posterior lymph hearts. Hartmeyer describes a new species of ascidian, Polycitor (Eudistoma) mayeri, from the Tortugas. Cowles finds that the starfish Echinaster crassispina usually moves from dimly to brightly lighted regions independent of the direction or color of the light rays. At temperatures lower than 17.8° or higher than 34.4° C. it ceases to move. It perceives light not only by means of the eye spots at the tips of the arms, but a large part of the aboral surface is sensitive to light; and in Pentaceros the tubefeet and gills react definitely to changes in intensity of light. Tennent and Keiller give a description of the anatomy of the giant starfish Pentaceros reticulatus and find that there are two contractile intestinal cæca in each arm. Tennent reviews the whole history of the study of Echinoderm hybridization, describes many new experiments of his own, and gives a detailed account of the results of his research wherein in reciprocal crosses between Hipponë and Toxopneustes he finds that in ordinary or in alkaline sea-water Hipponoë is dominant, while in sea-water to which a slight amount of acetic or hydrochloric acid has been added Toxopneustes becomes dominant. No. 133. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. IV. Octavo, +185 pages, 43 plates, 17 text figures, Published 1910. Price $4.00. This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: PRATT, HENRY S.-Monocotyle floridana, a new Monogenetic Trematode. 9 pp., 11 figs. VAUGHAN, THOMAS WAYLAND.-A Contribution to the Geologic History of the Professor Pratt describes the only Trematode known to have a complete intestinal tract, the two intestinal trunks uniting to form a posterior cæcum which may open to the exterior by a terminal pore on the dorsal side of the animal. Professor Linton describes 46 new species of parasitic Trematodes from the fishes and turtles of the Tortugas region. Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan traces the geologic history of the Floridian Plateau from Oligocene to Recent time; records the results of his exploration of the Florida Keys in the yacht Physalia, and presents a report on material from the seabottom; he traces the several elevations and depressions, and calls special attention to the important rôle currents have played in shaping the contours of the banks of southern Florida. No. 182. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Vol. V. Octavo, III+222 pages, 7 plates, 3 maps, 68 figures. Published 1914. Price $2.00. This book contains the following papers, not sold separately: VAUGHAN, T. W.-Preliminary Remarks on the Geology of the Bahamas, with Special DOLE, R. B.-Some Chemical Characteristics of Sea-Water at Tortugas, Florida. CARY, L. R.-Observations upon the Growth-Rate and Ecology of Gorgonians. 13 CLARK, H. L.-Growth-changes in Brittle-Stars. 36 pages, 3 plates. JACKSON, ROBERT_T.-Studies of Jamaica Echini. 24 pages, 21_figs. JORDAN, H. E.-The Spermatogenesis of the Mongoose; and a Further Comparative OSBURN, R. C.-The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida. 42 pages, 23 figs. The posthumous paper of George Harold Drew states that the fine unorganized chalky mud of the Bahama Banks and Florida Keys is a precipitate due to bacterial action on the calcium salts present in solution in the sea-water. Also bacterial denitrification of the sea-water is far more complete in tropical than in temperate parts of the Atlantic and this explains the relative scarcity of plankton and plantgrowth in tropical seas, as was first determined by Brandt. Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan shows that the unorganized chalky mud which is precipitated by bacterial action may eventually become converted through accretion into oolite in the manner explained by Linck. Dr. Vaughan also traces the history of the several submergences and uplifts which have resulted in the formation of the present Bahama and Florida reef regions. He states also that the lagoons and sounds of this region are due to constructional geologic processes and not to marine solution of limestone. The Barrier Reef of Florida, like that of Australia, is growing along the seaward edge of a submerged platform which was submerged and formed before the reefs began to grow upon it. Thus the reefs are a mere incident and not a cause of the platform. Mr. R. B. Dole concludes that the water of the Tortugas lagoon and of Biscayne Bay, Florida, contains no free carbon dioxide, and can not dissolve limestone by virtue of its content of carbonic acid. This accords with Vaughan's conclusion that the lagoons and sounds of southern Florida are filling up and are not being dissolved out by the sea-water. |