and produce an entirely new result. The process requires that certain things should be done with certain substances, and in a certain order; but the tools to be used in doing this may be of secondary consequence. This clear and succinct statement of the rule was recognized and applied (Mr. Justice Bradley again speaking for the Court) in the case of Tilghman v. Proctor, (C. D., 1881, 163; 19 O. G., 859; 102 U. S., 707.) In the course of the opinion the learned justice tersely says: A machine is a thing. A process is an act, or a mode of acting. The one is visible to the eye-an object of perpetual observation. The other is a conception of the mind, seen only by its effects when being executed or performed. Either may be the means of producing a useful result. That this Court did not intend to limit process patents to those showing chemical action or similar elemental changes is shown by subsequent cases in this Court. In Westinghouse v. Boyden Company (C. D., 1898, 443; 83 O. G., 1067; 170 U. S., 537) the opinion was written by the same eminent justice who wrote the opinion in Risdon Locomotive Works v. Medart, supra, and, delivering the opinion of the Court, he said: These cases assume, although they do not expressly decide, that a process to be patentable must involve a chemical or other similar elemental action, and it may be still regarded as an open question whether the patentability of processes extends beyond this class of inventions. And added these significant words: Where the process is simply the function or operative effect of a machine, the above cases are conclusive against its patentability; but where it is one which, though ordinarily and most successfully performed by machinery, may also be performed by simple manipulation, such, for instance, as the folding of paper in a peculiar way for the manufacture of paper bags, or a new method of weaving a hammock, there are cases to the effect that such a process is patentable, though none of the powers of nature be invoked to aid in producing the result. (Eastern Paper Bag Co. v. Standard Paper Bag Co., C. D., 1887, 537; 41 O. G., 231; 30 Fed. Rep., 63; Union Paper Bag Machine Co. v. Waterbury, 39 Fed. Rep., 389; Travers v. Am. Cordage Co., C. D., 1895, 125; 70 O. G., 277; 64 Fed. Rep., 771.) This case, however, does not call for an expression of our opinion upon this point, nor even upon the question whether the function of admitting air directly from the train-pipe to the brake-cylinder be patentable or not, since there is no claim made for an independent process in this patent, and the whole theory of the specification and claims is based upon the novelty of the mechanism. And the same learned justice wrote the opinion of the Court in Carnegie Steel Co. v. Edward Thompson (185 U. S., 403) and sustained a process patent. If by any construction that process could be said to involve a "chemical or other similar elemental action," no stress was laid upon that fact. This Court, speaking through Mr. Chief Justice Waite, sustained a patent in the Bell Telephone Cases (C. D., 1888, 321; 43 O. G.. 377: 126 U. S., 1) for a method of trans mitting electrical undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying vocal sounds, and at the same time the patent for the apparatus by which the method was operated was sustained. In Leeds & Catlin v. Victor Talking Machine Company, decided at this term, (post, 536; 144 O. G., 1089; 213 U. S., 301, 318,) this Court said: A process and an apparatus by which it is performed are distinct things. They may be found in one patent; they may be made the subject of different patents. We therefore reach the conclusion that an invention or discovery of a process or method involving mechanical operations, and producing a new and useful result, may be within the protection of the Federal statute, and entitle the inventor to a patent for his discovery. We are of opinion that Golding's method was a substantial improvement of this character, independently of particular mechanisms for performing it, and the patent in suit is valid as exhibiting a process of a new and useful kind. As to the infringement, little or no question was made in case No. 606. In case No. 66 the circuit court held that there was some evidence of infringement, enough at least to warrant the decree sustaining the patent and awarding an accounting. With this conclusion we agree. It follows that the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (No. 66) should be reversed and that of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (No. 606) should be affirmed, and the cases remanded to the Circuit Courts of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Northern District of Ohio, respectively, for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. [Supreme Court of the United States.] BONG V. THE ALFRED S. CAMPBELL ART COMPANY. 1. COPYRIGHT Decided May 24, 1909. 144 O. G., 277. ASSIGNMENT-SECTION 4952, REVISED STATUTES, CONSTRUED. * * painting * * * Under section 4952 of the Revised Statutes as amended by the act of March 3, 1891, (26 Stats. L., 1106, ch. 565; U. S. Comp. Stats., 1901, p. 3406,) providing that the "author, inventor, designer or proprietor of any book, map, chart, and the executors, administrators and assigns of any such person shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending the same," etc., the word "assigns" one who receives a transfer, not necessarily for the thing which is copyrighted, but of the right to multiply copies of it, and such right does not depend alone upon the statute, but is a right derived from the originator of the copyrightable thing and secured to the assignee of his right. 2. SAME-SAME-RIGHT OF ASSIGNEE TO OBTAIN COPYRIGHT-CITIZENSHIP. If the author or proprietor of a copyrightable thing be a citizen or subject of a country with which this country has no copyright relations and by reason of which such author cannot secure copyright protection in this country, the assignee of such author cannot obtain valid copyright protection, although under no disability as far as his citizenship is concerned. 3. SAME RIGHT OF CITIZENS OF FOREIGN States to OBTAIN COPYRIGHT-SECTION 13, ACT OF MARCH 3, 1891, CONSTRUED. 66 Under section 13 of the act of March 3, 1891, (26 Stats. L., 1106, ch. 565,) which gives the right of copyright to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation when such state or nation is a party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement," and provides, further, that "the existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President of the United States by proclamation," a citizen of a foreign state which is a party to an international agreement to which the United States may become a party is not entitled to copyright protection in this country unless and until the President of the United States, by proclamation, has determined whether the necessary conditions exist. Mr. Max J. Kohler for the plaintiff in error. Mr. Justice McKENNA delivered the opinion of the Court. This is an action under the copyright statutes to recover penalties and forfeitures for the infringement of a copyright of a painting. The complaint shows the following facts: Plaintiff in error (as he was plaintiff in the trial court we shall refer to him hereafter as plaintiff, and to defendant in error as defendant) was a citizen and subject of the German Empire and resident of the city of Berlin, that nation being one which permits to citizens of the United States the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens. It is a party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United States may at its pleasure become a party, the existence of which condition has been determined by the President of the United States by proclamation duly made. (27 Stats., 1021.) The defendant is a New Jersey corporation doing business in New York under the laws of the latter State. In 1899 one Daniel Hernandez painted and designed a painting, called "Dolce far niente," he then being a citizen and subject of Spain, which nation permits the benefit of copyright to citizens of the United States on substantially the same basis as its own citizens, as has been determined by the proclamation of the President of the United States. (29 Stats., 871.) Prior to November 8, 1902, plaintiff became the sole proprietor of said painting by due assignment pursuant to law. About said date plaintiff applied for a copyright, in conformity with the laws of the United States respecting copyrights, before the publication of the painting or any copy thereof. Plaintiff inscribed, and has kept inscribed, upon a visible portion of the painting the words "Copyright by Rich Bong," and also upon every copy thereof. By reason of the premises, it is alleged, plaintiff became and was entitled for the term of twenty-eight years to the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, and vending the painting. A violation of the copyright by defendant is alleged by printing, exposing for sale, and selling copies of the painting under the name of “Sunbeam," by Hernandez, and that defendant has in its possession over 1,000 copies. By reason of the premises, it is alleged, and under section 4965 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by the act of March 3, 1895, defendant has forfeited the plates on which the painting is copied and every sheet thereof copied or printed, and $10 for every copy of the same in its possession and by it sold or exposed for sale, not more, however, than $10,000, whereof one-half shall go to plaintiff and the other half to the United States. Judgment of forfeiture is prayed. Defendant answered, admitting that it was a corporation as alleged, and was doing business in New York. It denied, either absolutely or upon information and belief, all other allegations. The court directed a verdict for the defendant, counsel for the plaintiff having stated in his opening, as it is admitted, that he would offer no evidence to establish the citizenship of Hernandez, and would not controvert the statement made by the defense that he was a citizen of Peru, (it was alleged in the complaint that he was a citizen of Spain,) as to which country the President had issued no copyright proclamation. It is also admitted that plaintiff never owned the "physical painting." There was introduced in evidence a conveyance of the right to enter the painting for copyright protection in America and the exclusive right of reproduction in colors and of engraving, etching, lithography, in black and in colors. The right of photography and reproduction by all photographic monochrome processes was reserved. The ruling of the district court, and that of the court of appeals sustaining it, were based on the ground that Hernandez, being a citizen of Peru and not having the right of copyright in the United States, could convey no right to plaintiff. Plaintiff attacks this ruling and contends that the act of March 3, 1891 confers copyright where the person applying for the same as proprietor or assign of the author or proprietor is a subject of a country with which we have copyright relations, whether the author be a subject of one of those countries or not. Whatever strength there is in the contention words of the statute conferring the copyright. must turn upon the Section 4952 of the Revised Statutes, as amended by the act of March 3, 1891, (1 Sup. R. S., 951,) reads as follows: The author, inventor, designer or proprietor of any book, map, chart, painting and the executors, administrators and assigns of any such person shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending the same, etc. Other sections prescribe the proceedings to be taken to secure copyright, and section 13 provides as follows: That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement. The existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President of the United States by proclamation made, from time to time, as the purposes of this act may require, (1 Sup. Rev. St., p. 954.) Plaintiff urges that he is the " 'assign of the author and proprietor of the painting, * and being himself a 'citizen or subject of a foreign nation" with which we have copyright relations the condition of the statute is satisfied, and his copyright is valid, though Hernandez was not such citizen or subject. In other words, though the author of a painting has not the right to copyright, his assignee has if he is a citizen or subject of a foreign state with which we have copyright relations, these being, it is contended, the conditions expressed in section 13. Counsel's argument in support of this contention is able, but we are saved from a detailed consideration of it by the decision of this Court in American Tobacco Company v. Werckmeister, (C. D., 1908, 571; 133 O. G., 1433; 207 U. S., 284.) In that case we said that the purpose of the copyright law is not so much the protection and control of the visible thing, as to secure a monopoly, having a limited time, of the right to publish the production, which is the result of the inventor's thought. In considering who was entitled to such right under the statute we defined the word "assigns," as used in the statute. We said: It seems clear that the word "assigns" in this section is not used as descriptive of the character of the estate which the "author, inventor, designer or proprietor" may acquire under the statutes, for the "assigns" of any such person, as well as the persons themselves, may, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, publishing and vending the same." This would seem to demonstrate the intention of Congress to vest in "assigns," before copyright, the same privilege of subsequently acquiring complete statutory copyright as the original author, inventor, dealer or proprietor |