SEWING MACHINE SHOP, CONNECTICUT.

The mountains traverse the state in three ranges in the north and two in the south. They are not so rugged as the White Mountains, and are clothed with grasses or beautiful evergreen forests.

Vermont is a grazing and dairying state, and furnishes much maple sugar and sirup. It is the first state in the Union in the production of marble, and ranks high in the production of slate and granite. The manufactures of lumber, dairy products, and flour are of considerable impor

Burlington has an extensive lumber trade, and Rutland the largest marble quarries. Montpelier is the capital.

Massachusetts, the richest and most populous state in New England, includes the islands of Nantucket and Marthas Vineyard.

In the west the surface is mountainous, being crossed by the ranges of the Taconic mountains, and the celebrated Berkshire Hills; farther east are isolated knobs and many hills of glacial drift.

Considerable attention is paid to market gardening. Many cranberries are raised in the southeast, and dairying is important in the Berkshire Hills. The fisheries are greater than those of any other state, and Massachusetts also ranks first in the quarrying of granite. But the important products of Massachusetts are those of its factories. The state is like a vast workshop. It makes a large proportion of the boots, shoes, and cotton cloth produced in the United States, and much of the woolen goods, leather, and paper.

Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, the capital of Massachusetts and the largest city of New England, is a center of art, learning, and literature. It has great manufactures, and these, with its deep harbor, make it the commercial emporium of this section. The city is noted for its historic buildings, museums, and libraries.

PLATED WARE, CONNECTICUT.

Providence, the capital, is the second city in New England. It has great manufactures of worsted and fur goods and jewelry. Pawtucket and Woonsocket are centers of cotton and woolen spinning and weaving. Newport is a fashionable summer resort.

Text Questions. - Describe the location, surface, and drainage of New England. What characteristic feature of the New England rivers has helped to make this section a manufacturing region? Describe the climate of New England. Which part of this section is heavily forested? What minerals are obtained in this section? What is the most important occupation of the people? What are the chief manufactures? crops? What commercial advantages has New England? What are What fish are caught off the coast? What are the most important the chief exports? What are the chief imports? Give a brief account of the people who settled New England. Give the characteristic features of each state of this section. Give the characteristic features of the chief cities in each state.

THE NORTHERN SECTION

MIDDLE STATES

Map Questions. What three great bays indent the Atlantic coast south of Long Island Sound? What seven states send drainage to one or other of these bays? What capes are at the entrance to these bays? What lakes are on the northern boundary of this group of states? What mountain system crosses it? (Appalachian.) Trace the main divide between the southeastern and northwestern slopes. What river flows to the head of New York Bay? of Delaware Bay? of Chesapeake Bay? What is the largest river flowing to the west side of Chesapeake Bay? What river flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario? What large river is on the western boundary of West Virginia?

Bound New York. Name two of its islands. What two mountain

groups are in the eastern part? What western branch has the Hudson? What two large lakes are in the northeast? Into what do they flow? What three large lakes are in the center? Into what do they flow?

What lake is in the southwest? Into what does it flow? Locate the
capital; New York city; Buffalo; Rochester; Syracuse; Troy; Utica.
Bound New Jersey. What part is mountainous?
Name a range.
Locate the capital; Newark; Jersey City and Hoboken (corner map);
Paterson; Elizabeth; Camden; Atlantic City.

Bound Pennsylvania. Name two mountain ranges of the state. Two branches of the Delaware; two of the Susquehanna; two of the Ohio. Locate the capital; Philadelphia; Pittsburg and Allegheny; Scranton and Wilkesbarre; Reading; Erie.

Bound Delaware. Locate the capital; Wilmington; Newcastle.

Bound Maryland. What bay is in the east? What mountains are in the west? What river is on the south? Locate the capital; Baltimore; Cumberland; Hagerstown. What district on the Potomac is surrounded by Maryland? Locate Wash

ington city.

Bound Virginia. What bay is in the east? What mountain ranges are in the state? What branch of the Potomac is west of Blue Ridge? Name three tributaries to Chesapeake Bay south of the Potomac. Locate the capital; Petersburg; Norfolk; Newport News; Roanoke; Lynchburg.

Bound West Virginia. What mountain ranges are in the state? What large stream flows to the Ohio? Locate the capital; Wheeling; Huntington; Parkersburg.

The seven eastern states of the Northern Section are some

It was once a highland, but has been worn down by erosion into an undulating or hilly country. The soil varies in richness, depending upon the nature of the underlying rocks. The Fall Line separates the Tidewater region from the Piedmont, and is the natural site of many cities and towns.

The Appalachians are made up of parallel, even-topped ridges separated by wide, fertile valleys. The ridges are low because they are very old and have been worn down. In many places there are water gaps cut through them by the rivers, the scenery of which is very picturesque. The Alleghany plateaus west of the belt of ridges consist of a moderate highland into which the streams have eroded deep, narrow valleys. The soil is thin, and the valleys often too narrow for cultivation.

son is navigable to Troy, the others in general to the Fall Line. West of the mountains the drainage is to the Ohio, which is also a great trade route. In the north the small streams of the Great Lake basin furnish good water power.

North of a line of glacial moraines in northern Pennsylvania there are many long, narrow lakes. South of that line lakes are rare. Climate. Except in the north the climate is both warmer and moister than that of New England.

This group presents four relief regions, the Tidewater, the Piedmont, the Appalachian ridges, and the Alleghany plateaus.

The Tidewater region consists of a low, level coast plain. It was once slightly beneath the sea, and is made up of sandy deposits mixed with shells and vegetable remains. This mixture in many places forms muds that are used as fertilizers. The soil is light and sandy but fairly fertile. It is adapted to garden vegetables and fruits.

Agriculture. - Market gardening, fruit growing, dairying, and farming are very important industries in this group of states. In the south tobacco and corn form the staple crops, while in the north all the cereals, hay, garden vegetables, and fruits are the chief crops.

Forests. In the mountainous regions are fine forests of pines and spruces on the highlands and of hard woods in the valleys. The swamps in the southeast furnish. cypress and cedar.

New York includes Long Island, and contains nearly one tenth of the entire population of the United States. The Adirondacks and the Catskills are exceed

ingly picturesque, and are visited by thousands of tourists. The valleys of the Mohawk and the Genesee rivers are the most fertile parts. Much of the surface is covered with glacial drift and bowlders, and there are many beautiful lakes.

The Hudson is the most important river. It is navigable to the mouth of the Mohawk, where it is connected by the Erie Canal with Lake Erie. The Niagara River, which forms the outlet to Lake Erie, contains one of the greatest cataracts in the world.

New York surpasses all other states. It has large deposits of salt, and quarries of building stone, mines of iron ore in the northeast, and petroleum wells in the southwest. Among the chief manufactured products of New York are clothing, machinery, refined sugar, beer, tobacco, and flour. Much paper is made.

Among the more important farm products are hay, oats and other grain, potatoes, fruit, vegetables, milk, butter, eggs, buckwheat, and hops.

New York lies on Manhattan, Long, and Staten islands, and the mainland near the mouth of the Hudson. It is the second city of the world in population, and a great center of wealth, trade, and manufactures. It has a water front on New York Bay, North River, and East River, and contains many handsome public and private buildings, banks, libraries, and museums. It is also the seat of Columbia University. The harbor is always thronged with the ships of all great nations. No city in the United States equals it in making clothing and in publishing books and newspapers.

Two of the longest suspension bridges in the world cross East River, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn- the two chief parts of the city. Buffalo is a great lake port, distributing wheat, meat, flour, lumber, coal, and salt. It manufactures lumber, flour, and packed meats, using electric power generated at Niagara Falls.

Rochester, at the falls of the Genesee River, manufactures clothing, boots and shoes, flour, mattresses and spring beds, and liquors. The nurseries in its vicinity supply fruit trees, seeds, and bulbs. Syracuse is noted for the manufacture of farming implements and for its soda works. Albany, the capital, contains one of the finest capitol buildings in America. Troy, at the head of tidewater on the Hudson, is noted for making shirts, collars, and cuffs. Utica, a great cheese market, is also important for its rose nurseries. West Point, on the Hudson, contains the United States Military Academy, and Ithaca is the seat of Cornell University.

POTTERY, TRENTON.

Many garden vegetables and small fruits are raised. The northern part is a great manufacturing region, producing silks, machinery, petroleum products, copper, iron and steel, liquors, leather, chemicals, and pottery. Newark is a noted center for leather finishing, liquors, jewelry, machinery, and hats. Jersey City and Hoboken, opposite New York, are termini of many great railroads and steamship lines, and have foundries and other manufactories; Jersey City has large tobacco factories and slaughterhouses. Paterson is the greatest center in America for silk

COKE OVENS, PENNSYLVANIA.

Pennsylvania is the second state in the Union in wealth and population. It is crossed near the center by the Appalachian ridges. The western half lies on the Alleghany pla

teaus.

manufactures. Camden, opposite Philadelphia, manufactures worsteds, oilcloth, and machinery. Trenton, the capital, makes steel wire, pottery,

and tile. Elizabeth is a great coal port, and makes sewing machines. and other machinery. Cape May, Atlantic City, and Long Branch are

summer resorts.

STEEL WORKS, PENNSYLVANIA.

The Delaware and Susquehanna drain the eastern slope through many water gaps; the western slope drains to the Ohio. The coal fields of Pennsylvania-the anthracite among the ridges in the northeast and the bituminous on the western plateau-yield fully half the entire output of

the United States. Much of the soft coal is converted

into coke. This state also ranks first in the yield of petroleum, limestone, and slate.

Pennsylvania exceeds all other states in making iron and steel. It is also noted for the manufacture of carpets, silks, woolens and worsteds, locomotives, steel ships, and all kinds of steel and iron articles.

The fertile lands in the southeast and in the mountain valleys give the state a high agricultural rank, and the mountain forests supply lumber and tan bark.

Philadelphia is the third city in the Union in population, and is one of the great manufacturing and commercial centers. It excels in making carpets and rugs, woolens, hosiery, and knit goods, refining molasses and sugar, and building great steamships and locomotives. Philadelphia contains many institutions of learning, and is especially noted for its medical schools, great university, and museums of art and science.

Pittsburg and Allegheny lie in the soft coal, petroleum, and natural gas field, and form one of the greatest centers of iron, steel, and plate-glass making in the world.

There are many important cities in the anthracite region, of which Scranton and Wilkesbarre are the most important. Reading is both an agricultural and a manufacturing center. Erie, on Lake Erie, has a fine harbor, and is important for iron and flour milling industries. Harrisburg, the capital, is the center of a very rich agricultural country. Delaware is the smallest state in the Union except Rhode Island. Its surface is low, flat, and sandy.

SHIPYARD, PENNSYLVANIA.

POWDER WORKS, DELAWARE.

raises garden vegetables and peaches.

The manufactures include morocco leather, cars, ships, gunpowder, and awnings, tents, and sails.

Wilmington contains a large share of the population of the state. Its largest industries are leather finishing and car and ship building. Newcastle has important fruit-canning industries. Dover is the capital.

Maryland. The surface in the east resembles that of

New Jersey and Delaware. The soil is mainly a sandy marl, often marshy between the wide estuaries of the streams. The western part is a mountainous country, crossed by ranges of the Appalachians.

Chesapeake Bay contains the most important oyster beds of our country, and abounds in fish and waterfowl. The central and eastern parts of the state produce grain, vegetables and fruits, and some tobacco. The west is a coal-mining and manufacturing region.

state.

Baltimore contains nearly half the population of the It produces a great variety of manufactures, chiefly clothing, canned oysters, fruits, and vegetables, tobacco, and liquors. It is an important shipping point for grain, flour, oysters, and fish. It also contains many libraries and educational institutions, of which Johns Hopkins University is the most famous.

Cumberland, in the coal region, is a center of iron, steel, and machinery manufactures. Hagerstown manufactures farm machinery.

Annapolis, the seat of the United States Naval Academy, is the

capital.