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The city of Detroit regularly supports a lieutenant and a squad of truant officers whose duty it is to scour the streets, alleyways and hiding places of the 2,000 truant youngsters who escape from home or school, and apprehend them.

The duties of these officers are tripled during the first month or two of the school year, for then there are hundreds of children attempting to escape attendance at school. Some of them even leave the city and all of them inflict anxiety upon their parents.

The majority of the truants are boys, for whom the attractions of the fall season of year are great. Brought back to hard school work after a long vacation during which they had only to amuse themselves, they find it doubly hard to resist temptation. Many of them leave home early in the morning, ostensibly for school, but in reality to join chums on a tramp into the country. Armed with matches, some luncheon and perhaps an old pistol or a gun, they build their camp in

the heart of some woods and "play Indian," or hunt nuts until it is time to start for home again. Others of these young truants, one man says, prefer the attractions of the river and on rafts or stolen boats they sail and row through the hours of the day, always getting home soon after the time when school closes for the day.

BAD CLASS OF TRUANTS.

But there is a smaller and much more troublesome class of truants. Many boys, influenced by rough companions or bad reading, remain away from home for days at a time. These boys usually club together in bands and have a regular "hangout," where they meet to tell stories, play games, and hatch plots for their amusement. Occasionally they go out into the country, and building a brush wigwam in some woods they live for several days at a time off the bounty of the surrounding farmers, or else they purchase a few things in the city,

and make depredations on the fowl and fruit of the farmers. In very few instances do girls play truant in search of amusement. Usually they leave home and school on account of fancied ill-treatment, or to earn a little money at some work. From 9 o'clock in the morning until 4 in the afternoon, Lieut. Breault sits at his desk in police headquarters listening to the heart-broken stories of mothers whose children have mysteriously disappeared, receiving some of the children who have been captured and who come in with crestfallen looks in the hands of the truant officers, answering telephone calls and letters, receiving complaints from school principals, and endeavoring as best he can to adjust the disorders that inevitably arrive with the opening of school and last for weeks afterwards.

A RUNAWAY GIRL.

The charts are ranged stiffly about the room, the telephone on the wall is ringing clamorously. The lieutenant is reading a letter from one of the schools stating that forty pupils of last year have failed to report for the new term, when there is a shuffling in the hall, and an old German woman makes a plunge into the room. Timidity suddenly overcomes her and she stands a few feet away from the desk, as though rooted to the spot, looking inquiringly at the officer. She had worked hard for her hands were brown and knotted, and her shoulders stooped. A handkerchief instead of a collar is wound round her neck, and a few flower stalks tremble in her poor, old hat.

"What is it, madam?" asks the lieutenant kindly.

Instantly she begins to sob. "Oh sir, please forgive me, sir, I don't want to trouble you, sir, but my Minnie, she has run away sir; she ran away last night and I can't find her nowheres: I hunted her high and low but I can't find her, not at all!"

The tears are dripping plentifully down her cheeks. The lieutenant turns and looks out of the window to give her time to recover herself. She furtively wipes away her tears, sniffles and sits up straighter. She is more composed when the officer turns around, and continues:

"It was last night about 7 o'clock, I says: 'Minnie, come and wipe the dishes for me, because it was after supper, you know; she says: I don't want to. Her father was lying on the lounge and he was a little cross. He says: Do as your mother tells you. With that she puts on her hat and goes out before we knows it, and we ain't seen her since." This is followed by another outburst of weeping.

The lieutenant asks a few questions. Had Minnie ever run away before? How old was she? Was she very wilful? How was she dressed? Then he assured the weeping mother that everything would be done to find her girl.

The woman wipes her tears and asks, fearfully: "You won't send my Minnie to jail, will you, sir?" The lieutenant replies in the negative and the woman goes out, but is back in a minute. "Maybe you better not tell her, sir, that I came down here to tell on her," she says, wiping her eyes, and looking very anxiously at the officer. He promises and she goes out with a lighter heart.

A TRIO OF WOMEN.

There are a trio of other women hovering in the hall, peering into the room, talking together in sibilant whispers, looking undecided and preturbed. A heavy step comes down the corridor and one of the truant patrolmen brushes past and goes into the office. He is leading a girl of twelve by the hand. She looks white and frightened, and hangs back when the lieutenant addresses her.

"This girl ran away from the Houghten school three days ago and hasn't been to school or at home since. I found her acting as cash girl in one of the Woodward avenue stores." This is the patrolman's story.

"Why did you run away from school?" inquired Lieutenant Breault. The girl turns away her head and says nothing. "Don't be afraid to answer: we won't hurt you. Tell me why you don't want to go to school."

The child's lip is trembling piteously. She tries to speak, but there comes a flood of tears. She has no handkerchief, and she vainly seeks to stifle her sobs in her arm. "Now, perhaps you had better go over there and sit down for a few minutes," the lieutenant says gently, "until you feel better; then we can talk it over afterward."

By this time the three women in the hall have crowded into the room. They pay no attention to the weeping child, they are so absorbed in their own troubles.

"Mr. Lieutenant," they all begin at once, noisily. Then they all subside and look at one another doubtfully. One of them takes up the narrative, twirling her fingers. A score of youngsters in their neighborhood have been worrying them; pelting stones at their windows; ringing door bells; frightening their children.

"One of them told my little Alfred that if he told me he had slapped him, he would beat him black and blue," interrupted one of the other women, and after that it is a confused medley of voices, each woman interfering with the story of the other; but out of it all the lieutenant gleans something of the truth. He takes down the names and the addresses and promises to look into the matter directly.

"And I don't care if you mention my name or not," shouts one, as she goes out the door. "Nor mine, neither." "Nor mine."

WANTED TO BE A CASH GIRL.

The little girl truant now comes forward. Her native curiosity has overcome her grief, and from watching and listening to the irate trio who just left the room, she has forgotten her troubles. She tells her story in a low voice. She didn't like her teacher at school. A friend of hers was cash girl in a store. Another cash girl was needed, so she told her, and she pretended she was 14 and was engaged.

"Well, now," says the lieutenant remonstratingly, "you know it is against the law to work before you are 14. A girl like you ought to be glad to go to school and learn things that will be of benefit to her when she grows up. Suppose, now, I send for your mother, and she comes down and gets you?"

"Oh, no," whimpers the child, "she will be cross and scold." Nevertheless a patrolman is dispatched for the mother, who comes down and embraces her erring offspring, and gladly takes her. home.

And meanwhile others have come into the little office and waiting patiently for their turn with the lieutenant, who is expected to disentangle all threads of discord between parents and children.

There is a little boy squirming uneasily on a chair under the argus eye of his mother, who looks from him to the lieutenant and back again, with a significance that strikes a chill into the child's heart. There is also a girl of 16, who is under the charge of one of the truant squad; a sad-eyed woman who sits aside brooding, a withered looking Polish woman-all of them depressed and introspective. The lieutenant wheels around in his chair and surveys the gathering. The truant officer brings his charge forward.

OHIO JUVENILE COURTS

The Juvenile Court law enacted by the last Ohio legislature has been made effective in Cincinnati and in Toledo.

By the combined action of all the courts of Hamilton county in joint session, Judge John A. Caldwell was unanimously selected to attend to the duties of the Cincinnati tribunal. Judge Caldwell was elected by his colleagues because he is known to be a keen reader of human nature and deeply imbued with human sympathy. They feel that he is a man with a heart big enough to understand all children's cases brought before him so that he will handle them more in a fatherly manner than in judicial fashion. The court is established largely to stand in the place of a parent to the waifs of the street and to those who have parents but are nevertheless worse off than if they had none.

Judge Caldwell will handle all cases of children under 16 years of age. He will prescribe what they must do, such as going to school and carrying out other childish duties, and he will appoint probation officers to see that his instructions are carried out. If the children do not come up to the mark set by the judge they will pass from the class known as "dependents" to that known as "delinquents" and as members of the latter class they will be liable to punishment by commitment to reformatories. Judge Caldwell will also look after vagrant and homeless youngsters.

In the Juvenile Court July 2 Judge Caldwell swore in Father John Gallagher, St. Joseph Orphan Asylum, and Boris D. Bogen,

United Jewish Charities, as probation officers, who are to serve without compensation.

Assistant Prosecuting Attorney Arthur Minning also was sworn in to represent the court as prosecutor.

OUTLINES THE DUTIES.

Judge Caldwell had a brief talk with the probation officers and outlined their duties to them.

They are to consult Police Chief Millikin and see to it that no children are locked up in station houses.

Superintendent M. V. Crouse, of the Children's Home, has notified Judge Caldwell the home will shelter, temporarily, all delinquent children under 12 years until such time as the court makes further disposition. Chief Millikin will be asked to send delinquent children to the Children's Home as soon as they are taken before him and until such time as they can be taken before Judge Caldwell. Children between 14 and 16 will be taken care of by the matron at the City Hall.

Because there is yet no money available for the purpose of fees and costs Judge Caldwell will not at present appoint the officers of court, provided for under the act, creating the court. These are from one to three, the number to be determined by the needs of the court. They are a probationer, who is the executive officer, and he may have one or two assistants, one interpreter, as need requires. Their pay is $4 and $3 a day respectively when actually engaged.

CHARITABLE SOCIETIES WILL AID COURT.

The establishment of this court is the result of interest taken in the dependent and delinquent young by the charitable and church organizations. In order to get the machinery in working order so that this class of cases may be removed from all suggestion of criminal or misdemeanor practice these societies have signified to the court a willingness to furnish, each one of them for the cases it will present to the court, an officer of the society to act without expense to the county in carrying out the judgments of the court.

"This departure," said Judge Caldwell, is as yet more or less experimental. It is desired to take all kinds of child supervision away from the atmosphere of police and criminal court practice, in order that there may attach to that class of cases no stigma. The idea is protective and reformatory. It includes all under 16. The court is simply to become, where necessary, parent to the child and see that it is removed from unwhole. some influence and placed where its welfare, physical, mental and moral, will be best conserved. We will move along in

formally, working in conjunction with those individual citizens and those societies at whose instance the court was established. What is presented to us will be disposed of. Probably nothing will be done just at present, and for some time, at least, it is estimated that two afternoons a week will be found amply sufficient for taking care of all the juvenile cases that will be presented."

ADVOCATES NEW HOME.

Speaking of the work in which her hisband has just engaged, Mrs. Caldwell said:

"Mr. Caldwell is extremely tender-hearted where children are concerned, and perhaps I made a mistake in urging him to take the Juvenile Court. I know he will worry over every child that comes before him, but we will try to do what is best for their interest. I will help all I can, and I do wish we could have some other place to send children, who are brought in through no fault of their own, besides the House of Refuge.

"It's all right to send incorrigible children there, but there should be a 'Rest' or 'Retreat' where children with improper homes or abusive parents could be sent. The stigma of once having been an inmate of a reformatory will stick to a boy or girl all through life.

"I think it is so much easier to make a good boy out of a bad one than to reform a girl. I know Mr. Caldwell will be 'chums' with the boys brought to the Juvenile Court, but I'm afraid he could not understand a bad girl. He has a warm spot for all boys, and he likes to have them enjoy the fullest liberty. Boys are so frank, and even the worst of them have some sense of honor, but a girl gone wrong is almost entirely lost."

From the foregoing statement of the one person in the whole world who ought to understand Judge Caldwell, it would appear that the Judges acted wisely in appointing him to look after the children's cases.

TOLEDO HAS A CHILDREN'S COURT.

Judge Richard Waite has been chosen to preside over the Toledo Juvenile Court. The first session of the court was held July 7.

No ostentation marked the beginning of the new court. Judge Waite did not even ascend the bench in the probate court room, where the proceedings were held. Just as he has conducted the cases of juvenile disorderly persons in the past, so will he conduct them in the future, and the difference in the courts will be only in name.

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By W. C. Johnson, Probation Officer.

At this writing over 400 children have appeared for trial before the Kansas City Juvenile Court. This number is embraced in the period from the institution of the Court, April 17, 1903, to July 1st, 1904. Most of these cases are boys under 16 years of age arrested by police and detectives for violation of city ordinances and state laws. A visit to the Juvenile Court any Friday morning would convince you of the beneficent and farreaching results to be obtained through a law enacted for the purpose of not only judging but correcting young offenders from their view point of life, and not placing them in the criminal class. Hon. Ben. B. Lindsey, Judge of the Juvenile Court, Denver, said: "Any work to prevent an individual committing crime is a more important work than the punishment of an individual who has committed crime." The very existence of a Juvenile Court in Kansas City has served as a restraining influence over negligent and careless parents. This is illustrated over and over again in the cases of sixty boys arrested for violation of law and placed on the probation list who were pupils in our public schools last term. A child never appears in court unless the parents or guardians are present also. This is very distasteful to these fathers and mothers who for want of neglect of their children (the cause of delinquency in nine-tenths of the cases) allow them to drift into careless habits and associate with corrupt people. The following is quoted from the principal of one of our largest public schools. He says: "Sixteen boys, ranging from 7 to 12 years old, have proved to be truants this term. These cases have been reported to the probation offieer; 8 or 9 of these boys have been known to be habitual truants for 2 or 3 years; 5 of them have already been before Judge Teasdale's court, and since having been sent

back to school, through the influence and direction of the court, every one of the 5 boys has attended school fairly well."

"The influence of the court is felt throughout the body of 900 pupils, and while only five have been taken before the court, all of the 16 have been brought to fear the consequences; and all are now attending school. Tim S- who for the past 3 years, to my personal knowledge, has been the most inveterate truant, has become, although not yet arrested, a regular attendant at school. The Juvenile Court with its probation feature has been of great assistance to my school."

A place of detention for juvenile offenders is an absolute necessity if thorough work is to be done through our Juvenile Court. No matter how bad a child may be, it is made no better by its confinement with adult criminals. It is to be hoped the county will be convinced of the economy of such a home and the enormous advantage it will be to the working of the Juvenile Court in Kansas City. With our present incompleteness, very gratifying results have been obtained through the Juvenile Court. Time only will tell. Within a year, however, the records of the Juvenile Court will show that 85 per cent of the children who appeared before this tribunal have never been arrested the second time, while all of them are personally visited at their homes. They are taught ways of usefulness and thrift, and with advancing years commence to think more for themselves.

The majority of boys who come before the Court are those at the critical age of a lad's life, 12 to 14 years. It is then that they need the kindest advice. Pick them up and help them along. The policeman's club, the patrol wagon or the jail will not accomplish what we are striving for in bringing out the best there is in a boy-not his worst side. We must win their confidence. The door is then open, and the most gratifying results follow.

Juvenile Court Record Eventually he would have been sent to "The Island," and

PUBLISHED BY THE VISITATION AND AID SOCIETY

T. D. HURLEY, Editor, 79 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. J. L. CLARK, Business Manager

Eastern Office, 53 W. 24th Street, New York City

The JUVENILE COURT RECORD is published monthly, except in the month of July. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription price, $1 per year. Entered at Postoffice, Chicago, as second-class matter.

The JUVENILE COURT RECORD is the official organ of and published by the Visitation and Aid Society and will deal with social problems in child-saving work and give an account of the workings of the Juvenile Court.

NEW SUBSCRIPTIONS can commence with current number. WHEN RENEWING, always give the name of the post office to which your paper is now being sent. Your name cannot be found on our books unless this is done. Four weeks are required after the receipt of money by us before the date opposite your name on your paper, which shows to what time your subscription is paid, can be changed. This will show that your remittance was received.

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ADVERTISING RATES made known on application.

AGENTS are authorized to sell single copies and take subscriptions, who bear credentials signed by the President and Secretary of the Visitation and Aid Society.

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We do not recollect any case that has come before the Juvenile Court which was so perfectly illustrative of the difference between the old system of caring for children's cases, and the workings of the Juvenile Court Law as was the case of little Tommy Clifford, arrested by New York officials and held at the Juvenile Court on a charge of stealing metal.

Little Tommy Clifford stole metal. He looked Judge Olmsted straight in the eye when he confessed that he had temporarily abandoned the straight and narrow road of strict honesty. But there were circumstances connected with the theft which Tommy believed to be extenuating, and he did not hesitate to tell the judge just what they were. Before the lad finished his story the tears were streaming down the cheeks of the Judge on the bench, and everyone in the court room was weeping.

Tommy said that a short time previous to the theft of the metal his father died. Then, just a week before, his mother gave birth to a baby girl. His mother and brothers and sisters were starving by slow stages. Tommy put his shoulder to the wheel of life and did all in his power to act as "little father" to the family. He tried to sell papers, but the other boys chased him off the corners, and he was unable to make any money in this way.

At last he became desperate. The children were wailing for food and his mother was growing weaker every hour from lack of nourishment. Tommy could not bear to see the sufferings of his loved ones and he went out and stole the metal hoping to sell it for enough to buy a little food for the family. He knew he was doing wrong, but his small brain had not matured to a point where he was able to devise a better way out of the difficulty.

Under the old system the Judge hearing the case would have had but one course open to him. He would have been necessitated to hold the boy over to the grand jury, which body would have undoubtedly indicted him.

from there, surrounded as he would have been by adult criminals of the lowest order, he would have graduated into a life of crime-a constant expense to the state.

But Tommy's case, luckily for him, was heard in the Juvenile Court. A probation officer investigated the case and reported that the family, just as Tommy had described it, was in a pathetic state of poverty. Then, indeed, "the quality of mercy was not strained. Tommy

was discharged, and a position was secured for him where he would be able to make enough money to keep the family-in a poverty-stricken way, to be sure, but still honestly. In the meantime, until Tommy gets on his feet, the family will be looked after by charitable people who will see that starvation does not again enter the door of the Clifford home.

A more beautiful argument in favor of the Juvenile Court could not be devised than this simple statement of the case of Tommy Clifford.

PROSECUTION OF PARENTS OF TRUANTS.

We desire to call attention to the article by W. L. Bodine, Superintendent of Compulsory Education, upon the subject of the prosecution of the parents of truant children.

During the past year Chicago has made great progress toward solving the problem of child saving, through the effort of Mr. Bodine, by prosecuting the parents of the truant child.

This, we hold, is a great improvement in that the child is never brought into court. Instead the parent is brought into court to answer for his guardianship over the child.

Under the Illinois law it is not necessary to wait until the child becomes delinquent before compelling the parent to do his full duty.

This law is beneficial both to the parochial and private schools, as well as to the public schools.

Chicago philanthropists have been so engrossed in studying the results of the workings of the Juvenile Court Law in the cases of dependents and delinquents that it has not taken cognizance of the fact that the working out of the Compulsory Education Law has been a wonderful factor for good in handling the Juvenile cases.

In states, notably in Colorado, where a supplementary law has been enacted making it possible to bring into court and punish the adult who is responsible for the dependency or delinquency of a child, it is necessary to bring the child into court as well, and prove the delinquency or dependency before the adult can be dealt with. We make the claim that Illinois has taken a step far in advance of this, by prosecuting and fining the parents of truant children.

No one can dispute the fact that truancy is the initial step toward dependency. The truant of today is the dependent of tomorrow, the delinquent of the next day. after that, and eventually the criminal. If, therefore, the truant is forced to go to school, it is more that probable that a child has been saved from committing depredations that would inevitably bring it into the Juvenile Court. Any law or any combination of circumstances that succeeds in bringing in the truant child and keeping it in school, accomplishes a two-fold good. In the first place it has saved the child, as an individual, from almost certain disaster, and in the second place it has saved the state the expense of caring for the child, through the agencies of the Juvenile Court, either as a dependent or as a delinquent.

Mr. Bodine, in writing of this particular phase of the Compulsory Education Law, says:

"Judge Lindsey, of Denver, recently declared that Colorado's system of prosecuting the fathers of delinquent boys was the ideal system. Illinois leads Colorado by prosecuting the parent of the truant child, before that child becomes a delinquent. Sociologists agree that juvenile crime originates in truancy. Therefore, Illinois now has an effective law that is better than the Colorado plan, because it strikes at the root of the entire juvenile evil-truancy."

But little remains to be said. In cases of this kind it appears that the way to awaken a man to a realization of his duty to his child lies by the pocketbook route. This is the weakest point in his armor of self-satisfaction. You may talk to him about his duty until you are hoarse and black in the face from your efforts, and he will laugh at you; but bring him into court on one occasion, fine him for his offense in not sending his child to school, and enforce the payment of the fine, and that man is effectually whipped.

In most instances one lesson of this kind is all he needs to teach him his duty to his child and to the state. He will, in all probability, go home and beat the little truant because he has cost him so much money-but he will send the boy to school, and that is the object desired.

STATE SUPERVISION OF DEPENDENT CHIL-
DREN.

Father Kinkead, in his paper read at the Annual Conference of Charities and Corrections, expressed the views that have been advocated by The Juvenile Court Record since first the Juvenile Court was established.

Father Kinkead, after going over the ground of the supervision of dependent children placed in the care of societies or institutions, and after expressing the opinion that, "for the institutions there is more likelihood of over than under supervision," says:

belief of the parents in the placing-out of children. Here, again, The Juvenile Court Record agrees with the Rev. Father. After speaking of the rights of parents and children, Father Kinkead says:

"Among these rights there is none more important or dear to them than their religious belief, and sincere Catholics will sacrifice everything rather than part with it. The religious belief of the parent is as much a right to be transmitted to the child by the state as is personal and real property, which in all cases descends to the child in the absence of any expressed wish on the part of the parWhoever, therefore, robs a child of its

ents.

faith commits a crime, not only against God, but against society. And is there such robbery? Yes, and it is the chief reason why charitable societies and religious denominations cannot work in harmonious co-operation.

Here, again, Father Kinkead has voiced the views of The Juvenile Court Record. The preservation of the religious belief of the child serves in a measure to preserve the entity of the family, even though the members of the family may be separated in childhood. It is most natural and usual that children, when grown to manhood and womanhood, should seek for their relatives. tainly nothing will divide a family thus reunited more than the question of religion. There is no doubt in any analytical mind but that it promotes good government to allow the Jews to remain Jews, the Catholics, Catholics, the Protestants, Protestants.

Cer

Father Kinkead's paper, which is published in this issue of The Juvenile Court Record, probes so deeply into the question of state supervision of children that further comment upon it is not necessary.

NEW DEPARTMENT OPENED.

July 11, a new department was opened in the office of the state factory inspector, Mr. E.T.Davies, where labor certificates under the Child Labor Law will be issued by representatives of the public schools and the parochial schools.

Hereafter the principals of both public and private schools will refer all applicants to this department.

"But alas, the same cannot be said for children placed out in families, though they are equally the care of the state and are exposed to even greater danger. There is scarcely a state in which there is any absolutely independent and official body that protects the interests of destitute children placed in family homes. It is true, some states do supervise to a certain extent, this placingout work, and makes visits to the houses of the placed-out THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES children, but it is true also that some of these states do placing-out work themselves and that most of their work of supervising is actually devoted to self-examination. To have its full effect, the state supervising body should itself have nothing to do with the placing-out. Let it encourage such placing-out if it pleases, either by public officials or private agencies, but it must keep aloof from the work."

Father Kinkead was the first supervisor of Catholic charities in this country, having been appointed by the late Archbishop Corrigan. He has recently found it necessary to retire from the work on account of ill health. He has made a very deep study of the subject of state supervision of dependent children, and his views in regard to the matter carry with them great weight.

We have been laboring for years to secure supervision of societies and institutions. The Juvenile Court Record, as will be remembered, has always and at all times advocated a supervision by the state to the extent of visitation of the child where the society or institution is unable to attend to the visiting itself. However, when the particular society is able to visit the wards, the state should not, except in rare instances, interfere.

A little farther on in his paper Father Kinkead touches upon the subject of taking cognizance of the religious

AND CORRECTIONS.

We publish in this issue of The Juvenile Court Record, a brief account of the proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections held at Portland, Me.

We regret exceedingly that space will not permit a more extended report of this very important gathering.

In the opinion of The Juvenile Court Record, the most important measure adopted by the conference was that of the Committee on Juvenile Courts. Judge Lindsey, chairman of this committee, has appointed the Editor of The Juvenile Court Record secretary of the committee.

As secretary we shall be pleased to furnish all the necessary data to any person interested in the Juvenile Court. When the gathering or the occasion will justify such action, The Juvenile Court Record will furnish speakers for any part of the country. The country will be divided into three sections, so that speakers will be available at all times.

Copies of the uniform Juvenile Court bill which has been compiled by The Juvenile Court Record, and which has met with general approval, will be furnished upon application.

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