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THE JUVENILE COURT

By J. J. MCMANAMAN.

The Juvenile Court is an established institution in the State of Illinois. It has passed the experimental stage and it is now a permanent fixture.

There is now in the State one Juvenile Court presided over by a Circuit Judge, located at Chicago. In other counties of the State, the Juvenile Court is presided over by the County Judge. These Courts have demonstrated their usefulness in proportion to the means they have had at hand to carry out the object for which they were established. They have given the young and thoughtless an opportunity to develop without carrying the stigma of a criminal. They act as a parent to the parentless, a guide to the weak, and a check to the strong. They teach the boy and girl that society is interested in their conduct and education and that they are a part of society.

A Court simply as a Court, without the power to carry into execution the objects of the law, is a useless ornament in the community and an unnecessary expense to the people, but a Court so equipped that it can reach the home through efficient probation officers on the one hand and charitable and corrective institutions on the other, is one of the most important and beneficient institutions established by the people in many years. The Court is supposed to be limited in its jurisdiction to dependents and delinquents, who are under sixteen years of age, but in dependent cases it passes beyond the child and reaches the parent and the home. It is here where the great object of the law is realized; here where society will in time fully realize the work that is being done.

The home is the unit of the State, and the homes in the aggregate make up the State and the Nation. If the home is neglected, debauched or vicious society breed disease and death, but if the home is happy, wholesome and sober, society is safe, strong and promising.

There is a danger, however, in public officials peeping into the home and attempting to establish a standard of living, a standard of conduct and morals and then measuring all peoples by that standard. This is one of the dangers that confront the Juvenile Court, and one which the judge must be constantly on guard to check. To set up a standard of living, of morals and of conduct for all peoples, and then to say that all those who have not reached that standard must be brought before the Court to explain their habits and conduct, would destroy the very purpose for which the Court was established.

The efficient probation officer must consider the habits, conduct and morals of all peoples with whom they come in contact, they must know that the standard of cleanliness, industry and living are in stratas, like rock formation, and the officer who does not give full consideration to every detail is not serving the best purpose of his or her position.

The Judge of a Juvenile Court holds a high and important position. He is the ballast, the check, the readjuster of the ideals and standard fixed by his agents. In dealing with and adjusting these ideals, he shows his breadth of mind, his philosophy of life, his knowledge of the habits of all peoples, and his sympathy with the lives of many peoples whose ideals differ, but whose purpose is simple and sincere.

The Judge of the Juvenile Court deals with the lives and futures of the coming citizens and too much care and caution cannot be indulged in when we consider that by one act, the hopes of the parents may be shattered and the welfare of the child blasted.

Why should a man's child receive less consideration at the hands of the Courts of the State than his horse? If we take a man's horse from him, he must have a chance for a complete hearing and have his day in Court. So if a man's child is to be taken away from him. Every form prescribed by the law should be conformed to, every right should be considered and no matter how vicious or depraved a parent may be, every right that can be claimed by the most powerful in society should be enjoyed by the parent because no man can be said to be guilty until pronounced so by a Court of competent jurisdiction. The Juvenile Court is a crime preventer instead of an instrument for punishment. The old saying, "As the twig is bent, the tree is inclined," is true with regard to the young sprouts of society as well as the young sprouts in the vegetable kingdom.

The child born in poverty, poorly nursed and nurtured with insufficient and unwholesome food and air, with vicious environments cannot be expected to develop that sturdy manhood or womanhood so essential to good order and good citizenship.

Respect for the rights of others, the most essential element to inculcate in the young, is in a vicious and depraved home, wholly neglected.

This respect for the rights of others is one of the most

essential principles that can be practiced to-day by the old as well as by the young, for in the mad rush for wealth, with the words of Iago constantly ringing in your ear, "Put money in thy purse," the standard of honesty in the street must necessarily be at a low ebb, so that too much stress cannot be laid upon the rule laid down by the Master: "Do unto others that which you would have others do unto you."

The State as yet has paid little attention to parental conditions. It has paid little attention to the child until the child violates some rule of conduct established by the State, then it builds jails, penitentiaries and even casts the shadow of the scaffold upon the land to protect itself from the products of its own neglect.

I believe that it can be truthfully said that the delinquent boy was a dependent or neglected child, and that a great many of the criminals, who have puzzled and burdened the State for their care and protection, have developed from the delinquent and neglected boys.

The dependent child is placed in a home where in many cases the home, instead of throwing around the child wholesome parental care and guardianship, is neglected and the child's permanency in the home depends upon the usefulness and profit to its new parents. Here is where the State should extend its helping hand, and see that every child placed by a society or an institution is properly treated and the best elements of the child's nature developed. If a boy or girl is placed in a home where the environments are wholly at variance with his or her temperament and the child has an independent, adventurous spirit, it will break the ties that bind it to this master and seek relief in the large cities and where it is free to act and do as it pleases. The lodging house, the all-night restaurant and the cheapest and lowest quarters are its haunts, and in a few years society has an associate and the State a citizen schooled in all that is vicious, selfish and dangerous instead of a clear, clean, intelligent, interested citizen.

The law with regard to delinquent children is weak as it limits the Court in its jurisdiction to children under sixteen years of age. It would be well if the Court had the power to hold jurisdiction of the boy or girl until they reached their majority. The law should be so amended, that once the Court acquired jurisdiction of a delinquent child, the Court could use its discretion as to whether or not it would surrender the boy or girl to the criminal machinery of the State. It is a fact that the greatest number of delinquent boys and girls come from neglected or dependent homes and why the Court should lose jurisdiction of this delinquent boy or girl when he or she reaches sixteen years of age is not very clear, for it is at this period of life that most boys and girls need the greatest amount of care. It is as this period of life that the boy is passing to the physical, but not the intellectual man, carrying all the burden of the animal with very little of the light of man to guide him. At this period the boy is erratic, eruptic and volcanic; he loves the daring physical courage of his idol; the wild, daring, dashing gun fighter is his ideal of a man. Until those dreams

are expelled by reason and experience the Juvenile Court should hold him in check. The Court should be the best judge of the boy's moral responsibility.

Reforms in the individual are mental processes of development and brick walls and grated windows have the power to develop nothing but fear or revenge. To develop that part of the boy's nature to do good because it is good and for principles' sake, cannot be done by surrounding him with bolts, locks and bars. He should have freedom of thought, freedom of action and an environment constantly surrounding him that will awaken in him the knowledge that every pleasure has its corresponding pain and that to do right is a duty he owes to himself and to society.

Some people have placed great stress upon the improvements they have observed under their master hand in delinquent individuals. I have even heard the hangman say that he was on intimate terms with the condemned; as if society was more safe and enriched by the intimacy.

Improvement in a delinquent cannot be made by any master unless the delinquent has the same freedom of thought, freedom of action as the master. The teacher who can reach the intellectual level of his pupil, learn his tendencies, catch his weaknesses, one at a time, not condemning or trying to crush out with one blow all the tendencies that it has taken years to develop, will prove a greater benefactor in the way of reform in the individual than all the masters practicing their powers behind grated windows and bolted doors, and add more to the welfare of mankind than all the jails and all the penitentiaries and all the scaffolds have ever added.

LOS ANGELES JUVENILE COURT

A Juvenile Court Law was passed in California in 1903. Under this law, a home for juvenile offenders was established in the old county jail. A matron, probation officer and two other officers were placed in charge.

The members of the Juvenile Court Commission decided that these young offenders should be regularly instructed and employed and asked the Board of Education for a teacher. This request was granted; and on March 22nd, a small room was set apart, in the building with the home, for a public school.

On the first day, seventeen pupils were registered. This number increased to twenty-seven, with a daily average of eighteen during the first two weeks.

The school soon grew beyond the confines of this little room. Six weeks from the date of opening, a newly constructed apartment was provided in the rear of the building with seating capacity for thirty-three.

As the average for May was thirty-eight, and for June thirtysix, this room, too, was daily over-crowded.

At the beginning of the third month, the Board of Education appointed an assistant teacher. No available space for a second class room necessitated the teachers working together in the

same room.

From March 22nd to June 30th, the names of one hundred and twenty-five pupils appeared on the register, with a daily average of thirty. Out of this number fourteen were sent to the Reform School-seven during the first month. Others were returned to their homes on probation. Thirty-three remained in Home at the close of school.

These boys are detained here for various causes. A few are homeless. Some, accused of crime, are awaiting trial. Others, either for insubordination in the ordinary school, or for misdemeanor have been sentenced by the court to attend this school for a term of weeks or months.

If a boy, for any cause, cannot be controlled in the graded school, or if he be guilty of truancy or suspension, he should be transferred to the teacher of an ungraded room. If unmanageable here, he should be sent to a school that should exist for truants and suspended cases alone. If still ungovernable, he should be placed in the Parental School.

A visit from the truant officer to the truant child's home and a fine imposed on the parents might be an effectual means of preventing truancy.

Careful study and close observation show inefficient home training to be responsible, more than all other causes combined, for the incorrigibility of youth. Negligence or inability of the teacher to study a peculiar child's nature and apply a timely and proper remedy-is another cause and truancy is generally the result of one or both of these. If every mother and every teacher could and would check the insubordination of early childhood, there would be little need of the Parental School.

It is the supreme effort of all connected with this work to bring the child to a realization of his wrong-doing; to create in him a desire to do right; to convince him that there is nothing higher on earth than true manhood and Christian character; that right-doing is the basis of all great character and that he alone is wise and virtuous "who knows what is best to do next and does it."

The mere acquisition of book-lore is held subordinate to the teaching of these vital principles.

Soon after he comes into the home, the boy begins to show the effect of precept and example. He feels the influence of strong personal interest. He finds he receives sympathy, or censure, or assistance to regain his lost grade, or whatever help he most needs; and ere long there is a soul-awakening and he is brought to see the error of his way-sometimes in very rare and obstinate cases through the application of the shingle.

It is encouraging to note the decrease in the number sent to the Reform School. During the first three months 33 1-3 per cent. were sent to Whittier. In the three months following this was reduced to 1 2-3 per cent. And many of these may belong to that class of unfortunates who come into the world stamped with criminal tendencies and who are such because they could be nothing else.

If this little home and school, still in its infancy, hampered by incommodious and unsanitary surroundings and inefficient material can do so much good, what may we not expect from an institution properly equipped?

Give to these boys a school and home with a ten-acre tract to farm; an industrial education; retain them here a long enough time for the habit of honesty, industry, usefulness and morality to become a second nature, and few of them will take the downward path.

The least thoughtful may be able to see in this institution a means of preventing much of crime, pauperism, vice and disease, without the expense and oppression of to-day.

BOYS' SHELTER

Here are samples of the answers which nine out of ten boys make when they apply for shelter at the home of the Children's Aid Society, at Forty-fourth Street and Second Avenue, New York:

Q. Have you either parent? A. No.

Q. Have you a near friend? A. No.

Q. What is your home address? A. Have no home. Q. Are you employed? A. No. Can't find work. These answers indicate the condition of the boys who are received at the Home every day.

Erected in 1888 by Morris K. Jesup, it has been a rallying point for these boys since its founding. It is fitted with baths, gymnasium, reading and sleeping rooms, and the superintendent and his aides are always ready to give the downcast and lonesome boy a cheery welcome.

During the past year almost one thousand homeless boys have been provided with food and shelter there, and endeavors have been made to benefit them mentally, physically, and morally. The special effort made here is to provide permanent and suitable homes and very often applications are received for boys to work on farms, in stores, and in offices.

The charge made for lodging is five cents for a "double-deck" bed, and ten cents for a single bed. Most of the inmates pay in advance, and as they come to the desk they are greeted with a pleasant "Good evening" by Mr. Wood.

"Well, William, I thought you were down in Long Island." said he to a young chap who had just entered with a bundle under his arm.

"I was, sir, but I had to leave today."

"What was the trouble? Couldn't you manage the cows on the farm?"

"Yes, Mr. Wood; I could manage them all right, but they sold the cows, and so I had to get out."

"Well, here's your key again. Guess I can fix you up to

morrow.

"Will you take care of this for me, please?"

The boy handed over the desk a well-worn and dirty envelope, containing $4.50, which he had saved out of his wages. The money was placed in a new envelope and put in the safe.

"You would be surprised to see how these fellows can save," said the superintendent. "There's one over there. You see he is a cripple. We took him from the almshouse on the island, and he now sells papers in the Grand Central Station. He has quite a little to his credit, which is saying a good deal, as it is hard for him to get around on these rainy days. I have another boy who left me yesterday. He is employed in a glass factory in Jersey, and when he was laid off at the beginning of summer and came here he brought me over $50. I just mention these few cases to show you how industrious these chaps get when they see some one is taking an interest in them."

Not only does this building shelter the homeless boys, but during the day a school is conducted there for the poor children of the neighborhood, 75 per cent. of whom are Italians. These boys and girls are so poor that they are unable to dress well enough to attend public schools. There is an average attendance of about 250 a day and a warm dinner is served to all who may want it. Chair-caning, basketry, and iron-work are taught at the school. The House was visited some time ago by Thunder Cloud, a full-blooded Sioux Indian. He told the children all about his tribe and his home, and a large picture of the chief now adorns one of the rooms.

During the recent coal strike a very funny incident occurred. The lesson was about the miners' troubles, and the children were writing compositions about.it. One boy with imagination wrote in part: "The coal will be scarce. All the wood will be used up. If you see men tearing down part of their houses do not be surprised. But the worst part will be when they tear down the fences, and then what will we boys do then-we can't tell when the circus is coming!"

Juvenile Court Record

PUBLISHED BY THE VISITATION AND AID SOCIETY

T. D. HURLEY, Editor, 79 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. J. L. CLARK, Business Manager

Eastern Office, 53 W. 24th Street, New York City Boston Office, 147 Milk St., Boston, Mass.

JUVENILE COURT RECORD is published monthly, except in the month ef July. Single copies, 10 cents. Subscription price, $1 per year.

Entered at Postoffice, Chicago, as second-clam matter.

JUVENILE COURT RECORD is the official organ of and published the Visitation and Ad Society and will deal with social problems in d-saving work and give an account of the workings of the Juvenile Court. NEW SUBSCRIPTIONS can commence with current number.

WHEN RENEWING, always give the name of the postoffice to which your paper is now being sent. Your name cannot be found on our books unless this is done. Four weeks are required after the receipt of money by before the date opposite your name on your paper, which shows to what time your subscription is paid, can be changed. This will show that your remittance was received.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS.-Always give both your old and your new address hem you ask us to change.

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ADVERTISING RATES made known on application.

AGENTS are authorized to sell single copies and take subscriptions, whe bear credentials signed by the President and Secretary of the Visitation and AMB Society.

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IDEALS IN JUVENILE COURT WORK. It behooves all who have any part in the workings of Juvenile Courts to consider carefully the article by Mr. McManaman in this issue. It points out forcibly what should be the guiding principles of judges and probation officers. Correctly it says that every legal right of even a child offender must be considered, that no famliy dare be broken up until all other resources for its reform are exhausted, and that it is the height of injustice to set up arbitrary ideals for all individuals and families. Throughout the article stress is laid upon the vital necessity of knowing the child intimately if the teacher would really teach him.

DOING CHILD-SAVING WORK RIGHT. Could anything be more apparent than the soundness of the principles, laid down by Mr. Kingsley in his article in this issue, as necessary for the guidance of those engaged in child-saving work? Every true parent, every teacher, every person of reflective mind must endorse these so natural ideals. Consideration of the heart ties that bind together mother and child; the necessity of really knowing the material we are working with; willingness to "take trouble" because we are dealing with precious humanity, not with things; recognition of our serious obligation to the child when we dare to deprive him of the parents who brought him to earth;-where is the person who will dispute for a moment the legitimacy of such a working creed? And yet we dare say some benighted mortals there are, still walking the earth who, while ready to endorse all that Mr. Kingsley says, in their practical every-day doings with children, run counter to all of the principles mentioned. Their carelessness and thoughtlessness and desire to see results in a hurry cause the mischief. The day was when pure ignorance and criminal folly reigned among a large number of child-saving workers. No high ideals were then formulated. But now with examples on every hand of the richly beneficent results that can come from the observance of right principles there is absolutely no excuse for blunderings.

A YEAR'S WORK.

If a charitable society's work could all be indicated in a statistical report it certainly would be poor work. The thousands of bits of advice, encouragement and cheer given in a year's time cannot be set down in print. And yet that is a great part and a fine part of the activity of any such organization. The Visitation and Aid Society's report on another page does not represent all that it has done along this line. Even the figures given, bare and cold as they stand there, mean a vast amount of conscientious, painstaking labor. The worry, the thought, the physical exertion necessary to get even small results the public can never know. It must go behind the scenes if it would learn. It must know, for example, the considerable amount of work it takes to put even one case properly and with all legal requirements met, through the Juvenile Court. Imagine then what it means to do so in 667 cases.

The Society is justly proud of the results accomplished through the publication of its paper, THE JUVENILE COURT RECORD. With a circulation of 20,000 per month it is able to wield wide influence in its chosen field. The establishment of Juvenile Courts in twenty different states means that through the aid, direct and indirect, of this paper, thousands of children have been protected and encouraged and saved to lives of future honor and usefulness. All who have contributed to the support of the society can feel that they have had a hand in this beneficent work.

Foundation Principles of Good Child Saving Work.

An address by Sherman C. Kingsley, Gen'l Supt. of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, formerly Gen'l Sec'y of the Boston Children's Friend Society, delivered in St. Louis, Sept. 22, '04, before the annual conference of the National Children's Home Society.

The cuts used in this article are all made from photographs of children in care of the Boston Children's Friend Society.

SHERMAN C. KINGSLEY.

FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES OF GOOD

CHILD SAVING WORK.

To discover the foundation principles of Christianity we realize more and more that we must try to understand its great founder. Political economists, in their search for fundamental truths and principles are wont to say "back to Smith" or "back to Mill." The worker among children must ever more try, even as did the great Froebel, to know and understand the child mind and heart.

Henry D. Thoreau living that secluded life near his beloved Walden Pond, tried to know his neighbors of the wood. For many hours at a time he would lie on the grass and watch a chip-munk in his busy antics about a stump or an old stone wall. Thompson Seton spends weeks and years making the acquaintance of the Sand Hill Stag, Lobo, King of wolves, and Johnny Bear. Neither went to the menagerie for his observations. Each studied his subject in an environment which was intrinsically appropriate. A grizzly, swaying his body with pendulum like rhythm from one side of a cage to another, is at a manifest disadvantage and a chip-munk in a cage with ten or fifty other chip-munks would not and could not have told Thoreau what he wanted to know.

If the naturalist must choose so wisely the setting of his study of the ant and the bee, the chip-munk and the bear, and if to really know insects and animals, he must observe with such accuracy, sympathy, patience and love, who shall measure the obligations resting upon those who preside over the destinies of children.

It seems to me that the ruling motive and principle of life for the man or woman in this profession should be, to know children. Such an attitude of mind and heart seems to me to be a fundamental require

ment.

Now, what seem to be foundation prin

ciples of good child saving work may be broadly considered under two heads: First, Our duty towards the child in relation to his own family, and Second, Our duty towards the child who has no family or who must be removed from his family.

What then is this first duty? At the very beginning of the family life the minister repeats, "What God hath joined together, let not man put asunder." The bond between parent and child is of Divine origin. That relationship exists while charity workers come and go, when boards of directors have changed or dissolved. There are lonely children, grown children perhaps, and lonely parents each searching in vain for the other while the worker who did the placing has long since forgotten both child and parent. I have no doubt but that thousands of children might have been saved to their families if such a department as the aid department of Mr. Hart's society had always been a feature of children's work.

We are creating a literature about children, we are slowly formulating standards for placing children in families. We are substantially agreed that for the normal child of tender years a family is the best place. Are we making equal progress at saving children in their own homes with their own families? We should not remove a child from his family because we have an empty bed in our institution, because some one can pay or because we know an ideal

family where a child is wanted. Above all, in the darkest hour of their lives, parents should not be asked to sign away their children. Time is a great element in the settlement of all problems and even the delinquent parent, finding no happiness outside

the paths of duty, may become deeply repentant.

We need equipment for this kind of work and once equipped we shall find increasing pressure for such activity. It is necessary to know and be in actual, sympathetic touch with all organizations whose work is with families in their homes. There are many such. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society which I now have the honor to represent, has for its foundation work the keeping totgether of families. I believe if child caring societies equip themselves to work hard in the line of saving the child to his own family they will find themselves more and more reluctant to sever children from their own kindred. Certainly, chief among children's rights is the right to his own family. Among the most pathetic stories I have ever heard were those of young men and young women who were going the rounds of the children's societies trying to find a brother or sister, father or mother and to discover their own identity. But one may fairly ask if the children's rights do not also include the right to be saved from evil and brutal parents. Emphatically yes. But separation presupposes the greatest wisdom and devotion on the part of those responsible for the child's removal and the very fact that a society is resourceful, persistent and devotedly conscientious in its efforts to reconstruct the family will make the child of hopeless parents all the more secure. Courts and magistrates will have increased confidence, and faulty commitments and distorted evidence will not menace the child as they do today.

The Boston Children's Friend Society, which until recently I had the honor to represent, has kept up its relation with fam

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ilies for periods reaching into years. It costs money, often generous sums. It sees to it that every cent of expense that can be borne by relations is collected. It has its disappointments of course, but the results are in the main most gratifying and the actual experience affords all the argument necessary for continuing and developing the work along this line.

Not so many years ago the attitude to wards illegitimate children was fairly shown by the two baskets. There was always an empty one waiting, the child could be swung in and no questions asked. The most complete statement of the present attitude of leading workers on this subject that I happen to know about is to be found in the report*) of the State Board of Children's Guardian's of N. J. for 1903. It is in part as follows: "The policy of this Board is to persuade a mother to keep her child and thus to prevent a separation, which we believe to be both unwise and unnecessaryunwise because the child needs its natural food and its mother's care and because the newly awakened love and sense of responsibility are the mother's best hope for hei salvation; unnecessary because it is not difficult to find positions at service in new sur

I will quote two of these letters which most clearly reflect the sentiments of all: Edward T. Devine, General Secretary of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, writes: "That unmarried mothers should be encouraged to keep their children, rather than send them to a foundling asylum or otherwise dispose of them, may be regarded as demonstrated by experience. This policy not only results in the saving of infant lives, but exercises the greatest influence on the mother in preventing the development of a loose manner of life. The special agencies that have been organized in New York City and elsewhere for providing situations for mothers and children have accumulated an experience which leaves the wisdom of this method quite beyond successful controversy."

Mrs. Kate N. Barrett, General Superintendent of the National Florence Crittenton Mission, who has been interested in helping young women for twenty-five years, writes: "In all the complex cases that have come to me, I have never found a case that I did not think the girl was better off if she had the care and responsibility of her child, unless she was physically and mentally disabled, and even then, in most of these

ily if worked out at all. These are some of the principles which it seems to me should actuate us in our attitude towards the child and his family.

Secondly, then, what principles should guide us in our care of the child who has no family, or having relatives, cannot safe ly remain with them.

Not long ago I read, in an institution, a placard which stated that one hundred dollars would save a boy. I have read similar statements with reference to thirty-six and fifty dollars. From 800 to 1,000 boys were placed in three states by that organization and less than half the time of one man was given to their supervision. In receiving children do we not assume the responsibilities of parents? The child is taken because that responsibility is lacking and because the child needs it. Was one hundred dollars a careful estimate of food and clothes and shelter and car fare needed to get a boy to his new destination? It certainly did not cover parental solicitude, wisdom and care. We were inquiring as to how the placing work was done, how the new relationships were adjusted, whether some one took the lad, whether the good man or woman came or how it was done.

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Three motherless brothers at board in this country home. The third, who hid in the barn, does

not appear as the camera was not X-ray.

roundings for the mother with her baby. To justify our position in the matter we addressed a letter to well known charity workers, both public and private, all over the United States and Canada, asking them for an expression of opinion in regard to keeping illegitimate children with their mothers. Thirty-two replies were received, and the verdict in favor of our policy was almost unanimous, there being but one of the thirty-two who favored separation."

*) Compiled by Seymour H. Stone, former Supt. State Board Children's Guardians, N. J. Now Gen'l Sec'y Boston Children's Friend Society.

cases, had there been sufficient money to support her and her child together, I believe it would have been better for her. In our sixty-four Florence Crittenton Homes they all practice this plan of keeping mother and child together."

This does not mean that there are not exceptions, of course not. It does mean that a profound study of these questions impresses upon us more and more the sacredness of family ties, that there is in these ties of blood a family individuality, a family destiny, a family salvation which should and must be worked out by the family as a fam

He promptly replied: "Oh no, sir, we send them and we never lost a boy." We were thinking of little lads with lumps in their throats and quivering lips and with feelings in their hearts which they could not voicewe were thinking of these things, not merely of transportation, for live stock and World's Fair exhibits will almost surely reach their destination. My observation is that it should cost much more than thirty-six, fifty or one hundred dollars to save a child and that if we thus limit ourselves we don't know whether he is saved or not. It seems to me that the worker who makes such a

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