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Any Licentiate in Theology can obtain the degree of B.A. after residing one academical year of eight months, and passing the requisite examination. Any person who has passed the final examination for the degree of B.A., or any higher degree at Durham, Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, or any other University, in which the examination is of a similar character to that required at Durham, can obtain the License in Theology after residing one academical year of six months as a Student in Theology, and passing the requisite examination.

No subscription or test is required of any member of the University, with the following exception. No person can become a Licentiate in Theology, or take any degree in Theology, or become a member of Senate or Convocation, unless he has previously declared in writing that he is a bonâ fide member of the Church of England as by law established. The chief Service of the University is that of the Cathedral Church of Durham, but no Student who is not a member of the Church of England is obliged to attend the services of that Church.

A Class of Physical Science was founded in 1838, including pure and applied Mathematics, Chemistry, Geology, Mining, Engineering, and the like. Students in this School, after two years' residence of eight months each, are, on passing the final examination, admissible to the rank of Associates in Physical Science. Terms kept by Students in this School may, with the consent of the Senate, count towards the degree of B.A.

The Foundation Scholarships are five of 50%. and seven of 307. a year each, tenable for three years; one University Classical and one University Mathematical Scholarship of 301. a year each, and tenable for one year; the Durham Grammar School Scholarship of 30l. a year, and tenable for three years.

The Scholarships and Exhibitions are open to all competitors, and are awarded to the best candidates of positive merit, tested by examination, except in a small number of cases, the particulars of which are specified in the University Calendar.

There are twelve University Fellowships, open to all students who have graduated in Arts, of 1207. and 1507. a year, tenable for eight or ten years. They are awarded by examination.

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The average expenses of a Student at University College, including those of the University as well as the College, are calculated at 80%. to 851.; at Bishop Hatfield's Hall, at 70%. 108. to 767. 168. for Students in Arts, and at 60l. 10s. 6d. to 757. 168. 6d. for Students in Theology. The chief expenses of the University may be thus stated :University admission fee, 27.; Tuition and other fees, each Term, 61.; Rent, 41. to 77. 78.; Commons or board, &c., 17. 1s. a week; Caution money (returnable,) 157. or 207. The fees payable on taking Degrees are, B.A., 37.; License in Medicine, 37.; Civil Engineers, 37.; M.B., 6l.; M.A., 67.; License in Theology, 31.; B.C.L.,67.; B.D., 67.; D.C.L., 197.; D.D., 107.; M.D., 67.; Ad Eundem, 58.

COLLEGES IN AFFILIATION.

In affiliation with the University, and receiving their Degrees from the Convocation, are the Durham College of Medicine and the College of Science, both located at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.

The College of Physical Science in the University of Durham, is located at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, under the name of the College of Physical Science, and was founded in 1871, through the exertions of Dr. Lake, the Warden of the University, who is also the Dean of Durham. Its present site was chosen because many students would resort to its instruction, from the immediate locality, and because the contributors to its funds must be looked for among the eminent employers of labor in that section. The University contributed 1,000l. a year in perpetuity, and sums to the amount of 30,000l. were subscribed in Newcastle. The Hancock Memorial Fund amounts to 17,000l., which will provide for the Museum, which has collections to the value of 10,000l. The Medical College of Newcastle appropriates 10,000l. towards a joint college building, in which there will be lecture rooms for the Medical students.

The College is under the management of 47 Governors, 9 of whom are ex-officio, and the 38 are elected for a term of four years by various representative bodies. These Governors elect a Council of 15 members, to which the ordinary administration is left.

The studies and practical exercises have special reference to Engineering, Mining, Manufacturing, and Agriculture.

In 1873-4, there were 78 students under 5 Professors, with Lectureships in Greek and Latin, in English History and Literature, French, German, and Mechanical Drawing.

The fees paid by the students are 1 guinea on admission, 5 guineas a year for each course of lectures, and a special charge for the Laboratory. Four Exhibitions of 157. a year, tenable for two years, are open for public competition every year.

DURHAM COLLEGE OF MEDICINE.

The Durham College of Medicine was founded in 1851, and was admitted into connection with the University in 1852.

The Matriculated Students of this College are eligible to Scholarships in the University.

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There are two Sessions: the Winter Session begins Oct. 1, and ends March 1; the Summer Session begins May 1, and ends July 31.

The course of instruction embraces Lectures from the incumbents of 13 Chairs, [Anatomy, Physiology, Dissections, Principles and Practice of Medicine, Surgery and Chemistry, Midwifery and Diseases of Women, Botany and Vegetable Physiology, Medical Jurisprudence, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Pathological Anatomy], and the Degrees are received as evidence of thorough professional teaching in the theory and practice of Medicine and Surgery.

NEW FORM OF UNIVERSITY ORGANIZATION.

In 1836, in the Royal Charter granted by William IV., constituting certain individuals-noblemen and gentlemen of England-the Senate of a new University, with the title of the University of London, a new agency was instituted for the advancement of religion and morality, and the promotion of useful knowledge among all classes and denominations,',by means of an elaborate system of examinations of all candidates for academical degrees as evidence of their respective proficiency in literature, science and arts, who should present satisfactory credentials of the requisite age, moral character and preparationno matter where that preparation had been made.

The University of London.

The basis for all subsequent examinations for degrees in the Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, as developed by the Senate of the University of London, is the Matriculation Examination, having no resemblance, except in name, to the Matriculation of the old Universities, but is a thorough examination of all candidates for the lowest degrees in the Arts, as a good test of a complete school education. This examination includes a competent knowledge of the English language with the outlines of History and Geography; the elements of Mathematics-Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry, and a popular knowledge of Natural Philosophy; the most elementary portions of Chemistry, and the leading divisions in Botany and Zoology; and the grammar of the Latin language, and correct rendering into idiomatic English of selected passages from the standard authors, with incidental questions on ancient geography and history, and similar work in any two of the following languages-Greek, French, German.

The institution, established in 1826 as a joint stock association, and opened in 1828 in Gower street for the instruction of students, under the title of the University of London, and now known as University College, London, is not the body now designated as the University of London, although the latter had its origin in the movement of the friends of the former for a 'Royal Charter' of incorporation, with power to confer academical degrees, as will be seen in the following chapter.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.

THE earliest document touching a University for London was issued in 1615, entitled The Third University of England, or a Treatise of the Foundations of all the Colleges, ancient Schools, &c., within and about the famous Citie of London'-dedicated to 'the Right Honorable and the most Reverend and most Learned Judge, Sir Edward Coke, Knight, Lord Chief Justice of England.' The aim of this treatise is to show that London, with its various institutions of learning, is a University, and only needs for its administration a Chancellor, whom it is at the pleasure of his Majesty the King to appoint at any time.

Having observed in diuers writers, as well forayne as English, the cittie of London to be stiled an Universitie, and doubting of it, I tooke occasion thereby to examine uppon what grounds and causes they had so stiled it; and after some search and consideration thereof, I found sufficient cause and reasons to satisfie me: For I saw that not onely those Arts, which are called liberall, but also all or the most part of all other Arts and Sciences proper and fit for ingenuous and liberall persons, were and are in this cittie professed, taught and studied which is (adding but cum priuilegio) as much as can be sayd, for the name and authoritie of anie Universitie, and which can be rightly sayd of very fewe other Universities of Christendome. For in the Cittie of London be read and taught the Arts of Grammar, of Rhetorike, of Arithmetike, of Musicke, of Geometry, of Astronomy, of Geographie, of Hidrographie: Likewise the other Mathematicall learnings, and Philosophie, Phisicke, and Metaphisicke, the lawes Ecclesiasticall, Muncipall, and Ciuill. As also the Arts of Riding, Gladiatorie, Alchimy, Optica, Memoratica, Geodesie, Poetrie, Heraldrie, Graphice, Characterie, Brachigraphie, and diuers Languages, holy, learned, and strange, and many other free and subtill arts, and sciences are professed, taught, studied, and practised within this cittie, as shall more plainely appeare in the processe of this Treatise. And (that which is most chiefly of all to be observed) the chiefest science, the Science of Sciences, and the key of all knowledge (to wit) the Science and Art of serving of Almightie God (called Theologie and Divinitie) is no where better nor more plentifully taught then in this Cittie; many and dayly lectures being read thereof, not onely in the chiefe and Cathedral Churches of S. Paul, and Saynt Peter, but also in all the parish Churches and Temples: and particularly and academically also in Gresham Colledge. So that these places are nothing els but Schooles of Theologie, and Colledges of Diuines. appeareth hereby to be cleere that vnto London belongeth not onely the stile, and title of Vniversitie; but also of a chiefe and principall vniversitie, hauing no complement thereof wanting but one; and that is the gouernment and protection of an honourable chauncellor, which the King my Master may easily at his Majesties pleasure supply, hauing good choyse of most grave and noble personages, fit for this charge, when it shall please his Majesty.

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One hundred years later (in 1698), Daniel Defoe called public attention to sundry projects for enlarging the educational facilities of the metropolis, by the establishment of several academies, and particularly (1728) of an University, with colleges quartered at convenient distances, one at Westminster, a second at St. James, a third near Ormond street, a fourth in the center of the Inns of Court, and more if occasion should require.

PLAN OF A UNIVERSITY FOR LONDON-1723.

Defoe, in his Augusta Triumphans (published in 1728), or 'The Way to make London the most flourishing City in the Universe,' suggests the establishment of 'an University where Gentlemen may have Academical Education under the eye of their friends,' and 'the forming an Academy of Science at Christ's Hospital.'

We have been a brave and learned people, and are insensibly dwindling into an effeminate, superficial race. Our young gentlemen are sent to the universities, it is true, but not under restraint or correction as formerly; not to study, but to drink; not for furniture for the head, but a feather for the cap, merely to say they have been at Oxford or Cambridge, as if the air of those places inspired knowledge without application. It is true we ought to have those places in reverence for the many learned men they have sent us; but why must we go so far for knowledge? Why should a young gentleman be sent raw from the nursery to live on his own hands, to be liable to a thousand temptations, and run the risk of being snapped up by sharping jilts, with which both universities abound, who make our youth of fortune their prey, and have brought misery into too many good families? Not only the hazard of their healths from debauches of both kinds, but the waste of their precious time renders the sending them so far off very hazardous. Why should such a metropolis as London be without an university? Would it not save considerably the expense we are at in sending our young gentlemen so far from London? Would it not add to the lustre of our State, and cultivate politeness among us? What benefits may we not in time expect from so glorious a design? Will not London become the scene of science? And what reason have we but to hope we may vie with any neighboring nations? Not that I would have Oxford or Cambridge neglected, for the good they have done. Besides, there are too many fine endowments to be sunk; we may have universities at these places and at London too, without prejudice. Knowledge will never hurt us, and whoever lives to see an univerity here, will find it give quite another turn to the genius and spirit of our youth in general.

How many gentlemen pass their lives in a shameful indolence, who might employ themselves to the purpose, were such a design set on foot? Learning would flourish, art revive, and not only those who studied would benefit by it, but the blessing would be conveyed to others by conversation.

And in order to this so laudable design, small expense is required; the sole charge being the hire of a convenient hall or house, which, if they please, they may call a colge. But I see no necessity the pupils have to lie or diet there; that may be done more reasonably and conveniently at home, under the eye of their friends; their only necessary business at college being to attend their tutors at stated hours; and, bed and board excepted, to conform themselves to college laws, and perform the same exercises as if they were actually at Oxford or Cambridge.

Let the best of tutors be provided, and professors in all faculties encouraged; this will do a double good, not only to the instructed, but to the instructors. What a fine provision may here be made for numbers of ingenious gentlemen now unpreferred? And to what a height may even a small beginning grow in time?

As London is so extensive, so its university may be composed of many colleges, quartered at convenient distances; for example, one at Westminster; one at St. James's; one near Ormond street, that part of the town abounding in gentry; one in the centre of the Inns of Court; a 1other near the Royal Exchange, and more if occasion and encouragement permit.

Defoe in a postscript at the close of his pamphlet (of 63 pp. 8vo.) adds: "In my scheme for an university in London, I proposed only a hall or public room; on recollection I find it should be a large house or inn, in the nature of a college, with etore of convenient rooms for gentlemen, not only to study separately, but wherein t lodge their books, for it would be most inconvenient to lug them backwards and forward. They may indeed breakfast, sup, and sleep at home, but it will be highly necessary they should dine in comm ns, or at least near the college; not that I would have cooks, butlers, caterers, manciples, and the whole train of co lege cannibals retained; but for fear they should stay to long at home, or be hindered from returning to study in due time, some proper place or person might be pitched upon to keep an ordinary, at a prefixed price and hour, and for the students only.

My reasons are these:

First, A young gentleman may live too far from college.

Second, The college hours for dinner may not agree with those of the family.
Third, Company may drop in and detain him."

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