velop a large reserve force under the plan of enlistment provided in the army bill. The enlistment contemplates a service of three years with the colors and four years in the reserve. The fact cannot be overlooked in this connection that with the meager standing army maintained by the United States and the recurring expiration of reserve enlistments the reserve will never reach a size or importance worthy of great national dependence in case of war.

In conclusion I desire to express myself emphatically against any plan or principle which would develop a military atmosphere in the United States. More dangerous, however, than this undoubted evil is the policy of a truly great nation trying to retain governmental standards for 100,000,000 persons solely because these standards and policies, through a kind Providence, met the demands of a group of States with 3,000,000 souls.

This country is not yet aroused to its urgent requirements. Congress is awaiting the word from "back home" as to how much preparedness is actually desired. We have a form of government necessarily unwieldy, where one section cannot dominate the sentiment of another. To my mind, we are inviting calamity by delaying the plan of genuine preparedness. And yet, according to the viewpoint of many intelligent and patriotic members of Congress, I am influenced in my judgment by the "hysteria" which has visited a part of the country but has left a large part distractingly calm and unmoved.

The work of education must go forward until the whole nation shall realize that our security should not be left to uncertainty or chance. Our liberty must be safeguarded beyond a question of doubt in the minds of our own people and with convincing definiteness among those nations who may be envious of our freedom or covetous of our possessions.

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UNIVERSAL TRAINING AND AN ADEQUATE

ARMY RESERVE

GEO. E. CHAMBERLAIN

Chairman U. S. Senate Committee on Military Affairs

HERE is only one way to create a sufficient and a thor

TH

oughly efficient reserve, to be utilized in case Our country becomes involved in war with any first-class military power. It can only be done through universal military training, and here it is proper to differentiate between universal military training and universal military service. To compel the young men of the country to learn how to care for themselves in time of the emergency of war does not mean that when war comes they shall be compelled to serve. Service may depend upon subsequent legislation, but universal military training can be put into effect now, and every young man in the country between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one can be instructed fully in the duties of a soldier.

It is the most democratic way to create a reserve to be utilized in case of emergency. It would compel the rich and poor alike, the employer and the employee, to understand that they owe a duty to their country as a consideration for the privileges which are accorded to them as citizens and the protection afforded life and property by the laws of the land. We must eventually come to universal military training, if we would have a reserve which can be called upon to volunteer, or if need be compelled, to serve when danger is threatened from without. To this system Switzerland is indebted for the maintenance of its integrity as a republic surrounded by warring nations. To this system Australia looks for protection against the world. To it America must look for the perpetuity of its institutions and for the enforcement of just demands against predatory nations who listen to these demands only when they are backed by sufficient force.

Universal military training does not involve militarism; it does not encourage it. On the contrary it is an antidote for militarism, in that it cultivates the patriotic spirit, develops physical and mental qualities of the young men, inculcates discipline, and in a democracy creates a protection against the armed forces of the world.

Conflicting statements have from time to time appeared in the press in reference to the army reorganization bill which has just passed Congress. This was inevitable, in view of the fact that the bill is very lengthy and covers a multitude of subjects.

In order that the country might have from entirely disinterested sources a statement as to this great measure which has been enacted by the present Congress as a step toward the proper defense of the country, a request was submitted by me to the Secretary of War for an analysis of the bill and the objects which it accomplishes, as well as the number of organizations and men it provides for in time of peace or in time of actual or threatened hostilities. He has just submitted to me as Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs a lengthy but complete analysis of every section of the bill in question and a memorandum in addition stating how the bill as passed compares with the recommendations of the General Staff of the Army. In his letter the Secretary says:

The comparison and analysis were made by a member of the General Staff, and the memoranda einbodying the results of that comparison and analysis are enclosed for your information. I fully endorse the statement made in one of the memoranda that the bill recently agreed to is the most comprehensive measure looking to military preparedness that has ever been passed by Congress.

Assurances are given by the Secretary that the bill is very satisfactory to him and that the untiring efforts of the Senate and House to afford the people of this country adequate military protection are deeply appreciated.

The communication of the Secretary and the comparison and analysis of which he speaks and which are a part of his communication will be printed as a public document and will be

available for persons who desire to look further into the subject of army reorganization.

Very briefly the bill may be summarized as follows: Four classes are provided for, the regular army, the National Guard, the enlisted reserve corps, all to be raised in time of peace, and the volunteer army raised in time of war only. The regular army is made up of a combatant force consisting of 65 regiments of infantry, 25 regiments of cavalry, 21 regiments of field artillery, 7 regiments of engineers and 2 battalions of mounted engineers, a coast artillery corps of 263 companies, and the non-combatant force made up of enlisted men in the quartermaster corps, signal corps, medical department, and the unassigned recruits. The increases over the present organizations are 34 regiments of infantry, 10 regiments of cavalry, 15 regiments of field artillery, 93 companies of coast artillery, 5 regiments of engineers, 2 battalions of mounted engineers, and the necessary number of auxiliary or non-combatant troops in the medical department, quartermaster corps, signal corps, and the unassigned recruits. The number of officers and enlisted men in the combatant force is 6954 and 165,323 respectively, in time of peace. The number of enlisted men in the combatant force may be increased in the discretion of the President in time of peace to 175,000 men. The number of officers in the non-combatant force and staff corps and departments is 4373 in time of peace, and the number of enlisted men will be as the President prescribes to meet the needs of the service, but limited in the medical department to 5 per cent of the authorized strength of the army and to 7 per cent for unassigned recruits. The minimum strength of the enlisted force of the combatant branches of the army, 165,323, as shown hereinbefore, shall, under the terms of the bill, be maintained at all times.

The war strength of the combatant force is 6954 officers and 226,649 enlisted men. The non-combatant force in time of war will be as the President prescribes to meet the needs of the service.

The increases in the regular army, including the organizations, the officers and the enlisted men, will be made in five annual increments, beginning July 1, 1916.

The National Guard will, under the terms of the bill fixing a maximum number of 800 for each senator and representative in Congress, probably give a total of about 17,000 officers and 440,000 enlisted men. Qualifications for National Guard officers are to be prescribed by the Secretary of War and they must take an oath to obey the orders of the President and the Governor of the State. Enlisted men also must take a similar oath. The period of enlistment in the National Guard is six years, three years in active service, and three years in the National Guard Reserve.

The number of men that will enlist in the enlisted reserve corps can not be estimated. It will consist of men whose daily occupation in civil life specially fits them for duty in the engineer, signal and quartermaster corps and in the ordnance and medical departments, such as railway operatives, chauffeurs, hospital attendants, nurses, telegraphers, aviators, etc.

The infantry and cavalry regiments have been changed by the addition of a headquarters company, a supply company and a machine gun company, and the infantry company has been increased from 65 to 100 men as a minimum. The field artillery regiment has been changed by the addition of a headquarters and a supply company. Heretofore the duties have been performed by the personnel for these companies in the infantry, cavalry and field artillery from enlisted men detailed from the fighting strength of the organizations.

Hereafter all officers appointed as second lieutenants in the army will be given provisional appointments for two years, during which they must demonstrate their fitness and ability.

An extra number of officers is provided for the regular army to instruct the National Guard, and for duty at colleges where military instruction is given. This list of 1,022 extra officers will also be used for recruiting purposes and for assignment as military attaches. There will then be with the organizations enough officers to train the men and make efficient organizations. Heretofore on account of the assignment of officers away from their regiments the efficiency of the army was materially reduced.

The period of enlistment in the regular army under the new