of, not presented to Congress, 337.
Resolution of, for a general Conven-
tion, 361. Appoints and instructs
delegates to the Convention, 369.
Opposed to equality of suffrage in
House of Representatives, II. 138;
equal representation of States in Sen-
ate, 141, 217. Divided on question of
equal vote of States in Senate, 148,
165. Had eight representatives in
first House, 149. In favor of census
of free inhabitants, 153. Opposed to
executive holding office during "good
behavior," 173. Qualifications of
voter in, 188. In favor of property
qualification for national officers, 204.
Vote of, respecting citizenship as
qualification for office, 209; money
bills, 216, 218. Opposed to nine
years' citizenship as qualification of
Senator, 224; each State having one
vote in Senate, 227. Sentiments of,
respecting holding of office by mem-
bers of Congress, 249. In favor of
States paying members of Congress,
259. Opposed to taxing exports,
296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade,
305. Slavery in, as early as 1630,
454. Parties in, for and against
Constitution, 501. Reception of
Constitution in, 501. Convention
in, to vote on Constitution, 502,
530. Formidable opposition to Con-
stitution in convention of, 529. High
rank of, 530. Vacillation of, 530.
Revolutionary history of, 530. Anx-
iety respecting action of, on Consti-
tution, 531. Insurrection in, effect
of, 531. Constitution exposed to
peculiar hazard in, 531; ratified in,
by compromise, 531. Constitution
of, excellence of, 531. Parties in
convention of, 532. Convention in,
amendments to Constitution recom-
mended by, 532, 538, 539; oppo-
nents of Constitution in, 533, 534;
eminent men in, 534. Probable dis-
astrous effects of rejection of Con-
stitution by, 535. Convention of,
proceedings in, 536; discussion in,
respecting Hancock's amendments to
Constitution, 538; patriotic conduct
of, 539. Enthusiasm kindled by ac-
tion of, 541.
MAZZEI, PHILIP, letter to, by Madi-

son, I. 431.

MCKEAN, THOMAS, views of, respect-
ing Constitution, II. 523. Public
services of, 524.

MIFFLIN, General, sent by Washing-
ton to the Congress, I. 98.
Military Posts, retained by the British
after the treaty, I. 256, 259.
Militia, relation of, to the Conti-
nental Congress, I. 35. Committee
on, II. 319. Of States, power of
general government over, 334; in-
efficient as troops in Revolution, 334;
lack of uniformity among, 335;
power of general government over,
necessary, 336; how to be disciplined,
337; when Congress may call forth,
338; President commander-in-chief
of, 413; cannot call out without
authority of Congress, 413.
Ministers. See Ambassadors.
Mint, establishment of, I. 444.
Mississippi River, controversy and ne-
gotiations respecting navigation of,
I. 310; referred to the new govern-
ment, 327. Navigation of, a topic of
opponents of Constitution in Vir-
ginia convention, II. 565; Madi-
son's views respecting, 567.
Mississippi Valley, people of, spirit of
the, I. 319; retaliate upon the Span-
ish authorities, 322; form commit-
tees, &c., 323.

Monarchical Government, dangers of
attempting to establish, I. 370.
Monarchy, detested by people of United
States, II. 237, 492. Proposed, ru-
mors of, 492. Attempt to introduce,
averted by Constitution, 494.
Money, power to coin, given to Con-
gress, II. 328; borrow, and emit
bills, 328.

Money Bills, Originated by House of
Representatives, II. 146. Provision
concerning, objected to, 147; origin
of, 214. Originated by House of
Commons, 216. Hallam's discus-
sion respecting, 216. Vote of States
respecting, 216. Different proposi-
tions in Convention repecting, 219.
May be amended in Senate, 222.
MONTESQUIEU, political discussions
of, alluded to, I. 377.
MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, Enters the
Revolutionary Congress, I. 127. Birth
of, 440. Public services of, 440.
Chosen Assistant Financier, 443.
Author of the decimal notation, 443.
Prepares the text of the Constitution,
444. Character of, 444. First Min-
ister to France, 447. Senator from
New York, 447. Invited to write in
The Federalist, 447. Death of, 447.

Action of, respecting change in rule
of suffrage, II. 36. A member of
committee to apportion representa-
tives, 148. Views of, respecting At-
lantic and Western States, 152; re-
specting compound ratio of repre-
sentation, 152. Proviso of, respect-
ing taxation and representation, 158.
Views of, respecting choice of exec-
utive, 174. Remarks of, respecting
slave-trade, 281. In favor of tax on
exports, 284. Views of, on concession
to Southern States, 293. Committee
of compromise proposed by, 301.
Proposition of, respecting vacant
lands, 355.

MORRIS, ROBERT, on a committee to
inform Washington of extraordinary
powers, I. 101. Laments the ab-
sence of some great revolutionary
characters, 104. Appointed Super-
intendent of Finances, 174. Resig
nation of, 198.
Mutiny, at Philadelphia, of federal
troops, I. 220.

N.

Natchez, seizure of property at, by
Spanish authorities, I. 318.
National Government, how distinguish-
ed from "federal," II. 33. Necessi-
ties of, 34. To be kept distinct from
State governments, 37. By what
States preferred, 117. Arguments
in favor of, 122; theoretically sound,
126; strengthened by facts of previ-
ous history, 127. Supposed tenden-
cy of, to absorb State sovereignties,
128. Self-defence a principal object
of, 292.

National Legislature, how to be con-
stituted, II. 35. Divided into two
branches, 36. Representation in, di-
verse views respecting, 36; as affect-
ed by State interests, 43; difficulty
in fixing ratio of, 43. Unanimity re-
specting powers of, in Convention, 50.
Negative by, on State legislatures,
proposed, 51. Must operate directly
on people, 63. Proposed powers of,

65.

Naturalization, a subject of solicitude,
II. 196. Formerly a State power,
198, 199. A proper subject of con-
stitutional provision, 200. Power of,
transferred from State to national
government, 201. Views of Hamil

ton and Madison respecting, 205.
Embarrassments of subject, 205.
Uniform rule of, power to establish,
given to Congress, 328.

Naval Force, employment of, in Mas-
sachusetts Bay, I. 73.

Navigation Act, report of committee of
detail respecting, II. 290, 301. Posi-
tion of Southern States respecting,
297. Two-thirds vote proposed by
them to be required for, 299. In-
terest of different States respecting,
301. Passage of, by majority, agreed
to, 304.

Navy, origin of the Revolutionary, I.
73. Want of, II. 298. Power of
Congress to provide and maintain,
334; to make rules for, 334. Power
of President to employ, 413. Presi-
dent commander-in-chief of, 413.
Newark, Washington's evacuation of,
I. 98.

Newburgh Addresses, authorship and
style of, I. 168. Copy of, sent to the
States, 177. Note on, 194.
New England, confederation of, in
1643, II. 453.

New Hampshire, a provincial govern- .
ment, I. 4. Ante-Revolutionary gov
ernment of, 4. Constitution of, form
ed, 119. Appoints and instructs del-
egates to the Convention, 369. Late
attendance of, in Convention, II. 24
Had three representatives in first
House, 149. In favor of property
qualification for national officers, 204.
Vote of, respecting citizenship, as qual-
ification for office, 209; respecting
money bills, 218; respecting slave-
trade, 305. In favor of taxing ex-
ports, 296. Vote on Constitution in,
postponed, why, 510; effect of, on
parties in Virginia, 510. Population
of, easily led to oppose Constitution,
514. Convention of, to vote on Con-
stitution, 514; members of, instruct-
ed to reject Constitution, 529; amend-
ments presented to, 541; majority
of, at first opposed to Constitution,
541; adjournment of, effect of, 541.
Action of Federalists of, 541.
vention of, meets, on adjournment,
549; anxiety respecting action of,
549. Ratification of Constitution by,
573. Ninth State to ratify Constitu-
tion, 578.

Con-

New Jersey, a provincial government,
I. 4. Washington's retreat through,
97. Constitution of, formed, 122.

Proposal of, in 1778, for the regula-
tion of commerce, 129. Resists the
claim of great States to Western
lands, 131. Ratifies the Confedera-
tion, 135. Action of, commended,
138. Attempts to pay its quotas in
paper money, 242. Recommends the
regulation of commerce, 277. Ap-
points and instructs delegates to the
Convention, 368. Representation of,
concerning the Articles of Confedera-
tion, 493. Act of, accepting them,
497. Purely "federal" government
proposed by, II. 92. Hamilton's plan
of, radical objections to, 99; con-
demned by Madison, 106. Opposed
to division of legislature, 133. In
favor of equality of suffrage in House
of Representatives, 138; of equal
representation of States in Senate,
141, 148, 165. Had four representa-
tives in first House, 149. In favor of
census of free inhabitants, 153; of
executive holding office during "good
behavior," 173. Vote of, respecting
citizenship as qualification for office,
209; respecting money bills, 216, 218.
In favor of each State having one
vote in Senate, 227. Vote of, re-
specting eligibility of members of
Congress to office, 251; respecting
representation of slaves, 293; re-
specting slave-trade, 305; respecting
admission of States, 354. In favor
of taxing exports, 296. Opposed to
restricting President to stated salary,
407. Ratification of Constitution by,
515. Convention of, 524. Position
of, respecting Constitution, 524. Al-
ways in favor of vesting regulation
of commerce in general government,
525. Action of, in Constitutional
Convention, respecting representa-
tion, 525.

New States, admission of, under the
Confederation, I. 292; under the Or-
dinance of 1787, 308. See Western
Territory and Northwestern Terri-
tory.

New York, Constitution of, formed, I.
122. Magnanimity of, commended,
137. Action of, upon the revenue
system of 1783, 246. Act of, respect-
ing British debts, 253. Trespass act
of, 256. Proceedings of, respecting
a general commercial convention,
343, 358. Resolution of, for a gen-
eral Convention, 360; how received
in Congress, 360. Appoints and in-

structs delegates to the Convention,
369. Act of, respecting boundaries,
&c., 505. Rank of, at formation of
Constitution, II. 118. Commerce of,
at formation of Constitution, 118.
Views of public men of, 118. Op-
posed to division of legislature, 133.
In favor of equality of suffrage in
House of Representatives, 138; in
Senate, 141, 148. Had six representa-
tives in first House, 149. Withdrawal
of delegates of, from Convention, 165,
182, 484, 502. Rejection of Constitu-
tion by, probable, 182. Vote of, re-
specting money bills, 216. In favor
of each State having one vote in Sen-
ate, 227. Reception of Constitution
in, 502. Executive government of,
opposed to Constitution, 502. Jeal-
ousy of Union existing in, 502. Let-
ter of delegates of, against Constitu-
tion, 502. Proceedings of legislature
of, respecting Constitution, 503; of
parties in, respecting Constitution,
503. Convention of, to vote on Con-
stitution, 504. Formidable opposi-
tion to Constitution in convention of,
529. Legislature of, divided on ques-
tion of submitting Constitution to
people, 536. Convention of, impor-
tance of action of, 542; time of meet-
ing of, 549; anxiety respecting ac-
tion of, 549; met at Poughkeepsie,
549; Hamilton leading spirit in, 568;
discussion in, respecting system of
representation proposed by Constitu-
tion, 573. Opponents of Constitu-
tion in, arguments and plan of, 572;
Hamilton's reply to, 572. Effect on,
of ratification by New Hampshire,
574. Opponents of Constitution in,
schemes of, 584. Numerous amend-
ments to Constitution proposed by,
587. Plan of, to adopt Constitution
conditionally, 587. Great struggle in,
over ratification of Constitution, 588.
Circular letter from, to all other
States, 588. Federalists of, justified
by Washington, 590; complaints
against, 591.

New York City, applies to the Conti-
nental Congress respecting British
troops, I. 31. Occupied by the Brit-
ish, 91. Temporary establishment
of seat of government at, effect of,
591. Celebration in, of adoption of
Constitution, 592. Honors paid by,
to Hamilton, 592.
NICHOLAS, GEORGE, a leading advo-

cate of Constitution in Virginia, II.
506.

Nobility, title of, cannot be granted by
Congress, II. 362.

Non-Intercourse, when and why adopt-
ed by Colonies, I. 23. Association
for, recommended and adopted, 24.
North Carolina, a provincial govern-
ment, I. 4. Constitution of, formed,
122. Appoints and instructs dele-
gates to the Convention, 369. Op-
posed to equality of suffrage in House
of Representatives, II. 138; to equal-
ity of votes in Senate, 141, 217. Vote
of, respecting equal vote of States in
Senate, 141, 148, 165; respecting
census of free inhabitants, 153. Had
five representatives in first House,
149. Opposed to executive holding
office during "good behavior," 173.
Vote of, respecting citizenship as
qualification for office, 209; respect-
ing money bills, 216, 218. Divided
on question of nine years' citizenship
as qualification of Senator, 224. Op-
posed to each State having one vote
in Senate, 227; to taxing exports,
296. Position of, in Convention, re-
specting slave-trade, 297, 301. Vote
of, respecting slave-trade, 305; on
suspension of habeas corpus, 360.
Cession by, in 1790, 357. Opposed
to restricting President to stated sal-
ary, 407. Convention of, Anti-Fed-
eral majority in, 596; debate in, 596;
amendments to Constitution pro-
posed by, 597; peculiar action of,
597. Attitude of, placed Union in
new crisis, 603.

Northern States, in favor of granting to
government full revenue and com-
mercial powers, II. 292. Chief mo-
tive of, for forming Constitution a
commercial one, 298. Cut off from
British West India trade, 298. Sep-
arate interests of, different, 300.
Northwestern Territory ceded by Vir-
ginia, I. 137, 295. Cession modi-
fied, 300. Ordinance respecting, why
framed, 301; provisions of, 302;
character of, 306. Ordinance for,
reported, 452. Cession of, II. 15.
Origin and relations of, &c., 341.
Jefferson's resolve for organization
of States in, 343. Slavery in, pro-
posals for prohibiting, 343. Ceded
on what trusts, 347,349. Admission
of new States under, see New
States.

0.

Oath, of office, proposed by New Jer-
sey in 1778, I. 130.

Oath of Allegiance, to the King, re-
ceived by Sir William Howe in New
Jersey, I. 106. To the United States
required by Washington in New Jer-
sey, 107; dissatisfaction occasioned
by, 107. Propriety of, defended by
Washington, 108. Prescribed in
Congress in 1778, 109.

Obligation of Contracts, clause respect-
ing, taken from the Ordinance of
1787, I. 452.

Officers of United States, appoint-
ment of, II. 417.

Officers of the Revolution, treatment of,
by Congress, and the country, I. 159.
Pay of, 159. Proceedings in Con-
gress respecting half-pay for, 160.
Pennsylvania line, 163. Proceed-
ings of, respecting their pay, 165.
See Army of the Revolution, Half-
pay, and Newburgh Addresses.
Oligarchy, detested by people of Unit-
ed States, II. 237.

Orders in Council, respecting trade
with the United States, I. 283. Ef-
forts of Congress to counteract, 285.
Effect of, on Northern States, II. 298.
Ordinance of 1787, framing of, I. 452.
Admission of new States provided
for by, II. 77. Fixed no mode of ad-
mitting new States, 79. Provisions
of, 344. Slavery excluded by, 344.
Author of, 344, 365. Passed, 365.
Character of, 366. Provision in, re-
specting contracts, occasion of, 366.
Extradition of slaves under, 454.
Osnaburg, Bishop of, rumored purpose
of loyalists respecting, II. 492. Af-
terwards Duke of York, 493.

P.

PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, delegate to
first Continental Congress, I. 13.
PALFREY, Colonel, sent
to New
Hampshire to arrest Tories, I. 65.
Paper Money, first issued by the Con-
tinental Congress, I. 78. Signing of,
78. State systems of, under Confed-
eration, II. 310. See Rhode Island.
Pardon, President's power of, II. 413.
See Treason.
Parliament, British, authority of, over
trade, how recognized by first Conti-

nental Congress, I. 20. Two houses
in, origin of, II. 130; mutual rela-
tions of, 130. Corruption in, origin
and extent of, 242; effect of knowl-
edge of, on framers of Constitution,
243. Necessity of officers of state,
&c. sitting in, 254. Analogy of Con-
gress to, 254.
PARSONS, THEOPHILUS, motion of, in
Massachusetts Convention, to ratify
Constitution, II. 537. Form of rati-
fication and proposed amendments
drawn by, 541.

Patents for useful inventions, subject
of, brought forward by Pinckney, II.
339. State legislation concerning,
339. Power over, surrendered to
Congress, 339.

PATTERSON, WILLIAM, mover of
New Jersey plan of government, II.
93. Arguments of, in Convention,

93.

Peace, effect of, upon the country, I.
179. See Treaty of Peace.
Peace Establishment. See Washington
and Hamilton.

PENDLETON, Chancellor, a leading
advocate of Constitution in Virginia,
II. 506.

Pennsylvania, a proprietary govern-
ment, I. 5. Constitution of, formed,
122. Stop-law of, 253. Appoints
and instructs delegates to the Con-
vention, 368. Had but one chamber
in legislature, II. 132. Opposed to
election of Senators by State legisla-
tures, 135; to equality of suffrage in
House of Representatives, 138; to
equal representation of States in
Senate, 141, 148, 165, 217. Had
eight representatives in first House,
149. In favor of census of free in-
habitants, 153; of executive holding
office during good behavior, 173.
Opposed to property qualification for
office, 189. Constitution of, citizen-
ship under, 206. Vote of, respecting
citizenship as qualification for office,
209; respecting money bills, 218.
Opposed to nine years' citizenship as
qualification of Senator, 224; to each
State having one vote in Senate, 227;
to impeachments being tried by Sen-
ate, 262. In favor of taxing exports,
296. Vote of, respecting slave-trade,
305. Ratification of Constitution by,
515. Convention of, first to meet,
519. Second State in population, in
1787, 519. Western counties of, in-

surrection in, 521; opposition of, to
Constitution, 524.

People of America, when not associated
as such, I. 16. Sole original source
of political power, II. 38, 471, 482.
Will of, how to be exercised, 471;
on a new exigency, how to be ascer-
tained, 483.

Petition, right of assembling for, as-
serted, I. 23. Of Continental Con-
gress to the King, 23, 38.
Philadelphia, threatened loss of, to the
enemy, I. 99. Falls into the hands
of the enemy, 113. Fought for, at
the battle of the Brandywine, 113.
The scene of many great events, II.
519. Demonstration at, in honor of
adoption of Constitution, 582.
PICKERING, TIMOTHY, suggests acad-
emy at West Point, I. 218.
PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH,
Revolutionary services of, I. 454.
Views of, respecting the requisite re-
form, 455; on the slave-trade, 456,
459, 460; respecting consequences
of rejection of Constitution, 487.
Proposition of, respecting taxes on
exports, II. 189; respecting extradi-
tion of slaves, 189, 452. Notifies Con-
vention of position of South Carolina
concerning tax on exports, 280. In
favor of Constitution, 510. Writes
to Washington of adoption of Consti-
tution by South Carolina, 544. Fi-
delity of, to South Carolina, 545.
Arguments of, in South Carolina
convention, 548.

PINCKNEY, CHARLES, plan of gov
ernment submitted by, II. 32. Propo-
sition of, respecting House of Repre-
sentatives, negatived, 40. Suggestions
of, respecting public debt, revenue,
&c., 319. In favor of Constitution,
510.

Piracy, nature of, II. 331. Power of
Congress to define and punish, 331.
PITT, WILLIAM, designs commercial
relations with the United States, I.
282. His bill to effect them, 283.
His extraordinary opportunities, 413.
Estimate of, 414.

Political Science, among the ancients,
I. 374. In the Middle Ages of Eu-
rope, 375; in England, 376; in
France, 377.

Popular Governments, American theory
of, I. 261.

Population of States in 1790, table of,
II. 55.