and thriving city, and has numerous pub- | king, and the issue of that marriage was lic structures, among which are a palace Hamlet. Hamlet's father was subsequentand a suite of fine buildings for a Univer- ly murdered by his brother, who married sity. Christiania is the chief seat of the the widow, and succeeded to the governforeign trade of Norway, and possesses a ment of the whole of Jutland. As a paconsiderable quantity of shipping. It con- gan, it was Hamlet's first duty to avenge tains a national gallery and museum of his father. The better to conceal his purnorthern antiquities. At an eminence on pose, he feigned madness. His uncle, susthe borders of the town stands the castle of pecting it to be feigned, sent him to EnAggerhaus, built during the early portion gland with a request to the king that he of the 14th century; it is strongly forti- would put Hamlet to death. He was acfied, and has withstood numerous sieges. companied by two creatures of his uncle, North Cape. Those who wish to see whose letter to the English king was the sun at midnight from the North Cape carved upon wood, according to the custom had better start from Scotland to Bergen; of the period. This Hamlet, during the thence by steamer to Hammerfest, the voyage, contrived to get possession of, and northernmost port in Europe; thence in so altered the characters as to make it a a one-horse wagon of the country to the request that his two companions should be Cape. There is no great difficulty in the slain, and which was accordingly done on journey. You sleep in the huts of the their arrival in England. He afterward Lapps, and may see their reindeer. As married the daughter of the English king; you must be at the Cape by or very near but, subsequently returning to Jutland, and the 21st of June, from the earliness of the still feigning madness, contrived to surseason you are apt to meet snow. There prise and slay his uncle after upbraiding are always a good many English on the him with his various crimes. Hamlet way "to do this little bit." It is not ex- then became governor of Jutland, marpensive, and the chief objection arises from ried a second time to a queen of Scotland, the entire absence of night. and was eventually killed in battle. The whole history of Hamlet is carefully and minutely detailed, but these are the leading historical features upon which Shakspeare founded his beautiful tragedy; and, rude and disgusting as many of the incidents in Hamlet's life were, the mode in which Shakspeare has treated them is one of the greatest proofs of his splendid genius. According to Saxo, Hamlet lived about five centuries before Christ."-Murray's Hand-book.

Leaving Gottenburg by steamer for Copenhagen, it will save time for the traveler to stop at Elsinore, which he can always do if the weather is not too heavy.

Elsinore contains 9000 inhabitants. Hotel, d'Eresund. All vessels entering the Sound anchor for the night. The principal objects of attraction are the Cathedral, which contains some fine monuments, and the Kronberg Castle, both of which are well worth a visit. The British fleet forced this passage in 1801, previous to the bombardment of Copenhagen.

"Any heap of stones with Runic inscriptions upon them, and said to denote "Hamlet's grave,' will be in vain searched for here, even if they ever existed. In fact, Hamlet's identification with this enchanting spot is at best but a Shaksperian fiction. Hamlet's country was not Zealand, but Jutland. Here the name was pronounced Amlet, signifying madman. According to the Danish historian of old, Saxo Grammaticus, Hamlet was not the son of a Danish king, but of a famous pirate chief, who was governor of Jutland in conjunction with his brother. Hamlet's father married the daughter of the Danish BB 2

Close by here is Marien-Lyst, a beautiful pleasure-ground and bathing-place, much frequented by the better classes of Danes and Swedes.

From Elsinore to Copenhagen, steamers several times a day.

Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, stands upon the east coast of Zealand. It contains about 134,000 inhabitants. The principal hotel is the Royal.

The city is inclosed within a line of fortifications, now used as a promenade. Toward the sea it exhibits an extensive assemblage of batteries, docks, stores, and arsenals. The eastern portion of the har571

The other churches of Copenhagen are not of much importance.

bor is protected by the castle of Fredericks- | by Thorwaldsen; the latter is in the sachavn, which is regarded as impregnable. risty. Part of the city is built on the small island of Amak, the channel between the main land and the island forming the port. The city is distinguished by the great number of its palaces and public buildings of various kinds, and extensive collections of works of art.

Of the royal residences the palaces of Rosenberg, Amalienborg, and Christiansborg are the most celebrated. The first is surrounded by extensive gardens, which are open to the public, and the last contains the royal library, one of the best in Europe, containing, exclusive of MSS., nearly 500,000 volumes, and is particularly rich in the literature of the northern nations. Several of the residences of the former sovereigns of Denmark are now used as picture-galleries, libraries, and museums.

umes.

Thorwaldsen's Museum, built by subscription, to contain casts of all his works, and many originals. Thorwaldsen was a favored child of Genius and Perseverance. From the time his fame was established in Rome by the production of his "Jason," up to the day of his death, he basked in the sunshine of prosperity. President of the Academy of Arts, decorated with the orders of different European sovereigns, apartments appropriated to his use at the residence of the ruler of his country, and dying at a ripe old age, possessed not only of an ample fortune, but of the affections of the entire kingdom. Thorwaldsen was the son of a ship-carpenter from Iceland; was born in 1770, at Copenhagen. The educational, scientific, and literary At an early age he acquired a passion for establishments of Copenhagen rank with drawing, which soon led him to Rome, the first of their class in Europe. In ad- when he became a pupil of the great Cadition to the library belonging to the pal-nova. After some years he took a studio, ace of Christiansborg, there is the Clossen but the stranger remained a long time unlibrary, bequeathed to the public by a gen- noticed. He was about leaving for Cotleman of that name, and also the Univer-penhagen, when his statue of "Jason" atsity library, containing over 100,000 vol- tracted the notice of an Englishman, after which time fortune began to shine, and orders poured in upon him faster than he could execute them. He established himself in the Holy City, and did not permanently return to Copenhagen until six years before his death. The statues which he presented to the cathedral church of his native city were executed in Rome. He died one evening while at the theatre, in 1844, in the 74th year of his age. The whole number of Thorwaldsen's works in this museum is about 300. Some of the upper rooms are devoted to a small museum of coins, sculptures, pictures, and bronzes which he collected at Rome. In one room is arranged all the furniture of his sitting-room, also a bust of Martin Luther, commenced the day of his death. The museum is built in the form of a parallelogram, in the centre of which is a mausoleum for the resting-place of the great artist's remains. In addition to the statues, casts, and other works of art presented by Thorwaldsen to this museum, he also bequeathed $60,000 to be appropriated to the purchase of works of art by Danish masters. "Hector and Priam" is

The principal objects of attraction are, first, the cathedral church of Nôtre Dame, which was nearly destroyed during the bombardment by the English in 1807. It is ornamented almost exclusively by the works of Copenhagen's universal favorite, Thorwaldsen, pupil of Canova, a man whose name is mentioned with the highest veneration and deepest respect by every inhabitant of Denmark. In an alcove at your right, as you enter, may be seen his coffin, which was followed to this church by the king and royal family, and all the high officials of the government. On each side of the church stand six of the twelve apostles, while in a niche behind the altar may be seen the colossal figure of Christ, all by Thorwaldsen. The font is, however, the gem of the church, and shows the genius of the master. His favorite pupil's child (Bissen) was the first christened at it, the artist acting as sponsor. The whole of the royal family were present on the occasion. All the bas-reliefs in the church, including "The Baptism of Christ," and "The Last Supper," are

Turkey. Among the last is a cimeter taken from the Turkish admiral by Admiral Cort Adeler (by whom he was killed) in 1654, and afterward worn by the Danish kings.

In the Storm Gade the Museum of Natural History is situated.

considered the gem of the gallery. Among | and Japan, and innumerable trophies from his collection of paintings is a portrait taken by Horace Vernet in Thorwaldsen's 65th year, bearing the following inscription, in French: "Horace Vernet to his illustrious friend Thorwaldsen, Rome, 1835." Thorwaldsen's works are reproduced in biscuit china on a reduced size, in the factory of Messrs. Bing & Gröndahl. These copies are sold in the establishment of Messrs. Bing & Son, corner of Pilestrade and Kronprindsensgade, and travelers wishing to procure correct specimens will act wisely in going directly to the dépôt of the factotory, as the poorer specimens are sold in numerous shops in Copenhagen, while every article sold by Messrs. Bing & Son is warranted to be perfect. Photographs of Thorwaldsen's works and of the city and environs are also kept here, and nearly all foreigners coming to Copenhagen visit this establishment.

The palace of Christiansborg, the residence of the king, is of immense extent. It was erected in 1795, the old one having been destroyed by fire. It requires a fee of 90 cents to take a party through this edifice. Here again, in all directions, the

genius of the immortal Thorwaldsen is visible. Most conspicuous are the groups over the grand entrance, and the triumphal march of Alexander into Babylon, which is in the grand entrance hall. This palace contains the picture-gallery, which does not compare favorably with galleries in similar cities, nor is it in keeping with the other works of art in Copenhagen. There are also seven rooms rich in Northern antiquities of all descriptions. The royal library, stables, and riding-schools, as also the arsenal, are all connected with this palace. The chapel of the palace is well worth a visit. It is ornamented with bassi-relievi by Thorwaldsen and his pupil Bissen.

The castle of Rosenberg, with its surrounding gardens, is a very interesting spot. It was erected in the early part of the 17th century by Christian IV. It is now occupied as a museum, containing national and historical relics. The collection consists of antiques, ancient armor, objects of art, the crown jewels, the thrones used by the former kings and queens of Denmark-some of them of solid silverthe fonts in which the royal children were baptized, the drinking-horn of Christian I. and the sword of Christian II., and a set of horse equipments presented by Christian IV. to his eldest son on his wedding day; cost, in Paris, $200,000. In the gallery of casts, in the same museum, is Thorwald-Theatre, where the masses congregate to sen's "Dancing Nymph." This piece was originally executed for Prince Metternich. Fee for a party, 90 cents.

The Royal Museum, situated in the Dronningens Tvergade, contains a fine collection of Grecian and Roman antiquities, the weapons used in warfare previous to the 11th century, relics connected with the worship of the Roman Catholic Church in ancient times, and the armor and weapons of the Middle Ages, with relics from China

The Theatres are three in number-at least three represent the different classes. That adjoining the Charlottenborg palace, under the management of the government, for opera and ballet; the Theatre Hof, occupied by the Italian Opera Company during the winter months; and the Moerskabs

witness pantomime, etc. The Tivoli Gardens, in the suburbs, are the fashionable resort on summer evenings.

From Copenhagen, by rail, 56 miles to Korsoer, on the other side of the island; thence by steamer, through the Great Belt, to Kiel; and thence by rail, 65 miles to Hamburg (Altona).

The traveler can now return to England by steamer, or much quicker by rail, via Hanover and Ostend, or Calais. 573

[SPAIN.]

clined to set it at not less than fifteen millions. It has been rapidly increasing in the northern and southern provinces during the last ten years.

The principal productions are wines, brandies, wool, silk, quicksilver, lead, salt, skins, and olive-oil. The imports are sugar, coffee, salt fish, staves (which come principally from the United States), and a variety of manufactured articles.

The government of Spain is an heredit

power being invested in the sovereign and Cortes, the latter consisting in a Senate and House of Representatives. The members of the Senate are appointed by the crown, and hold their office during life. The representatives are elected by electoral juntas, one member for every fifty thousand popu

and vote, and are elected for a term of five years; but the sovereign may dissolve this house at pleasure. The privilege of voting is dependent on a certain scale of annual taxation, which scale is reduced one half in favor of professional persons, such as doctors of law or medicine, architects, painters, sculptors, and persons serving the state in any capacity, or officers on half pay. Bankrupts and persons convicted of penal offenses are deprived of the right of fran

ing. Although Spain is now divided into forty-nine provinces, it is better known to travelers under its old divisions, some of which were formerly separate kingdoms, and are still inhabited by separate races, whose dialect, manners, and pursuits are entirely different. The northern provinces, which we first enter from France, are Galicia, Asturias, and Biscay at the west, and Navarre, Catalonia, and Aragon at the east. These have a temperate and variable climate, similar to the middle lati-ary and limited monarchy, the legislative tudes of Europe. The natives are hardy, bold, and industrious. The mountains are clothed with splendid forests of oak and chestnut, while the valleys, well watered, produce abundant harvests of corn. The middle provinces are Leon and Estremadura at the west, the latter bordering on Portugal, Castile, Old and New, in the cen-lation. They have full freedom of speech tre, and Valencia and Murcia at the east. These provinces, being high and unsheltered, are subject to great changes; they are but scantily watered, and the summer's sun almost destroys the vegetation, while the winter's piercing blasts sweep over these high plateaus with fearful violence. Rearing sheep seems to be the principal occupation of the natives. The flocks spend their winters in the comparatively mild plains of Estremadura, and in the summer ascend the higher steppes of Leonchise. and the Castiles. The sunny province of Andalucia occupies the whole of the south of Spain. Here the noble Moor made his last and desperate struggle. This favored region, supposed by the Moors to have dropped from heaven, has been the theme of poets from time immemorial. Here rich groves of orange and lemon trees adorn the valleys. The cultivation of the sugar-cane, the vine, the fig, and the olive is extensive, while the warm and fructifying plains develop the myrtle, the mulberry, and the laurel. Its mountains, being covered with perpetual snow, supply sufficient moisture for the soil of the valleys, as the hotter the season the greater the melting. The natives of Andalucia resemble in a great measure the Moors, who formerly occupied their country: they certainly have their hospitable and intellectual, if not their industrial qualities.

The population of Spain is variously estimated. From recent conversations with gentlemen in office at Madrid, we are in

There are ten universities in Spain, viz., Valladolid, Madrid, Toledo, Seville, Saragossa, Valencia, Santiago, Salamanca, Oviedo, and Granada, and some 25,000 schools. Education is decidedly on the increase.

The great amusement of the Spanish people, in addition to music and dancing, is the bull-fight. In almost every town in Spain may be seen the bull-ring, and these, during the season (summer), are thronged with spectators of every age and sex.

Mr. Inglis's account being one of the most graphic, we take the privilege of here inserting it: "The bull-fight is the national game of Spain, and the love of the Spaniards for this spectacle is almost beyond belief. Monday, in Madrid, is always, during the season of the bull-fights, a kind of holiday: every body looks forward to the enjoyment of the afternoon, and all the conversation is about los toros. Frequency of repetition makes no difference to the true amateur of the bull-fight; he is never weary of it; at all times he finds leisure