and to the capture of Callao, the last bulwark of the Spanish empire in South America. After which I shall fly to my country, to give an account to the representatives of the Colombian people, of my mission to Peru, of your liberty, and of the glory of the liberating army.

BOLIVAR.

BRAZIL.

DECLARATION OF THE EMPEROR DON PEDRO I. AGAINST ABSOLUTE POWER.

The governor of the province of St. Paulo states in a letter of the 5th of May, that he has been making a tour among the towns within his jurisdiction, and finds the people every where disposed to proclaim his majesty as the absolute sovereign; he hopes the capital will declare itself to this effect, and that his majesty will be restored to the enjoyment of his inalienable rights. In consequence of this his majesty has issued the following decree :

"Having been informed of the reprehensible conduct of Manoel da Cunha de Azerdo Continho Souza e Chicoro, in taking criminal and scandalous steps contrary to the established system of government, and to the constitution which I have sworn to maintain, I have resolved, with the advice of my council of state, to suspend him from the exercise of his functions, and to order him immediately to come to this capital to answer for such blameable proceedings." D. PEDRO 1.

BUENOS AYRES.

FIRST DECREE OF THE GENERAL CONSTITUENT CONGRESS OF THE UNITED PROVINCES OF LA PLATA; A LAW WHICH FIXES PROVISIONALLY THE STATE OF THE confeDERATION, &c.

The general constituent congress of the United Provinces has decreed and decrees, as follows:

Art. 1. The provinces of the river La Plata, assembled in congress, renewed by the organ of their deputies, and in the most solemn manner, the compact, by which they bound themselves from the moment when, shaking off the yoke of the Spanish dominion, they proclaimed their independence; and they again swear to employ all the means in their power to maintain this independence, and mutually to promote the general felicity.

Art. 2. The general congress declares itself legislative and constitucnt.

Art. 3. Till the promulgation of the general constitution which the congress is to give to the federation, each province shall preserve the particular institutions which it now possesses.

Art. 4. Whatever relates to the independence, to the integrity, to the safety, to the defence, and to the prosperity of the nation, is essentially connected with the authority of the general congress.

Art. 5. The general congress shall, consequently, adopt such measures as it may judge necessary, relatively to the objects mentioned in the preceding article.

Art. 6. The constitution which shall be adopted and sanctioned, by the general congress, shall be submitted to the approbation of the provinces previously to its promulgation; nor shall it become a fundamental law of the confederation, till after having obtained this approbation.

Art. 7. Till the establishment of a federal executive power; the government of the province of Buenos Ayres shall be invested with the following powers:

1st, It shall exercise that which relates to foreign affairs, to the appointment of ministers to foreign governments, and to the reception of the ministers of these governments to the United Provinces.

2dly, It shall make treaties, conventions, &c. with foreign governments; but it shall not ratify these acts without the special authority of the general congress.

3dly, It shall communicate to the governments of the provinces of the confederation, the resolutions adopted by the general congress, concerning the objects mentioned in Article 4.

4thly, It shall propose to the general congress the measures which it may judge calculated to ameliorate the administration of affairs.

Art. 8. The present law shall be communicated to the different governments of the United Provinces by the president of the general congress.

MANUEL ANTONIO CASTRO, President,
ALEGI VILLLEGAS, Secretary.

Buenos Ayres, 23rd Jan. 1825.

The government of the province of Buenos Ayres replied in the following manner to the communication of this law:

Buenos Ayres, 27th Jan. 1825.

The government of the province of Buenos Ayres has received the fundamental law, decreed the 23rd of this month, by the general constituent congress of the United Provinces of La Plata, which the president of this body transmitted to it by his letter of the 24th.

Impressed with the urgency of dispatching foreign affairs, with the difficulty of promptly and permanently providing for the establishment of an executive power; considering, besides, the disposition constantly manifested by the province of Buenos Ayres, to contribute with all its power, to remove the obstacles occasioned by the divisions of the provinces, and existing from the beginning of the formation of the congress, and particularly in respect to the general affairs; considering, also, that the other provinces, having approved its interposition in foreign affairs, will likewise approve the decision of the general congress, the government of Buenos Ayres accepts the office imposed upon it, by Article 7 of the funda

mental law, persuaded that this measure will accelerate the moment of the installation of the executive power of the confederation, and because this same article determines with precision, the limits of the power with which the said law invests it.

The government of Buenos Ayres considers it a duty, to assure the general congres that it will exert all its efforts to merit the confidence reposed in it.

JUAN GREGORIO DE LAS HERAS.
MANOEL J. GARCIA.

To the General Constituent Congress.

The American Monitor.

BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF PRESIDENT BOLIVAR.

Quelle tête en Europe s'élève eux au dessus de celle de Bolivar? qui a jugé, combattu, et parlé mieux que lui ?-DE PRADT.

The man whose course we are now about to trace, is the child and the champion of that glorious revolution, which will give a new character, and a new impulse to the whole moral world. Bolivar is almost a personification of the American revolution; his name is engraved on every page of the history of this great struggle between barbarism and civilization; and his fortune henceforth inseparable from that noblest of human conceptions, republican form of government, gravitates towards liberty with as much certainty as our globe gravitates towards the sun.

The biography of General Bolivar must, therefore, excite the most intense and universal interest and curiosity; it promises to present a picture of an epoch which may, and indeed must, change the condition and aspect of both hemispheres; it must necessarily comprize a narrative of a long and bloody war, exhibiting prodigies of glory, of constancy, of success, and of disasters; a war in which the magnitude of the calamities is only equalled, by the magnitude of the consequences, immediate or remote, which must