the White Sea, which bring cargoes of corn, and return laden with salt cod. The steamer usually stays a day at Tromsoë.

HAMMERFEST, population 1,125, is the most northerly town in Europe. It is situated at 70° 49 north latitude. Owing to the prevalence of south-west winds, and the influence of the Gulf Stream, the fjords here are seldom frozen, and all through the winter the inhabitants carry on the whale-fishery, and the pursuit of the walrus and seal; also that of the reindeer and the eider-duck. There are several tribes of Laplanders settled in the vicinity of Hammerfest.

The North Cape, on the island of Mangeroë, 90 miles distant, rises about 730 ft. above the sea; it can be reached by steamer from Hammerfest to Gjaesvaer, from which latter place it may be reached in three hours, partly by boat. Good accommodation may be had at Herr Lemmings at Gjaesvaer.

Bayard Taylor, who visited the

North Cape at midnight, describes the scene as follows, "The headlands of this deeply indented coast, the capes of the Laxe and Porsanger Fjords and of Mangeroë lay around us in different degrees of distance, but all with foreheads touched with supernatural glory. Far to the north-east was Nordkyn, the most northern point of the mainland of Europe, gleaming rosily and faint in the full beams of the sun, and just as our watches denoted midnight, the north appeared to the westward, a long line of purple bluff, presenting a vertical front of 900 ft. in height to the Polar Ocean. Midway between these two magnificent headlands stood the MIDNIGHT SUN shining on us with subdued fires, and with the gorgeous colouring of an hour for which we have no name, since it is neither sunrise nor sunset, but the blended loveliness of both, but shining at the same moment in the heat and splendour of noonday on the Pacific isles."

salem, and who wish first to visit Egypt, may cross the "Land of Goshen from Cairo to Ismailia, and take steamer on the Suez Canal to Port Said and go thence by steamer to Jaffa. There are several steamers a week from Port Said touching at Jaffa. Several other lines of steamers from France or Italy are available. From Marseilles, the Messageries Maritimes, which also take up at Naples. From Genoa, Leghorn, or Naples, the Rubattino steamers to either Alexandria or Port Said. Next to those of the Peninsular and Oriental Co. those of the Messageries Maritimes are the most comfortable.

Trieste, one of the points of embarkation, may be reached also by way of Vienna, the routes from the North to that point being carefully described in this Guide Book. Many travellers reach Trieste by way of Venice, erossing the Brenner Pass from Munich to Verona and thence to Venice, from which last place there is a steamer to Trieste three times a week, fare 18s.

the

In the season of navigation Constantinople may be reached by way of Vienna and Danube, but tourists destined to Palestine and Egypt in the early spring, would not be able to await the opening of navigation on the Danube. For routes from London to Marseilles and Genoa, see Routes 62 to 63 of this Guide Book.

The fares from London to Brindisi are, prst class, £11 17s. 3d.; second class, £812s. 6d. From London to Marseilles, first class, £7 58.; no second class by Express trains. The fare from London to Trieste vid Venice is, first class, £9 10s. 6d. ; second class, £7 2s. 6d. The fare by steamer from Trieste to Alexandria is, first class, 132 fiorins ;

second class, 91 gulden 35 kr.; from Brindisi to Alexandria, by either line, first class, £12. The fare from Marseilles to Jaffa by Messageries Maritimes steamer is, vid Alexandria, first class, 490 francs; second class, 360 francs. The fare from Trieste to Jaffa by the Austrian Lloyd's is, first class, 166 florins; second class, 118 florins.

GREECE.

The name by which the ancient Greeks delighted to call their country was Hellas. The terms Græcia and Græci were first used by the Romans, being derived probably from a small tribe in Epirus, near Dodona, called Graikoi, with whom the Romans may be supposed to have been, from proximity, best acquainted.

This country, so celebrated in the history of freedom, of literature, of art, of philosophy, and of civilization generally, varied much in size at different periods of its history. Hellas was at first applied only to a small district in Thessaly, at a later period it denoted not only the Morea, and what is commonly called Greece proper, but also Macedonia, Epirus, and the islands of the Agean. The northern boundary of ancient Greece may be fixed at parallel 40 north latitude, the southern extremity being in 36° 23'. The barrier separating Greece from Illyricum and Macedonia on the north, was that range of mountains, which, starting from the Adriatic as the Ceraunian range, merges into the Cambunian ridge in the centre, and runs into the sea on the east of the far famed Olympus. The Ægean Sea washes the country on the east, the Mediterranean on the south, and the Ionian and Adri