after his death, was placed upon his coffin. It has never been recovered. The uniforms of the three sovereigns who formed the Holy Alliance are preserved here in mahogany closets.

An avenue leads from the Brandenburg Gate to SANS SOUCI. At the entrance of the park, on the right, is the Friedenskirche. It is built in the style of a basilica, and has three naves, of which the central one is 87 ft. long by 32 ft. wide. It contains a mosaic from a church at Murano, near Venice.

The PARK OF SANS SOUCI was laid out in 1744 by Frederick II., and has subsequently received embellishments from time to time. It is adorned with numerous statues and groups in marble; amongst others, two sphinxes, and a bust of Paolo Giordano, Duc de Bracciano, in Egyptian porphyry, which was taken to Paris by the French, and restored in 1815. The latter is placed near the great fountain, which throws a jet nearly 120 ft. high. Its basin is 130 ft. in diameter, and is surrounded by twelve mythological groups. Further on are four marble columns 30 ft. high, with capitals gilded, and adorned with statues of Venus, Apollo, Bacchus, and Hope. Another avenue to the right of the Brandenburg gate leads to the principal entrance of the Park, where there is an obelisk 63 ft. high. Around it are columns with busts. On the way to the Palace we pass several fountains and the Grotto of Neptune.

The Great Fountain is at the foot of the hill on which stands the PALACE OF SANS SOUCI. We ascend by nine terraces, each adorned with orange-trees and conservatories. On two sides of the Palace are vases in marble. Near the Palace, at the end of

the terrace, are the tablets over the graves of the favourite dogs and charger of the king, in the grave with which he requested that he might be buried. This palace, built in 1745-47, was the favourite residence of Frederick II., who died here. It then remained unoccupied for many years. It was restored by Frederick-William IV., who made it his summer residence, and died in it in 1861. The apartments of Frederick the Great are in the same state as when he left them. We see the clock, which stopped at 20 minutes past 2 o'clockthe moment of his decease, and the couch on which he died. From the palace we may ascend a hill called Ruinenberg, from the artificial ruins which hide the waterworks supplying the fountains. From the summit of the tower of the reservoir, the view is very fine. In the lower portion of the park is the JAPANESE PAVILION; near it is a fine bronze fountain. The Temple contains a copy of the statue of Queen Louise, executed by Rauch for the mausoleum of Charlottenburg. Close by the palace is the historic windmill.

The NEW PALACE, at the end of the Great Avenue, was built at the termination of the Seven Years' War, 1763-9, in the Dutch style, at a cost of 3,000,000 thalers. The great façade is 227 yards long. The palace has 322 windows, and is adorned externally with upwards of 400 statues or groups. On the frontal is inscribed: Nec soli cedit. There are 200 apartments, of which about 40 are shown. In the apartments of Frederick II. are several fine paintings, some of them being by the first masters: Tintoretto, Domenichino, Guido Reni, Van Dyck, Titian.

On a wooded eminence east of Potsdam, and about 24 miles distant, is the Castle of Babelsberg, the usual summer residence of the king. The grounds are handsomely laid out.

ROUTE 97.

COLOGNE TO BREMEN AND HAMBURG.

NEW ROUTE, 1877. 245 miles; 1st class (express) 42 m., 10 pf. 31.30. Time, 94 hours." (For the route from Cologne to Oberhausen see Route 96.)

N the early part of 1877 a new route was opened, by which the distance between Cologne and Bremen and Hamburg was considerably shortened. As far as Oberhausen it is the same as described in Route 96. Thence, over an uninteresting country, it goes direct to Osnabruck, and thence to

BREMEN (165 miles), (Hotels: see "HOTEL APPENDIX "), population, 74,200. This is one of the most important commercial towns on the Continent. It is situated on the River Weser, which runs through it. Its shipping business is very great. The shipowners possess upwards of 300 vessels. It is estimated that 80,000 emigrants embark for America from

Bremen every year. The fortifications have been destroyed, and the ramparts now form promenades. On the eastern part of the promenade are the Theatre, the Union (a merchants' association), and the Kunsthalle, or Museum of Fine Arts. Near the last-named is the statue of the astronomer Olbers. The Rathhaus, of the 15th century is a remarkable building. The southern façade is adorned with eight large statues, representing the Emperor and the seven Electors. In the great hall is the marble statue of the Burgomaster Smidt, who died in 1857.

On the west side is the entrance to the famous wine cellars, which are open to the public every day. In one of the compartments are the wine casks called the Rose, and the Twelve Apostles. In front of the Rathhaus is a statue of Roland, 18 feet high, erected in 1412, intended as a symbol of the Sovereignty of the town. In the immediate vicinity is the Schutting, the seat of the Chamber of Commerce. Near it are the Bourse, the Church of Notre Dame, and the Stadthaus. The Cathedral, a Gothic building of the 12th century, has been recently restored. It possesses the finest organ in Germany. The tourist should note the glass; the pulpit given by Christine of Sweden; the baptismal fonts; and the Bleikeller, a vault which has the property of preserving bodies from decomposition. On the Cathedral Place, or Domshof, are the Museum and the Borsenhalle, a place of meeting, or club for merchants. On the Domshaide, near the Cathedral, is a bronze statue of Gustavus Adolphus, made at Munich. The ship which was to have transported it to Gothenburg was wrecked at Heligoland, and the statue, being rescued by the fish

ermen there, was purchased by some Bremen merchants, and presented by them to the town. Near it is the Artists' Club. The Church of St. Ansgar, of the 13th century, is surmounted by a tower 325 feet high. It contains a fine painting by Tischbein, some good frescoes, and stained glass windows. The Catholic Church of St. John contains the remains of Prince Louis-François de Bourbon-Conde, who died in 1757.

Two bridges connect the two banks of the Weser. From the larger one there is a fine view. Near the southern ramparts are the barracks and armoury of the military contingent of Bremen.

The depth of water in the river at Bremen is sufficient only for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Large vessels are unloaded at BREMERHAFEN, (Hotels; Steinhof's, Lloyd's,) which is 30 miles below Bremen. It is rapidly increasing in trade and population, and now numbers about 6,500 inhabitants, It is also a watering place. It is connected by railway with Bremen. Trains five times a day, in an hour and a half-fare, 1st class, 1 th. 20 sgr.; 2nd, 1 th. 8 sgr. ; 3rd, 25 sgr. After leaving Bremen the train passes Rotenberg, Bucholz, and Harburg, and reaches HAMBURG, for a description of which city see page 411.

ROUTE 98.

COLOGNE TO HAMBURG.

(For the convenience of those who may prefer the old route, vià Hanover, the description of that route is allowed to remain.)

(For that part of the route from Cologne to Lehrte, see Route96).

EAVING Lehrte, we pass Burgdorf (225 miles), CELLE (238 miles), population, 14,000, the second residence of the King of Hanover before its annexation to Prussia; UELZEN (260 miles), near which are some stones supposed to be Druidic, and reach

The

LUNEBURG (283 miles), (Hotels: Wellenkamp's). It is an interesting old town of about 15,000 inhabitants. It is mentioned in the chronicles of 961, and was greatly enlarged by Henry the Lion in the 12th century. The Rathhaus contains an interesting collection of medieval works of art. Church of St. John is of the 14th century, and is worth inspection. The railway presently passes Bardewieck, formerly a place of great importance, until Hamburg took away its trade. It was destroyed in 1189 by Henry the Lion. Of its ancient buildings only the ruins of its Cathedral remain.

We now pass two unimportant stations, and reach

HARBURG (307 miles), (Hotel: König von Schweden), a town of about 9,000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of the Elbe. A bridge and railway across the river are now built. Harburg possesses a fortified fort. From the hill of Schwarzenberg, in the Beighbourhood, there is a fine

new.

HAMBURG (Hotels: see " HOTEL APPENDIX"), population, 275,000. This is the chief place of commerce, and one of the most beautiful cities in Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, about 80 miles from its mouth. The River Alster joins the Elbe here. The Alster forms, on the north of the city, a basin called the Binnen Alster, which communicates with another basin outside the city, called Grosse Alster. A great part of the town was destroyed by fire in 18-42, and was afterwards rebuilt on a magnificent scale. The PORT in which vessels can enter with the tide is very extensive.

The foundation of Hamburg dates from the time of Charlemagne, who built a castle on the heights between the Elbe and the Alster. The Emperor Otho IV., in the 12th century, raised it to the rank of a free town. In 1241 it joined the Hanseatic League, and waged a successful war with the Danish kings. After numerous contests between the senate and the people, a Constitution was definitively established in 1712. In 1803 it was occupied by the French; Napoleon incorporated it with the French Empire in 1810; Marshal Davoust occupied it in 1813-4. In 1815 it became a member of the Germanic Confederation, and is now a member

of the North German Confederation.

The BOURSE is, from 1 to 2 o'clock, the rendezvous of merchants; from three to four thousand persons transact business there. The palace of the Bourse, on the Place Adolphe, is one of the finest buildings in Hamburg. On the first floor is the Börsenhalle, where the merchants meet. It contains also a mercantile library of 40,000 volumes.

The fashionable promenade is along the quays which surround the basin of the Alster, viz.: the Old Jungfernstieg, the New Jungfernstieg, the Alsterdamm, and the Wall, near the Lombard's bridge.

There are several remarkable churches in Hamburg:

The Church of St. Nicholas, in the Hopfenmarkt, standing on the site of an older one burnt in 1842; it was rebuilt after the plans of Scott, the English architect. It is in the pure Gothic style.

The Church of St. Peter, in the Speerssort, the most ancient of all in Hamburg. It was rebuilt after the plan of the old one burned in 1842.

The Church of St. Catharine, on the Grimm, in the old town, dates from the 13th century.

The Church of St. James, near the Steinstrasse, is surmounted by a tower 355 ft. high. Amongst its other remarkable paintings is one of ancient Hamburg. The Great Church of St. Michael, in the new town, built 1751-62, after the designs of Sonnin, is surmounted by a steeple 456 ft. high. A fine panoramic view may be had from its summit. Apply at the office opposite the entrance.

Among the principal edifices may be mentioned the HoTel de VILLE, in the Neue-Wall. The great hall is used for civic ban

quets. The new Kunsthalle, near the Lombards' Bridge, contains a fair collection of modern pic

tures.

On the Old Jungfernstieg is the BAZAAR, a glazed passage leading from the Jungfernstieg to the Königstrasse. It cost sixty thousand pounds sterling. Near the Jungfernstieg end, this passage forms an octagon, surmounted by a cupola, and is richly decorated. It is bordered with good shops.

The ancient ramparts have been converted into promenades. The most agreeable portion is that comprised within the Wall, between the basin of the Alster and the railway terminus. On leaving the Lombard's bridge we pass an obelisk erected in honour of the savant Busch; the Alsterhöhe is a fine point of view. Near the

Steinthor gate is the monument of Count Adolph, of Holstein, one of the benefactors of the State, dating from the 13th century. On the west side of the Wall, to the left of the Dammthor gate, are the ZOOLOGICAL and BOTANIC GARDENS, among the finest in Germany. Near the Deichthor gate is the Reservoir which supplies the whole city with water. From the tower there is a magnificent view.

ALTONA, the most important town of Holstein, adjoins Hamburg. It is a place of considerable trade. Its population is 65,000. It was sacked by the Swedes in 1715, and contains no ancient buildings. It is a free port. Its finest buildings are the Hotel de Ville, and the Churches of the Trinity and Holy Ghost.

From Hamburg, a visit may be made to Lübeck, which is thirty-nine miles distant. There is nothing of interest on the route between the two cities. Fares: 1st class, 5. 10; 2nd, 3. 80; 3rd, 2.60.

LUBECK (Hotel: Stadt Hamburg), population 38,000, is an old Hanseatic town, situated on the Trave. It has a considerable trade. At the time of the Hanseatic League it was called the Carthage of the North. After the battle of Jéna, Blücher, who had thrown himself into it, was ejected by the French, and made prisoner, together with the remainder of his army. Lübeck

is one of the best specimens of a mediæval town to be found in Germany. The Domkirche (Cathedral), built from the 12th to the 14th century, contains several tombs, some bronze fonts of the 15th century, a carved pulpit of the 16th century, and a painting, attributed to Memling. The

Marien-kirche, of the 14th century, is built of bricks. Its towers are 420 ft. high; it contains some fine sculptures, paintings by Overbeck, a curious clock, handsome stained windows, &c. The Catharinen - Kirche has been converted into a museum of local antiquities. The Rathhaus, of the 16th century, of variegated bricks, is the place where the Hanseatic League held its sittings. The hall is called the "Hall of the Hansa." The Merchants Club-house has some wood-carvings of the 16th century. One of the curiosities of the town is the Schiffer Innung, or shipowners guild, a building dating from 1535, and still unaltered.

From Hamburg (Altona), Kiel is reached by railway by Elmshorn and Neuminster in about 3 hours.

KIEL (Hotel: Marsily) is a town of about 18,000 inhabitants, situated on the Baltic, 65 miles from Hamburg. Fares: 1st class, 88 sgr.; 2nd, 63 sgr.; 3rd, 43 sgr. Its port can accommodate the largest vessels. It is a favourite bathing-place during the