The propensities are common to man and the lower animals ; they neither perceive nor reason, but only feel.

No. 1.-Amativeness.-This organ is situated immediately over the nape of the neck, and fills up the space between the ears behind, or rather between the mastoid processes, or projecting bones behind the ears. It generally forms a projection in that part, and gives a thickness to the neck when it is large, and a spareness when small,

As the basis of the domestic affections, it is one of great importance, and its regulation has ever been one of the prime objects of moral systems, laws, and institutions.

No. 2.-Philoprogenitiveness.-This, in man as well as animals, is the feeling of the love of his offspring It depends on no other faculty, as reason or benevolence it is primitive, and in the mother, who, for wise reasons, is gifted with it most strongly, its object, the infant, instantly rouses it to a high state of excitement. It is situated in the middle of the back of the head, and when large projects like a portion of an ostrich egg. The organ is one of the easiest to distinguish in the human head. Those who are flat and perpendicular there, instead of being delighted are annoyed by children It is generally smaller in males than in females, though sometimes found larger; and men so organized delight to carry about and nurse children. The feeling gives a tender sympathy generally with weakness and helplessness; and we find it often returned by the young themselves to the old and feeble. It is essential to a soft kind attendant on the sick, to a nurse of nursery-maid, and to a teacher of youth. It induces women to make pets of small and gentle animals, when tyrant circumstances have kept them single, and denied them offspring of their own. Its feelings are, by a kind Providence, rendered so delightful, that they are extremely apt to be carried the length of excess; and spoiling and pampering children into vicious selfishness is the ruinous consequence.

The

No. 3 Inhabitiveness - Concentrativeness. organ is situated immediately above the preceding. The pur pose of a faculty which prompts men to settle instead of roaming, which latter habit is inconsistent with agriculture, commerce, and civilization, is obvious; nostalgia, or home-sickness, is the disease of the feeling.

No. 4.-Adhesiveness.-This organ is at the middle of the posterior edge of the parietal bone. It attaches men, and even animals, to each other, and is the foundation of that pleasure which we feel, not only in bestowing but receiving friendship. It is the faculty which prompts the embrace and the shake of the hand, and gives the joy of being reunited to friends. Acting in conjunction with Amativeness, it gives constancy and duration to the attachments of the married.

Amativeness alone will not be found sufficient for this. Hence the frequent misery of sudden love marriages, as they are called, founded on that single impulse. The feeling attaches many persons to pets, such as birds, dogs, rabbits, horses, and other animals, especially when combined with Philoprogenitiveness. With this combination, the girl lavishes caresses on her doll and on her little companions.

No. 5.-Combativeness.-The organ of this propensity is situated behind, and a little upward from, the ear; anatomically, at the posterior-inferior angle of the parietal bone. A small endowment of this faculty manifests itself in that over gentle and indolent character, which is easily aggressed upon, easily repelled by the appearance of difficulty and trouble, and which naturally seeks the shades and eddy-corners of life Nations so organized-the Hindoos, for example-are easily conquered by others, under whom they naturally sink into a condition more or less of servitude. A large endowment, on the other hand, shows itself in a love of danger for its own sake, a delight in adventurous military life, and a tendency to bluster, controversy, and turmoils of all kinds. Persons with large combativeness may be readily recognized in private society by their disposition to contradict and wrangle. They challenge the clearest propositions, and take a pleasure in doubting where everybody else is convinced. The generality of boys manifest an active combativeness in their adventurous spirit, hence their disposition to fighting, and to the working of all kinds of petty mischief. To control and guide the propen sity is one of the most delicate, but almost most important, duties of the educator. When combativeness is deranged, we have a violent and noisy, and often a dangerous patient. Intoxication generally affords a great stimulus to it, hence, drunken quarrels and fightings.

No. 6.-Destructiveness.-This organ is situated on both sides of the head, immediately over the external opening of the ear, extending a little forward and backward from it, and rising a trifle above the top or upper flap of the ear. It corresponds to the lower portion of the squamous plate of the temporal bone. When the organ is large, the opening of the ear is depressed. It is still generally considered as giving the impulse to kill and destroy; but, in man, this propensity is showr to have, under the control of the higher sentiments and intellect, a legitimate sphere of exercise. It prompts beasts and birds of prey to keep down the redundant breeds of the lower animals, and enables man to "kill" that he may 'eat." Anger, resentment, and indignation, in all their shapes, likewise spring from this faculty.

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A small endowment of this faculty is one of the elements of a "soft" character. Persons so organized seem to want that which gives momentum to human operations, like an axe wanting in back weight.

Alimentiveness, or Appetite for Food.-Alimentiveness is the desire of, or appetite for, food. In this feeling, as such, the stomach is not concerned; its functions are strictly confined to the reception and digestion of our food.

Alimentiveness, from its near neighborhood to Destructiveness, seems to have a peculiar influence on that faculty, rousing it to great energy when its own enjoyments are endangered or interrupted.

Love of Life.-The self-preservation involved in the love of life is certainly not accounted for by any known organ or combination of organs. Cautiousness is fear of injury, fear of death; but it is not love of life. This feeling is powerfully manifested by some when their life is in no danger, but who look upon the close of life as a very great evil.

No. 7.-Secretiveness.-The order of this faculty will be observed to be situated immediately above that of Destructiveness, at the inferior edge of the parietal bone, or in the middle of the side of the brain. The legitimate use of the faculty is to exercise that control over the outward manifestation of the other faculties which is necessary to a prudent reserve. Without it, and of course, in those in whom the organ is small and the manifestation weak, the feelings express themselves too openly.

No. 8.-Acquisitiveness.-The organ of this faculty is situated farther forward than, and a little above, Secretiveness, at the anterior-inferior angle of the parietal bone.

The faculty of Acquisitiveness could not, and no faculty could be given to man by his Creator for a mean, groveling, and immoral use; accordingly, when we consider it aright, we recognize in it the dignity of the greatest utility. In a word, it is the faculty through whose impulse man accumulates capital, and nations are rendered rich, great, and powerful. Without the faculty, man would be content to satisfy his daily wants, although even in this he would fail; but the surplus which, under the impulse of this faculty, he contributes to the store of wealth which accumulates from generation to generation, would not exist. Under proper regulation, then, the faculty is of the greatest value to man; by means of it he "gathers up the fragments, that nothing may be lost." Excessive pursuit of wealth is, however, an abuse of the faculty, and too much the vice of civilization, when it advances, as it has hitherto done, without adequate moral improvement.

No. 9.--Constructiveness.-The situation of this organ is immediately behind the temples, in the frontal bone, above the spheno-temporal suture. The faculty of which this organ is the instrument, is the power of mechanically making, constructing, and fashioning, by changing the forms of matter. Many of the inferior animals possess it, as the bee, the beaver, buds, and insects. Some savages have it in such small endowments as never to have built huts or made clothes, or even the simplest instruments for catching fish. In all operatives who excel in their arts-engravers, joiners, tailors, &c.and in children who early manifest a turn for drawing figures, and cutting them out in paper, the organ is large.

GENUS II-SENTIMENTS.

R. SENTIMENTS COMMON TO MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS.

No. 10.-Self-Esteem.-The situation of this organ is at the top of the back of the head, at the center; forming, as it were. the curve or turn between the back and top of the head, Technically, it is a little above the posterior or sagittal angle of the parietal bones. When it is large, the head rises far upward and backward from the ear, in the direction of the organ.

The legitimate use of the faculty of Self-Esteem, or Self-Love, is that degree of self-complacency which enhances

the pleasures of life, and which gives the individual confidence in his own powers, and leads him to apply them to the best advantage It is sometimes called proper pride, or self-respect, in which form it aids the moral sentiments in resisting temptations to vice and self-degradation; this is called being above doing a criminal, a vicious, or a mean action. Its deficiency renders an individual too humble, and the world take him at his word, and push him aside. In large and uncontrolled endowment, it produces great abuses, and causes much annoyance and often misery to others. It is the quarreling, insulting, domineering, tyrannizing, dueling faculty. In children it is pettishness, forwardness, and self-will, and produces disobediIn adults, it gives arrogance, superciliousness and sel

ence.

fishness.

No. II.-Love of Approbation.—This organ is situated on each side close to Self-Esteem, and commences about half an inch from the lambdoidal suture. It gives, when large, a marked fullness to the upper part of the back of the head. The faculty, unless kept in subordination by a very large and vigilant Conscientiousness, prompts to all the conventional insincerities and flatteries of society, from the dread that the truth will offend Self-Esteem, and draw down on the teller of it disapprobation. When Secretiveness is large and Conscien⚫ tiousness small, Love of Approbation is profuse in the unmeaning compliments of society.

No. 12. Cautiousness.-The organ of this faculty is situate ed about the middle of the parietal bone on both sides.

It has been said that fear is the fundamental feeling of this faculty. It is an important element in prudence, which places the individual on his guard and warns him not to be rash in his moral as well as his physical movements. In general, the organ is large in children—a wise and beneficent provision for their protection. The organ is often diseased, and then produces causeless dread of evil, despondency, and often suicide.

11. SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS PROPER TO MAN.

No. 13.-Benevolence. The organ of this sentiment is situ ated at the upper part of the frontal bone, immediately before the fontanel, in the middle of the top of the forehead, where it turns to form part of the top of the head, or coronal surface. It is easily distinguished; and when large, gives a round elevated swell to that region When the organ is small the forehead or top-front is low, flat, and retreating

The faculty of Benevolence gives more than compassion for, and a desire to relieve, suffering; it gives a wish that others should be positively happy; prompts to active, laborious, and continued exertions; and, unless Acquisitiveness be very large and powerful, to liberal giving to promote its favorite object. It differs essentially in its charity, "which suffereth long and is kind," "and vaunteth not itself," from that which springs from Love of Approbation.

No. 14.-Veneration.-The organ of this faculty occupies the center of the coronal region just at the fontanel—the crnter of the top of the head. The function of the faculty is the sentiment of veneration, or deference in general for superior ity, for greatness, and goodness Its highest object is the Deity. It is remarkable in how many instances the painters

of sacred subjects have given large development of this organ in the heads of their apostles and saints--no doubt, because the pious individuals whom they would naturally select as studies for such characters, possessed the organ large. Vener ation has no special object, it finds appropriate exercise with regard to whatever is deemed superior. Without this sentiment to make man look up to man, a people would be like a rope of sand, and society could not exist.

No. 15-Firmness-The organ of this faculty occupies the top of the head, behind Veneration, in the middle line. It is a faculty of peculiar character. It gives fortitude, constancy, perseverance, and determination and when too pow. erful, it produces obstinacy stubbornness, and infatuation. With Self-Esteem, it renders the individual absolutely impracticable. The want of it is a great defect in character; it is unsteadiness of purpose.

No. 16. Conscientiousness.-The organ of this sentiment is situated on each side of the organ of Firmness, between the latter organ and that of Cautiousness.

Conscientiousness gives the emotion of justice, but intellect is necessary to show on which side justice lies. The judge must hear both sides before deciding, and his very wish to be just will prompt him to do so. This faculty regulates all the other faculties by its rigid rules. Conscientiousness not only curbs our faculties when too powerful, but stimulates those that are too weak, and prompts us to duty even against strong inclinations. To cultivate it in children is most important.

No. 17.-Hope.-The organ of this faculty has its place on each side of Veneration, partly under the frontal, and partly under the parietal bone. When not regulated by the intellect, Hope leads to rash speculation, and, in combination with Acquisitiveness, to gambling, both at the gaming-table and in the counting-house It tends to render the individual credulous, and often indolent In religion, hope leads to faith, and strongly disposes to a belief in a happy life to come.

No. 18-Wonder.-The organ of this faculty is situated on each side of that of Benevolence, with one other organ, that of Imitation, interposed. Technically it has its place in the lateral parts of the anterior region of the vertex.

Persons with the faculty powerfully developed are fond of news, especially if striking and wonderful, and are always expressing astonishment, their reading is much in the regions of the marvelous, tales of wonder, of enchanters, ghosts, and witches.

No. 19.—Ideality-The organ of this faculty is situated farther down, but close to that of Wonder, along the temporai ridge of the frontal bone.

The faculty delights in the perfect, the exquisite, the beau ideal-something beyond the scenes of reality-something in the regions of romance and fancy of the beautiful and the sublime. Those writers and speakers who possess it large, adorn all they say or write with its vivid inspirations. It is the organ of imagery. The faculty renders conversation ele vated, animated, and eloquent, the opposite of dry and dull.

No. 20-Wit, or the Ludicrous. The organ of this faculty is situated before, and a little lower than that of Ideality. When large, it gives a breadth to the upper region of the forehead.

No. 21. -Imitation.—This organ is situated on each side of that of Benevolence. The Imitative arts depend on this faculty; and its organ is found large, accordingly, in painters and sculptors of eminence

ORDER SECOND.-INTELLECTUAL FACUL TIES.

By these faculties man and animals perceive or gain knowl. edge of the external world, and likewise of their own mental operations. The object of the faculties is to know what exists, and to perceive qualities and relations. Dr. Spurzheim divided them into three genera:-1. The External Senses 2. The Internal Senses, or Perceptive Faculties, which procure knowledge of external objects, their physical qualities and relations, 3. The Reflecting Faculties.

Genus L-External Senses. By these, man and the inferior animals are brought into communication with the external material world. The Senses, as generally received, are five in number- Touch, Taste, Smell, Hearing, and Sight. There are certainly two more, namely, the sense of Hunger and Thirst, and the Muscular sense, or that by which we feel the state of our muscles as acted upon by gravitation and the resistance of matter. Without this last sense we could not keep our balance, or suit our movements to the laws of the mechanical world.

Genus II-Intellectual Faculties, which Procure Knowledge of External Objects, of their Physical Qualities, and Various Relations.-These faculties correspond in some degree with the perceptive powers of the metaphysicians, and form ideas.

No. 22.—Individuality-The organ of this faculty is situ ated in the middle of the lower part of the forehead, immediately above the top of the nose. It takes cognizance of individual existences of a horse for example. As Individuality merely observes existences without regard to their modes of action, it is the faculty of the naturalist. Those who possess it large and active, observe the minutest objects; nothing escapes them, and they remember even the minutest objects so well, that they will miss them when taken away. On the contrary, those who have it small, observe nothing, and give the most imperfect account of the objects which have been in their way.

No. 23.-Form.-This organ is situated on each side of and close to the cista galli, and occupies the space between the eyes In those who have it large, the eyes are wide asunder and vice versa. As every material object must have a form, regular or irregular, this faculty was given to man and animals to perceive forms, and they could not exist without it. When large, it constitutes an essential element in a talent for drawing, but requires Size and Constructiveness to perect the talent.

No. 24.-Size.-Every object has a size or dimension Hence a faculty is necessary to cognize this quality. The or gan is situated at the inner extremities of the eyebrows, where they turn upon the nose. A perception of Size is important to our movements and actions, and essential to our safety. There is no accuracy in drawing or perspective without this organ.

No. 25.-Weight.—Weight is a quality of matter quite distinct from all its other qualities. The weight of any material object is only another name for its degree of gravitating tendency-its attractability to the earth. A power to perceive the different degrees of this attraction is essential to man's movements, safety, and even existence. There must be a faculty for that perception, and that faculty must have a cerebral instru. ment or organ. Phrenologists have generally localized that organ in the superorbital ridge or eyebrow, immediately next to Size, and farther from the top of the nose.

No. 26.-Coloring.-As every object must have a color in order to be visible, it seems necessary that there should be a faculty to cognize this quality. The organ is the next outward from Weight in the eyebrows, occupying the precise center of each eyebrow.

No. 27.-Locality.-Objects themselves are cognized by Individuality; but their place, the direction where they lie, the way to them depend on another faculty, a faculty given for that purpose. Without such a power, men and animals must, in situations where objects were numerous, and complicated in their positions, as woods, have lost their way. No man could find his own home, no bird its own nest, no mouse its own hole. The faculty, when active, prompts the individual to localize everything, and think of it as in its place. One glance at a paragraph or advertisement in a newspaper fixes its place in their minds, so that they will turn overt he largest and most voluminous newspaper, and know in what column, and partof a column, they will find it; or direct others to do so. A person with the faculty powerful, will go in the dark to find what he wants, and will find it if in its place. Skillful chess-players invariably have the organ of Locality large, and it is believed that it is the organ of which they make the principal use; for it gives the power of conceiving, before making a move, the effect of new relative positions of the pieces.

No. 28.-Number.-The organ of this faculty is placed at the outer extremity of the eyebrows and angle of the eye. It occasions, when large, a fullness or breadth of the temple, and often draws downward the external corner of the eye. When it is small, the part is flat and narrow between the eye and the temple. Their number is a very important relation or condition of things, and requires a distinct perspective power. Our safety, and even existence, may depend on a clear perception of Number.

No. 29.-Order.-The organ of this faculty is placed in the eyebrow, between Coloring and Number, and is large and prominent, and often pointed like a limpet-shell, in those who are remarkable for love of method, arrangement, and symme. try, and are annoyed by confusion and irregularity. The marked love of order in some persons, and their suffering from disorder, are feelings which no other faculty, or combination of faculties, seems to embrace.

No. 30.-Eventuality.--The organ of this faculty is situated in the very center of the forehead, and when large, gives to this part of the head a rounded prominence. Individuality has been called the faculty of nouns: Eventuality is the faculty of verbs. The first perceives mere existence; the other motion, change, event history. All knowledge must be of one or the other of these two descriptions-either things that are or

things that happen. In the following examples-the MAN speaks, the WIND blows, the DAY dawns, the nouns cognized by Individuality are printed in capitals, while the verbs, addressed to Eventuality, are in italics.

No. 31.-Time.-Whatever be the essence of time as an entity, it is a reality to man, cognizable by a faculty by which he observes its lapse. Some persons are called walking timepieces; they can tell the hour without looking at a watch; and some even can do so, nearly, when waking in the night. The faculty also marks the minute divisions of duration, and their relations and harmonies, which are called time in music, and rhythm in versification.

No. 32.-Tune.-The organ of this faculty is situated still further out than that of Time, giving roundness to the point where the forehead turns to form the temples. It is large in great musicians; and when small and hollow, there is an utter incapacity to distinguish either melody or harmony.

No. 33.-Language.—A faculty is given to man and animals which connects feelings with signs and cries; but to man alone is given articulate speech. The comparative facility with which different men clothe their thoughts in words, depends on the size of this organ, which is situated in the super-orbital plate, immediately over the eyeball, and when large, pushes the eye outward, and sometimes downward, producing, in the latter case, a wrinkling or pursing of the lower eyelid. There is no fluent speaker deficient in this organ.

Internal Excitement of the Knowing Organs-Spectral Illusions.-The Knowing Organs are for the most part called into activity by external objects, such as forms, colors, sounds, individual things, &c.; but internal causes often excite them, and when they are in action objects will be perceived which have no external existence, and which, nevertheless, the indi. vidual will believe to be real. This is the explanation of visions, specters and ghosts, and at once explains the firm belief of many that they have appeared to them, and the fact that it never happens that two persons see the same specters at the same time.

GENUS III.-REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. The Intellectual Faculties already considered, give us knowledge of objects, and the qualities and relations of ob jects, also of the changes they undergo, or events.

No. 34. Comparison.-Every faculty can compare its own objects. Coloring can compare colors; Weight, weights; Form, forms; Tune, sounds; but Comparison can compare a color with a note, or a form with a weight, &c. Analogy is a comparison not of things but of their relations.

No. 35. Causality.-This is the highest and noblest of the intellectual powers, and is the last in the phrenological analysis of the faculties. Dr. Spurzheim so named it, from observing that it traces the connection between cause and effect, and sees the relation of ideas to each other in respect of necessary consequence. Its organs are situated on each side of Comparison. With a powerful perception of causation, the individual reasons from cause to effect by logical or necessary consequence. It is the fac ulty which sees principles and acts upon them, while the other two faculties only try experiments. Resource in difficulties, and sound judgment in life, are the result of powerful Causality.

HE mode of forming ropes and cables is shown in Fig. 1. A number of fibers, a, are spun righthanded (with the sun, or from left to right) into the yarn, b. A number of yarns, varying according to the size and quality of the strand required (ropes made of small fine yarn are the strongest and best), are then twisted, left-handed, into the strand, c. Three strands laid together, righthanded, form the rope, d. (At e is the vacant space caused by the strand being "unlaid " to show its structure.) This three-strand right-handed rope is the rope used for general purposes and for the "running rigging" of ships. For "standing rigging "-shrouds and stays-it is customary to use right-handed rope composed of four strands laid round a fifth smaller strand, called the heart, which passes straight up the middle. Left-handed rope is sometimes met with, but not often. Ropes are built up in this way for the sake of getting the twist right and left alternately, which is the only way of preventing them from untwisting under strain. Without the twist the fibers would fall to pieces.

Three ropes like d, laid together left-handed, form the cable, f, the largest kind of rope. All lefthanded rope is called cable-laid, but, strictly speak

ing, only nine-stranded rope like ƒ should be so called. Formerly, ordinary right-handed rope was called hawser-laid, but that term is obsolete or has come to mean the same as "cable-laid."

There are many kinds of cord, such as windowsash lines, &c., which are not "laid," but "plaited," and are therefore in no sense rope. These cannot be spliced or made into the more complicated knots. Miniature rope, called humber-line, is about the smallest genuine laid rope, and is good for practicing knots upon. The smallest rope so called by sailors is inch-rope, i. e., 1 in. in circumference, not