in which they were berthed; in the 1940 Census, they were counted as part of the population of the port from which the vessel operated.

The category "Nonwhite" consists of Negroes, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and "Other nonwhite" races. "Other nonwhite" includes Filipinos, Koreans, Asiatic Indians, etc. Persons of Mexican birth or ancestry who were not definitely Indian or members of other nonwhite races were classified as white. The racial classification used by the Bureau of the Census does not reflect clear-cut definitions of biological stock and does not group people according to certain physical characteristics. Several categories used obviously refer to nationality. The concept is derived rather from that which is commonly accepted by the general public as reflected in the action of legislative and judicial bodies of the country. There is no question but that this concept lacks scientific precision. See also general note for Items 1-47.

Items 5-6. Area and density, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. 8. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. A for each State and United States Summary. Land area totals include dry land and land temporarily or partially covered by water, such as marsh land, swamps, and river flood plains; streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than one-eighth of a statute mile in width; and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 40 acres in area.

Population per square mile is the average number of inhabitants per square mile of land area.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Items 7-9. Urban-rural residence, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. 8. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary. According to the new definition that was adopted for use in the 1950 Census, the urban population comprises all persons living in (a) places of 2,500 inhabitants or more incorporated as cities, boroughs, and villages; (b) incorporated towns of 2,500 inhabitants or more, except in New England, New York and Wisconsin where "towns" are simply minor civil divisions of counties; (c) the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas, around cities of 50,000 or more; and (d) unincorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more outside any urban fringe. (For definition of urban fringe, see p. XII.) The remaining population is classified as rural.

According to the definition used in 1940, the urban population had been limited to all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more and in other areas classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density. The rural-nonfarm population includes all persons living outside urban areas who do not live on farms. Although the rural-farm population excludes urban-farm population, virtually all of the farm population is located in rural areas.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Items 10-12. Age, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary. The age classification is based on the age of the person at his last birthday, as of the date of the enumeration visit, that is, in completed years. Age was estimated for 0.19 percent of the 1950 population of the United States for which age was not reported. Preliminary analysis of age distributions from the 1950 Census show that for the United States as a whole there appears to be an underenumeration of children under 5. Likewise, there appears to be an excess over the number expected in the age group 65 years old and over.

For definition of median, see p. xv. Median age was computed on the basis of 5-year age intervals.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Item 13. Migration, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary. These data, based on a 20-percent sample, represent the number of inhabitants one year old and over who were living in a different county or abroad one year prior to the date of enumeration. Residence in 1949 was used in conjunction with residence in 1950 to determine the number of persons who changed and those who did not change residence from 1949 to 1950. Persons who changed residence were classified by type of move. Figures showing persons who, in 1949, were in "same house as in 1950" or who were in "different house, same county in 1950" appear in source volumes. Residence abroad includes residence in all foreign countries and all Territories and possessions of the United States.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Item 14. Potential voters, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary. Data represent the number of citizens, 21 years old and over. "Citizens" include all native persons as well as those born in a foreign country who are naturalized. Included, therefore, are 2 groups of persons who, although citizens, are not potential voters: (a) Those who have lost voting rights by being convicted of a felony; and (b) those who are inmates of certain institutions (i. e., prisons, mental hospitals, etc.). Excluded are aliens or persons born in a foreign country whose citizenship was not reported. Voting requirements (i. e., residence, payment of poll tax, degree of literacy, etc.), which vary from State to State are not taken into account.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Items 15-17. Live births, deaths, and infant deaths, 1950.

Source: Federal Security Agency, National Office of Vital Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1950 (in preparation).

The statistics on births, deaths, and infant deaths (deaths under 1 year) in 1950 are based on copies of the original certificates filed in State and certain city bureaus of vital statistics. They represent registered occurrences only. Information on completeness of birth registration in individual counties and cities for 1940 is given in Bureau of the Census, "Studies in Completeness of Birth Registration," Vital Statistics-Special Reports, Vol. 17, No. 18, April 20, 1943. Similar information concerning completeness of death registration is not available. In general, total death registration is believed to be more nearly complete than birth registrations. Registration of infant deaths may be approximately the same as birth registration. However, these generalizations apply only to the country as a whole and significant variations in relative completeness probably exist in different areas.

All of the data shown here have been tabulated by place of residence. For births, this means the mother's place of usual residence. For deaths, it refers to the place of usual residence of the decedent. Inasmuch as the registration laws of each State specify that births and deaths be registered at the place of occurrence, the compilation of such data on the same geographic basis as the population census requires a complete reallocation of births and deaths to the place of residence in order to relate them to a given population.

Problems arise in the process of (1) allocating vital events, particularly deaths, on the same basis as the enumerated population, and (2) allocating them so as to describe accurately the

mortality conditions of a particular area.

This is especially true for areas in which large resident-type institutions, such as mental and tuberculosis hospitals are located. Since the death rate among the patients or inmates of these institutions is usually very high, the death rate of the area is likely to be much higher if these deaths are allocated to the area in which the hospital or institution is located. Beginning with the data for 1949, therefore, all deaths which occur in institutions of all types are allocated to the reported place of prior residence, regardless of the length of time spent by the decedent in the institution. Deaths of military personnel are allocated to the place of death if the length of stay in that place is stated to be 1 year or more. If length of stay in place of death is stated to have been less than 1 year, the death is allocated to the deceased's home residence, if stated.

For a more detailed discussion of the rules of allocation of births and deaths to place of residence, see source publication.

Item 18. Marriages, 1950.

Source: Federal Security Agency, National Office of Vital Statistics, "Marriages: United States, Each State and County, 1950," Vital Statistics—Special Reports, Vol. 37, No. 1, Washington, D. C., Sept. 15, 1952.

Since numbers of marriages are not available from every State, these data are necessarily a composite of available data. The figures represent numbers of marriages for 33 States, and numbers of marriage licenses for the remaining 15 States and the District of Columbia. Totals for some States include estimates for nonreporting counties and for counties which reported figures for less than 12 months of the year. Figures are not presented for counties that reported data for less than 10 months; estimates for missing months are included in those county totals for which figures were reported for 10 or 11 months of the year.

Item 19. Number of families, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary.

A family, as defined in the 1950 Census, is a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption, and living together; all such persons are regarded as members of one family. A married couple who are living with relatives are counted as part of the family of the household head, and not as a separate family. However, a lodger and his wife who are not relatives of the household head, or a resident employee and his wife living in, are considered as a separate family. A person living alone or with nonrelatives only is not regarded as a family, but is termed an "unrelated individual." These data are based on a 20-percent sample. For definition of "household," see Item 55.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

Items 20-22. Income in 1949 of families, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary.

These data based on a 20-percent sample, relate to income before deductions for personal income taxes, social security taxes, bond purchases, union dues, etc. Income, as defined in the 1950 Census, is the sum of money received in 1949, less losses, from the following sources: Wages or salary; net income (or loss) from self employment; net income (or loss) from rents, or receipts from roomers or boarders; royalties; interest, dividends, and periodic income from estates and trust funds; pensions; veterans' payments, armed-forces allotments for dependents, and other governmental payments or assistance; and other income such as contributions for support from persons who are not members of the household, alimony, and periodic receipts from insurance policies or annuities. Such information was requested of persons 14 years of age and over who were included in the sample. If the person in the sample

was the head of a family, the income questions were also asked for the other family members as a group in order to obtain the income of the whole family. The composition of families is as found at the time of the interview, although the time period covered by the income statistics is the calendar year 1949. In most cases, the schedule entries for income are based not on records but on memory, usually that of the housewife, which probably results in some underestimation since the tendency is to forget minor or irregular sources of income. Other errors may be due to misrepresentation or to misunderstanding of the income questions.

Income data are also shown in the source for broader population group classified as "families and unrelated individuals." (See definition for "family" and for "unrelated individual” under Item 19.)

Figures on median income are based on the number of families reporting on income. For definition of median, see p. xv. Median income was computed on the basis of the following income intervals: (a) Less than $500; (b) $500 intervals up to $4,999: (c) $1,000 intervals from $5,000 to $6,999; (d) $7,000 to $9,999; and (e) $10,000 and over.

Items 23-30. Education, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary.

Data for school enrollment as well as educational attainment were collected on a 20-percent sample basis. Enrollment was restricted to enrollment in "regular" schools only, that is, those schools where enrollment leads to an elementary or high school diploma, or to a college, university, or professional school degree. If a person was receiving regular instruction at home from a tutor, and the instruction was considered comparable to that of a "regular" school, the person was counted as enrolled. Children enrolled in kindergarten were reported separately in 1950 and were not counted as enrolled in school. Nursery schools were not regarded as regular schools, nor were vocational, trade, or business schools. In general, persons 5 through 17 years of age not reporting on school enrollment were treated as enrolled. The questions on educational attainment likewise applied only to progress in "regular" schools.

The median was computed in terms of a continuous series of numbers representing years completed. For example, the completion of the first year of high school was indicated by 9 and the last year of college by 16. For the sake of comparability. the first year of high school was uniformly represented by 9, although there are some areas with only 7 years of elementary school. The base used in computation was the number of persons reporting years of school completed. For definition of median, see p. xv.

See also general note for Items 1-47. Item 31. Institutional population, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Ch. B for each State and United States Summary. The institutional population includes those persons living as inmates in such places as homes for delinquent or dependent children, homes and schools for the mentally or physically handicapped, places providing specialized medical care, homes for the aged, prisons and jails. However, places such as general hospitals, private schools other than specified types, and religious orders not associated with a specified institution were not classified as institutions. If general hospitals had one or more wards devoted to tubercular or mental patients, such patients were included in the institutional population. Staff members and their families were not included in the institutional population. See also general note for Items 1-47.

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XVII

"Civilian labor force" includes all civilians 14 years old or over who, during the census week, were employed or looking for a job. Employed persons include in addition to persons at work, those who did not work but had a job or business from which they were temporarily absent. Total labor force, which is shown here only as a percentage of total male and total female population 14 years old or over (Items 34 and 35), includes persons on active duty with the armed forces as well as the civilian labor force.

Labor-force figures may be subject to error because of incomplete information obtained for certain groups. Housewives, students, and semiretired persons, who were in the labor force on only a part-time or intermittent basis, failed to report that they were employed or looking for work unless carefully questioned. As a result, the size of the labor force is understated. It is estimated that perhaps 3 percent of the total population 14 years old and over in April 1950 were actually in the labor force but were classified outside the labor force. This percentage will vary from area to area.

Figures on total employed (Item 36) include all civilians 14 years old or over who were (a) at work, or (b) with a job but not at work during the census week, as explained above.

The industry data presented here are derived from a household enumeration, and may differ from data based on industry reports from establishments. Among the reasons for differences between data from these two sources are: (1) The former refers to place of residence whereas the latter refers to place of work, (2) the former represents an unduplicated count whereas the latter counts more than once persons who worked for more than one establishment during the reporting period, (3) the former covers all types of workers whereas the latter generally excludes private household workers, unpaid family workers, and self-employed workers, and (4) somewhat different industrial classification systems are normally used for the two types of data.

The major industry groups included here represent a selection and condensation of those shown in the source. The following listing indicates broadly which industry subgroups are included under each major group:

Item 37. Agriculture Includes farming and agricultural services, but excludes forestry and fisheries.

Item 38. Mining-Includes mining, quarrying, and crude petroleum and natural-gas extraction.

Item 39. Construction-Includes all types of construction activities.

Item 40. Manufacturing—Includes all types of manufacturing industries.

Item 41. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Includes: (a) Transportation such as railroads and railway express service, trucking service and warehousing, taxicab service, and petroleum and gasoline pipelines; (b) telecommunications including telephone and telegraph, both wire and radio; and (c) utilities and sanitary services including electric, gas, steam, and water supply.

Item 42. Wholesale and retail trade-Includes all wholesale trade, and all retail trade including eating and drinking places.

Item 43. Finance, insurance, and real estate-Includes banks, credit agencies, and investment companies, and insurance and real estate.

Item 44. Business and personal services, excluding private households-Includes: (a) Business services such as advertising, accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services; (b) repair services including automobile repair services and garages; and (c) personal services (excluding private households) such as hotels and lodging places, dressmaking and shoe repair shops, and laundering, cleaning, and dyeing services. Item 45. Professional and related services-Includes medical and other health services; educational services; welfare, religious, legal, engineering, and architectural services; and nonprofit membership organizations.

See also general note for Items 1-47.

CENSUS OF HOUSING, 1950 (Items 48-65)

General note.-The 1950 Census of Housing taken as of April 1, 1950, is a part of the Seventeenth Decennial Census. The housing data presented here are final figures. Data on practically all subjects enumerated in this Census appear in U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Volume I, General Characteristics. Some of the concepts used in the 1950 Census differ from those used in 1940. The effect of some of the changes in definitions and procedures between these Censuses is discussed below in connection with the specific items involved. For a more complete explanation, see the source publication. Also, for a listing of the tabulated statistics, published and unpublished for smaller areas, see Bureau of the Census, U. S. Censuses of Population and Housing: 1950, Key to Published and Tabulated Data for Small Areas, Washington, D. C., 1951.

The dwelling unit is the reporting unit used in this Census. In general, a dwelling unit is a group of rooms or a single room occupied, or intended for occupancy, as separate living quarters by a family or other group of persons living together or by a person living alone. Ordinarily a dwelling unit is a house, an apartment, or a flat. It may be located in a structure devoted to business or other nonresidential use, such as quarters in a warehouse where the watchman lives, or a merchant's quarters in the back of his shop. Trailers, boats, tents, and railroad cars, when occupied as living quarters, are included in the dwelling unit inventory. Living quarters of the following types are not included: Accommodations predominantly for transients; barracks for workers; living quarters in institutions, general hospitals, and military installations (except for dwelling units in buildings containing only family quarters for staff members). The count of dwelling units in the 1950 Census may be considered as essentially comparable with the count in the 1940 Census, even though some living quarters were classified as separate dwelling units by one definition and not by the other; the over-all effect of these differences is believed to be small.

Certain of the items are noted as being based on a 20-percent sample of the dwelling units reporting. Estimates of the number of dwelling units with specified characteristics based on sample data were in all cases obtained by multiplying by five the number of dwelling units reporting in each sample with the specified characteristic. For a measure of the sampling variability relative to these sampling data, see the text section on "Reliability of Data," in U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I. Item 48. Dwelling units, 1940.

Source: Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census Reports, Housing, Vol. I.

In the 1940 Census, a dwelling unit was defined as the living quarters occupied, or intended for occupancy, by one household. A household consisted of a family or other group of persons living together with common housekeeping arrangements, or a person living entirely alone. In 1940, living quarters with five lodgers or more were tabulated as dwelling units, whereas in 1950 such living quarters were not included in the dwelling unit count. See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 49. All dwelling units, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

See general note for Items 48-65.

Item 50. Median number of rooms per dwelling unit, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

For a definition of median, see p. xv. All rooms which are used, or are suitable for use, as living quarters are counted in determining the number of rooms in the dwelling unit. Not counted as rooms are bathrooms, strip or pullman kitchens, halls or foyers, alcoves, pantries, laundries, closets or storage space, and unused basement or attic rooms not suitable for living quarters. In the computation of the median, a continuous distribution of rooms was assumed. For example, when the median is in the 4-room group, it may vary from 3.5 rooms to 4.5 rooms by tenths of a room. Tenths were used to permit readier comparisons between areas.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 51. Percent in one-dwelling unit detached structures, 1950. Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

A one-dwelling unit detached structure has open space on all four sides and contains only one dwelling unit.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 52. Percent in structures built in 1940 or later, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Figures are based on a 20-percent sample. The year used to represent the date when the structure was built is the year in which the original construction was completed. The figures do not represent the number of dwelling units added to the inventory during a given period. The year in which remodeling, addition, reconstruction, or conversion may have taken place is not used. See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 53. Percent with hot running water, private toilet and bath, and not dilapidated, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Both the structural condition of a dwelling unit and the type of plumbing facilities are considered measures of the quality of housing. The figures shown are limited to dwelling units for which reports were made on all items relevant to the combination of condition and plumbing facilities.

The category "with hot running water" includes those dwelling units having hot piped running water whether it is available the year round or only part of the time. The category "with private toilet and bath" includes those dwelling units with both a flush toilet and a bathtub or shower inside the structure for the exclusive use of the occupants of the unit.

To measure condition, dwelling units were classified as "not dilapidated" or "dilapidated." A dwelling unit was reported as dilapidated when it had serious deficiencies, was run down or neglected, or was of inadequate original construction so that it

did not provide adequate shelter or protection against the elements or endangered the safety of the occupants. A dwelling unit was also reported as dilapidated if, because of either inadequate original construction or deterioration, it is below the generally accepted minimum standard for housing, and should be torn down or extensively repaired or rebuilt.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 54. Percent of available vacant units, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

These percentages provide a measure of the dwelling units on the housing market in April 1950. They include nonseasonal not dilapidated vacant units for rent or sale; do not include any dilapidated or any seasonal vacant units or vacant units being held off the market for any of a variety of possible reasons. A dwelling unit was considered vacant if no persons were living in it at the time of enumeration (unless its occupants were temporarily absent). New units not yet occupied were enumerated as vacant if construction had proceeded to the extent that all the exterior windows and doors were installed and final usable floors were in place.

See also general note for Items 48-65. Item 55. Occupied dwelling units, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

A dwelling unit is occupied if a person or group of persons was living in it at the time of enumeration or if the occupants were only temporarily absent. However, a dwelling unit occupied by nonresidents (persons who usually live elsewhere) is not classified as occupied.

A household consists of those persons who live in a dwelling unit; by definition, therefore, the number of occupied dwelling units is the same as the number of households. However, there may be small differences in the figures for households shown in the Census of Population reports and the figures for occupied dwelling units shown here because the data collected for population and housing were processed independently.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 56. Median number of persons per occupied unit, 1950. Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

All persons enumerated as members of the household were counted in determining the number of persons who live in the dwelling unit. Lodgers, foster children, wards and resident employees who share the living quarters of the household head are included in the household in addition to family members. For a definition of median, see p. xv. In the computation of the median, a continuous distribution of persons was assumed. For example, when the median is in the 3-person group, it may vary from 2.5 persons to 3.5 persons by tenths of a person. Tenths were used to permit readier comparisons between areas. Item 57. Percent of units, owner occupied, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

A dwelling unit is "owner occupied" if the owner was one of the persons living in the unit even if the dwelling unit was not fully paid for or had a mortgage on it. A unit was also classified as owner occupied when the owner of the unit was a member of the household but was temporarily away from home. A cooperative apartment unit was considered as occupied by the owner if the owner lived in it.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 58. Percent of units occupied by nonwhite households, 1950. Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Occupied dwelling units are classified by the color of the head of the household. The group designated as "nonwhite" consists of Negroes, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and other nonwhite races. For a definition of household, see text for Item 55 above. For an explanation of "color" and "race" as used by the Bureau of the Census, see text for Items 1-4.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 59. Percent of units with central heating, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Figures are based on a 20-percent sample. Central heating equipment comprises the categories "Piped steam or hot water" and "Warm air furnace." Other means of heating, with or without flue, are considered to be noncentral heating. A usable heating system or furnace was reported, even though it may have been temporarily out of order or not in operation at the time of enumeration. "Piped steam or hot water" includes radiant, panel and baseboard systems as well as radiation. "Warm air furnace" includes piped and pipeless warm air furnaces, as well as floor and wall furnaces.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 60. Percent of units with mechanical refrigeration, 1950. Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Figures are based on a 20-percent sample. Mechanical refrigeration includes any type of refrigerator operated by electricity, gas, kerosene, gasoline, or other source of power. The principal refrigeration equipment available to the dwelling unit was reported, whether or not it was in use at the time of enumeration.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 61. Percent of units with radio, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Figures are based on a 20-percent sample and represent the percent of occupied dwelling units which have a radio, even though the set was temporarily out of order or being repaired at the time of the enumeration. The data do not represent the total number of radios in dwelling units because some dwelling units have two or more sets.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 62. Nonfarm dwelling units, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

The figures for nonfarm dwelling units include all dwelling units located in urban areas (including urban-farm dwelling units) and all nonfarm dwelling units located in rural areas. For explanation of "urban" and "rural," see text for Items 7-9. See also general note for Items 48-65.

Item 63. Median value of nonfarm one-dwelling unit structures, owner occupied, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

Value represents the amount for which the owner-occupant estimates that the property, including its land, would sell under ordinary conditions and not at forced sale. Value data are limited to nonfarm units in 1-dwelling-unit structures without business, where there is only one dwelling unit included in the property. For a definition of median, see p. xv. In computing the

median, the limits of the class interval were assumed to stand For at $50 below the beginning and end of each value group. example, the limits of the interval designated $2,000 to $2,999 were assumed to be $1,950 and $2,950.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

Items 64-65. Median monthly rent for renter-occupied nonfarm dwelling units, 1950.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I.

All occupied dwelling units that are not "owner occupied" were classified as "renter-occupied" whether or not any money rent was paid for the living quarters.

"Contract monthly rent" is the rent at the time of the Census enumeration which the renter has contracted to pay, regardless of facilities or services sometimes supplied. "Gross monthly rent" is a computed rent which eliminates rent differentials resulting from the varying practices with respect to the inclusion of "Gross heat, utilities, and furniture as part of the contract rent. monthly rent" is contract monthly rent plus the reported average monthly cost of utilities (water, electricity, gas) and fuels, such as wood, coal, and oil, if these items were paid for by the renter in addition to contract monthly rent. If furniture is included in the contract rent, the reported estimated rent of the dwelling without furniture was used in the computation rather than the contract rent.

Ordinarily the median gross rent is higher than the median contract rent. However, the median gross rent may be lower in an area where there are enough cases in which the estimate of the rental value of furniture included in the contract rent exceeds the cost of utilities.

For a definition of median, see p. xv. In the computation of the median, the limits of the class intervals were assumed to stand at the midpoint of the 1-dollar interval between the end of one of the rent groups and the beginning of the next. Median gross monthly rent was computed in the same manner as median contract monthly rent.

See also general note for Items 48-65.

CENSUS OF BUSINESS, 1948 (Items 66-80)

3

General note.-The 1948 Census of Business covered establishments in the following trades, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual: All retail trades; all wholesale trades; service trades in the following four groups—(1) personal services, (2) business services (except accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services, (3) automobile repairs and services, and (4) miscellaneous repair services; hotels, tourist courts and camps; and amusements (including motion picture theaters).

For Census purposes, a business establishment is defined as an enterprise conducted from a recognizable place of business, provided that the annual sales were in excess of $5,000 for a wholesale trade establishment and $500 for an establishment in one of the retail or service trades.

Number of establishments is the number of separate business locations, rather than the number of business companies or organizations, as the Census figures represent information reported separately for each business location or establishment. The establishment count in these tables reflects the number of places, excluding administrative and executive offices of multi-unit organizations, and “chain store” warehouses, which were in business at the end of 1948. A business establishment which operated in more than one kind of business, or was engaged in activities cut

Executive Office of the President, Bureau of the Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Vol. II, Washington, D. C., May 1949.