condly, the violation of the copyright of prints, cuts or engravings, maps, charts, or musical compositions; thirdly, the printing or publishing of any manuscripts without the consent of the author or legal proprietor; fourthly, for inserting in any book, &c., that the copy-right has been secured contrary to truth.

[16] First. If any other person or persons, from and after recording the title of any book or books, according to this act, shall, within the term or terms herein limited, print, publish, or import, or cause to be printed, published or imported, any copy of such book or books, without the consent of the person legally entitled to the copy-right thereof, first had and obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more credible witnesses, or shall, knowing the same to be so printed or imported, publish, sell, or expose to sale, or cause to be published, sold, or exposed to sale, any copy of such book, without such consent in writing; then such offender, shall forfeit every copy of such book to the person legally, at the time, entitled to the copy-right thereof; and shall also forfeit and pay fifty cents for every such sheet which may be found in his possession, either printed or printing, published, import ed, or exposed to sale, contrary to the intent of this act; the one moiety thereof to such legal owner of the copy-right as aforesaid, and the other to the use of the United States; to be recovered by action of debt in any court having competent jurisdiction thereof.

[17] Secondly. If any person or persons after the recording the title of any print, cut or engraving, map, chart, or musical composition, according to the provisions of this act, shall, within the term or terms limited by this act, engrave, etch, or work, sell, or copy, or cause to be engraved, etched, worked or sold, or

copied, either on the whole, or by varying, adding to, or diminishing the main design, with intent to evade the law, or shall print or import for sale, or cause to be printed or imported for sale, any such map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, or any parts thereof, without the consent of the proprietor or proprietors of the copy-right thereof, first obtained in writing, signed in the presence of two credible witnesses; or, knowing the same to be so print. ed or imported without such consent, shall publish, sell, or expose to sale, or in any manner dispose of any such map, chart, musical composi tion, engraving, cut, or print, without such consent, as aforesaid; then such offender or offenders shall forfeit the plate or plates on which such map, chart, musical composition, engraving, cut, or print, shall be copied, and also all and every sheet thereof so copied or printed, as aforesaid, to the proprietor or proprietors of the copy-right thereof; and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of such map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, which may be found in his or their possession, printed or published, or exposed to sale, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act; the one moiety thereof to the proprietor or proprietors, and the other moiety to the use of the United States, to be recovered in any court having competent jurisdiction thereof.

[18] Nothing in this act shall be construed to extend to prohibit the importation or vending, printing or publishing, of any map, chart, book, musical composition, print, or engraving written, composed, or made by any person not being a citizen of the United States, nor resident within the jurisdiction thereof.

[19] Thirdly. Any person or persons, who shall print or publish any manuscript whatever without the

consent of the author or legal proprietɔr first obtained as aforesaid, (if such author or proprietor be a citizen of the United States, or resident therein,) shall be liable to suffer and pay to the author or proprietor, all damages occasioned by such injury, to be recovered by a special action on the case founded upon this act, in any court having cognizance thereof; and the several courts of the United States empowered to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of the rights of authors and inventors, are hereby empowered to grant injunctions, in like manner, according to the principles of equity, to restrain such publication of any manuscript as aforesaid.

[20] Fourthly. If any person or persons, from and after the passing of this act, shall print or publish any book, map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, or engraving, not having legally acquired the copyright thereof, and shall insert or impress that the same hath been entered according to act of congress, or words purporting the same, every person so offending shall forfeit and pay one hundred dollars; one moiety thereof to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the United States, to be recovered by action of debt, in any court of record having cognizance thereof.

[21] The issue. If any person or persons shall be sued or prosecuted, for any matter, act, or thing done under or by virtue of this act, he or they may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence.

[22] The costs. In all recoveries under this act, either for damages, forfeitures, or penalties, full costs shall be allowed thereon, any thing in any former act to the contrary notwithstanding.

[23] The limitation of actions is regulated as follows. No action or prosecution shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or penalty under this act, unless the same shall have been commenced within two years after the cause of action shall have arisen.

[24] § 9. Former grants. All and several the provisions of this act, intended for the protection and security of copy-rights, and providing remedies, penalties, and forfeitures in case of violation thereof, shall be held and construed to extend to the benefit of the legal proprietor or proprietors of each and every copy-right heretofore obtained, according to law, during the term thereof, in the same manner as if such copy-right had been entered and secured according to the directions of this act. And by the 16th section it is provided that this act shall not extend to any copyright heretofore secured, the term of which has already expired.

[25] Copy-rights are secured in most countries of Europe.

In Great Britain an author has a copy-right in his work absolutely for twenty-eight years, and if he be living at the end of that period for the resi due of his life.

In France the copy-right of an author extends to twenty years after his death.

In most, if not in all the German states, it is perpetual; it extends only over the state in which it is granted.

No

In Russia the right of an author or translator continues during his life, and his heirs enjoy the privilege twenty-five years afterwards. manuscript or printed work of an author can be sold for his debts. 2 Amer. Jur. 253, 4.

Vide generally, 2 Am. Jur. 248; 10 Am. Jur. 62; 1 Law Intell. 66; and the articles Literary property ; Manuscript.

CONTENTS.

Alien not entitled to a copy-right, 4. his rights not protected, 18. Author entitled to a copy-right, 4. must be a citizen of the U. S. 4. entitled to a renewal, 8, 9, 10. Certificate of copy rights, 11.

Children when entitled to a copy-right, 8, 10.

Citizen, author must be, 4.

of the tenant, entered on the rolls of the manor court. Cruise, Dig. t. 10, c. 1, s. 3. Vide Ch. Pr. Index, h. t.

CORAM. In the presence of; before. Coram nobis, before us; coram vobis, before you; coram non judice, is said of those acts of a court

Copy of work to be delivered to clerk D. C. over which it has no jurisdiction;

13.

not before the proper judge before an improper tribunal. Those acts have no validity. Where a thing is required to be done before a particular person, it would not be considered as done before him, if he were asleep or non compos. Vide Dig. 4, 8, 27, 5; Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; 5 Harr. & John. 42; 8 Cranch, 9; Paine's R. 55.

CORD, measures. A cord of wood must, when the wood is piled close, measure eight feet by four, and the wood must be four feet long. There are various local regulations in our principal cities as to the manner in which wood shall be measured and sold.

CORN. In its most comprehen. sive sense, this term signifies every sort of grain, as well as peas and beans; this is its meaning in the memorandum usually contained in policies of insurance. But it does not include rice. Park. Ins. 112; Marsh. Ins. 223, note; Stev. on Av. part 4, art. 2; Ben. on Av. ch. 10; 1 Marsh. Ins. 223; Park on Ins. 112; Wesk. Ins. 145. Vide Com. Dig. Biens, G 1.

CORODY, incorporeal hereditament, is an allowance of meat, drink, money, clothing, lodging, and such like necessaries for sustenance. 1 Bl. Com. 283; 1 Ch. Pr. 225.

CORONER, an officer whose COPYHOLD, estates, in the Eng-principal duty it is to hold an inquiglish law. A copy hold estate is a sition, with the assistance of a jury, parcel of the demesne of a manor, over the body of any person who may held at the will of the lord, accord-have come to a violent death, or who ing to the custom of the manor, by a has died in prison. It is his duty grant from the lord, and admittance also in case of the death of the

The duties of the coroner are of the greatest consequence to society, both for the purpose of bringing to punishment murderers and other of fenders against the lives of the citizens, and of protecting innocent persons from criminal accusations. His office, it is to be regretted, is regarded with too much indifference. This officer should be properly acquainted with the medical and legal knowledge so absolutely indispensable in the faithful discharge of his office. It not unfrequently happens that the public mind is deeply impressed with the guilt of the accused, and when probably he is guilty, and yet the imperfections of the early examinations leave no alternative to the jury but to acquit. It is proper in most cases to procure the examination to be made by a physician, and in some cases, it is his duty. 4 Car. & P. 571.

sheriff, or when a vacancy happens | body, created by law, composed of in that office, to serve all the writs individuals united under a common and process which the sheriff is name, the members of which sucusually bound to serve. Vide Bac. ceed each other, so that the body Ab. h. t.; 6 Vin. Ab. 242; 3 Com. continues the same, notwithstanding Dig. 222; 5 Com. Dig. 212; and the changes of the individuals who the article Deuth. compose it, and which for certain purposes is considered as a natural person. Browne's Civ. Law, 99; Civ. Code of Lo. art. 418; 2 Kent's Com. 215; Mr. Kyd, (Corpor. vol. 1, p. 13,) defines a corporation as follows: "A corporation, or body politic, or body incorporate, is a collection of many individuals united in one body, under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested by the policy of the law, with a capacity of acting in several respects as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, contracting obligations and of suing and being sued; of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation, or at any subsequent period of its existence.' In the case of Dartmouth College against Woodward, 4 Wheat. Rep. 636, Chief Justice Marshall describes a corporation to be "an artificial being, invisible, intangible and existing only in contemplation of law. Being the mere creature of law," continues the judge, "it possesses only those properties which the charter of its creation confers upon it, either expressly or as incidental to its very existence. These are such as are supposed best calculated to effect the object for which it was created. Among the most important are immortality, and if the expres sion may be allowed, individuality; properties by which a perpetual succession of many persons are considered as the same, and may act as

CORPORAL, an epithet for any thing belonging to the body, as, corporal punishment, for punishment inflicted on the person of the criminal; corporal oath, which is an oath by the party who takes it being obliged to lay his hand on the Bible. CORPORAL TOUCH. It was once decided that before a seller of personal property could be said to have stopped it in transitu, so as to regain the possession of it, it was necessary that it should come to his corporal touch. 3 T. R. 466; 5 East, 184. But the contrary is now settled. These words were used merely as a figurative expression. 3 T. R. 464; 5 East, 184.

CORPORATION. An aggregate corporation is an intellectual

the single individual. They enable | come as moral persons, having an a corporation to manage its own understanding and will peculiar to affairs, and to hold property without themselves, and are susceptible of the perplexing intricacies, the haz- obligations and laws. Vattel, 49. ardous and endless necessity of per- In this extensive sense the United petual conveyance for the purpose of States may be termed a corporation; transmitting it from hand to hand. It and so may each state singly. Per is chiefly for the purpose of clothing Iredell, J. 3 Dall. 447. bodies of men, in succession, with these qualities and capacities, that corporations were invented, and are in use." See 2 Bl. Com. 37.

Private corporations. In the popular meaning of the term, nearly every corporation is public, inasmuch as they are created for the public The words corporation and incor- benefit; but if the whole interest poration are frequently confounded, does not belong to the government, particularly in the old books. The or if the corporation is not created distinction between them is, how- for the administration of political or ever, obvious; the one is a poli- municipal power, the corporation is tical institution, the other the act by private. A bank for instance may which that institution is created. be created by the government for Corporations are divided into pub-its own uses; but if the stock is ownlic and private.

Public corporations which are also called political, and sometimes municipal corporations, are those which have for their object the government of a portion of the state. Civil Code of Lo. art. 420; and although in such case it involves some private interests, yet, as it is endowed with a portion of political power, the term public has been deemed appropriate. Another class of public corporations are those which are founded for public, (though not for political or municipal purposes,) and the whole interest in which belongs to the government. The Bank of Philadel phia, for example, if the whole stock belonged exclusively to the government, would be a public corporation; but inasmuch as there are other owners of the stock, it is a private corporation. Domat's Civil Law, 452; 4 Wheat. R. 668; 9 Wheat. R. 907; 3 M'Cord's R. 377; 1 Hawk's R. 35; 2 Kent's Com. 222. Nations or states, are denominated by publicists, bodies politic, and are said to have their affairs and interests, and to deliberate and resolve, in common. They thus be

ed by private persons, it is a private corporation, although it is created by the government, and its operations partake of a private nature. 9 Wheat. R. 907. The rule is the same in the case of canal, bridge, turnpike, insurance companies, and the like. Charitable or literary corporations, founded by private benefaction, are in point of law, private corporations, though dedicated to public charity, or for the general promotion of learning. Ang. & Ames on Corp. 22.

Private corporations are divided into ecclesiastical and lay.

Ecclesiastical corporations, in the United States, are commonly called religious corporations; they are created to enable religious societies to manage with more facility and advantage, the temporalities belong. ing to the church or congregation.

Lay corporations are divided into civil and eleemosynary. Civil corporations are created for an infinite variety of temporal purposes, such as affording facilities for the obtaining loans of money; the making of canals, turnpike roads, and the like. And also such as are established for