ments of the fish, improvement in fishing tackle and vessels by introduction of new models, new methods of salting and curing, the use of ice, and the preservation of the salmon fisheries. Along sociological and philanthropical lines it includes the extension of the weather service and telegraph lines, establishment of life saving stations and ships, industrial agencies for purchase of supplies and marketing the product, the opening of orphanages, schools, and public baths, and medical inspection and relief.

The station also supplies from its abundant resources collections of animals and marine plants to schools and learned institutions, but does not seek to make provision in its shore laboratory for independent investigators.

In addition to the shore laboratory and coaling station at Alexandrovsk on Kola fiord, the equipment of the Murman station includes a specially constructed research ship, the Andre Pervosvannyi, a steel vessel of 336 registered gross tonnage, length 151 feet, draft 10 feet, carrying five officers and a crew of twenty-two men. The vessel has triple compound condensing engines of 420 horsepower, giving a speed of 10 miles per hour. It is fully equipped with steam winches for handling fishing gear and scientific instruments. The station also has the use, as need arises, of the administration steamer Murman, a wooden steamer Phoca, and several sailing vessels.

The equipment for biological work includes dredges, Sigsbee trawls, Hensen plankton nets, the Helgoland fry net, Petersen's young-fish trawl. The fisheries equipment is most ample, including long lines, set and drift nets, sack nets, fish and otter trawls. The hydrographic equipment contains Pettersson-Nansen water bottle, Negretti-Zambra and Nansen thermometers, several types of sounding machines, Ekman current meter and Secchi disks. The ship also carries a full equipment of meteorological instruments including a Pulfrich apparatus for measuring refraction and kites with meteorographs.

The results of the work of this expedition have been published in the international bulletin at Copenhagen and in Russia in a series of "Annual Reports," "Results of Expeditions," and special circulars of information as well as in widely scattered scientific contributions. Literature: Breitfuss (1906).

PROFESSOR BORODIN'S FRESH-WATER BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF ST. PETERSBURG, LAKE SELIGER.

Director, Academician Ivan P. Borodin, botanical museum, Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Superintendent, Doctor Molcanov.

Founded in 1906 solely at the private expense of the director and of Professor Woronin of the Academy of Sciences and since maintained entirely by Professor Borodin. A gift of 5,000 rubles to the Imperial Society of Naturalists serves also as endowment.

45504°-Bull. 4-10-23

The station was located from 1897-1905 on the eastern shore of Lake Bologoje between St. Petersburg and Moscow in a cottage of six rooms two of which provided laboratory places for six workers. In 1906 the laboratory was transferred to Lake Seliger, 80 km. in length and the source of the Volga. The station is on the western shores of the lake about 8 versts northwest of the city of Ostashkov, twelve hours by rail southeast of St. Petersburg. The superintendent is elected each year by the Society of Naturalists. The only charge made at the station is for board. Laboratory facilities and lodging are furnished to the workers. The laboratory is supplied with microscopes, microtome, paraffin bath, chemicals and glassware for biological work and through the cooperation of friends a very fair working library (see lists in "Berichte") of papers pertaining to the botany and zoology of fresh waters. There is also a field equipment and laboratory apparatus for quantitative and statistical plankton work.

The station is open in summer from May to September and is used solely for investigation by members of the Society of Naturalists. The results of the investigations, chiefly faunistic, systematic, and acological appear in a series of "Reports of the Fresh Water Biological Station of the Imperial Academy of Sciences," two volumes of which have thus far been issued.

Literature: Borodin (1901, 1906).

RUSSIAN FISH-CULTURAL LABORATORY AT NIKOLSKOJE, GOUV. NOVGOROD. Director, Dr. Oscar Grimm, Russian bureau of fisheries, St. Petersburg. Superintendent, Dr. A. A. Lebidenzeff, Nikolskoje.

This laboratory is primarily a fish-cultural establishment, but connected therewith is a biological station. The main line of investigation in progress therein is the chemical examination of waters with reference to their relations to the problems of fish culture.

THE VOLGA BIOLOGICAL STATION.

Director, Dr. W. Meissner, Saratoff, Gouv. Saratoff.

Secretary of Saratoff Society of Naturalists, Mr. B. I. Dixon.

This station upon the greatest of the Russian rivers was founded in 1900 by a group of biologists in the Saratoff Society of Naturalists. The Saratoff station has been most fortunate in having as its directors in succession several of the foremost investigators in limnology in Russia. The first director Dr. W. Zykoff, fresh from his doctorate at the University of Moscow built up the station during the two years 1900-1902 of his connection. He was followed in 1903 by Dr. A. S. Skorikow and later in 1905 by Dr. W. Meissner who continued as director till 1909.

The station receives in addition to the local funds an annual stipend of 1,500 rubles from the Kultus Ministerium, and in 1903 received

by gift a 30-foot steel steam cutter for its field work. Its building provides places for seven or eight investigators. Applications for admission should be sent to the director or to the secretary of the society.

The lines of investigation followed at Saratoff have been mainly faunistic, with special reference to the invertebrates other than insects and to fishes. Special attention has been paid to the parasites of fishes, to the culture of the sturgeon, and to the plankton of the Volga.

The station is located in rented quarters near the bank of the Volga in the city of Saratoff. It is a plain one-story building (extreme dimensions 9 by 33 m.) containing a large laboratory (9 by 10 m.), library and aquarium room (7 by 9 m.), a dark room (2.5 by 2.5 m.), a collection room (2.5 by 8 m.) and a director's office (2.5 by 4 m.). The station is very fully equipped with movable aquaria, glassware, reagents, etc., for morphological work, has 3 microscopes of Hartnack, Verick, and Leitz, microtomes, and paraffin oven. There is a good working library of the current literature of fresh-water fauna and flora, and a good beginning has been made on a type collection of the local fauna.

The field equipment consists of a 30-foot steel steam cutter, Naturalist, a sailboat, Daphnia, and smaller boats for local expeditions. There is a full equipment of special trawls and dredges, Apstein nets, centrifuge and Zwickert counting microscope for plankton work.

The explorations at Saratoff have brought to light a wonderfully rich and interesting fauna and flora. Over 1,000 species have been found in the stream. Among them are no less than seven species of marine Crustacea from the Caspian area which have found their way not only into fresh water but to a distance of 900 versts from their normal habitat.

The Saratoff station is thus in a unique location in a rich field on one of the largest rivers of Europe, in a position of vantage to render signal service to the science of hydrobiology and fish culture.

The publications of the station are issued as a series of "Raboty" (vol. 3 in 1909) included in the "Trudy" of the Saratoff Society of Naturalists.

Literature: Sovyet (1902), Skorikow (1903, 1903a), Meissner (1906, 1907, 1908).

HYDROGRAPHICAL STATION OF LAKE GLUBOKOJE, NEAR MOSCOW, RUSSIA. Director, Prof. Dr. N. Zograf, professor of zoology, University of Moscow. Superintendent, Mr. N. Voronoff, zoological laboratory, University of Moscow. This, the oldest fresh-water station in Russia, was opened as a movable summer station by Professor Zograf in 1888, which, in 1890, was permanently located on Lake Glubokoje (Lac Profond) in the

district of Rouza, near Moscow. This is an isolated lake, attaining a maximum depth of 30 m. It is free from contamination by factories or villages and presents a great variety of shore line. The station was lodged at first in temporary quarters, but in 1894 a small building specially for the station's accomodation was erected by Prince Dolgorodikoff. From 1894 to 1898 the station was administered by Dr. S. Zernoff. The building was enlarged and its work diversified along practical lines, but it was open only during summer months. In 1904 the slender budget of the station (400 rubles) from the section of ichthyology of the Acclimatization Society of Moscow was increased by a subvention from the ministry of agriculture and domains of 4,000 rubles and an annual stipend of 1,400 rubles. This made possible the equipment of the station with suitable apparatus and instruments for hydrographical and bacteriological work, the improvement of the library, and the erection of an additional laboratory accommodating sixteen students. A permanent superintendent was appointed and a programme of continuous work instituted. An ichthyological laboratory was opened in Moscow in connection with the new aquarium of the Zoological Gardens, which was destroyed in the revolution of 1905, but has been rebuilt on larger lines and was completed at the close of 1909. With improved facilities the station not only provides regular courses of instruction in summer months for university students and facilities for research for advanced students and specialists, but has also undertaken a definite programme of coordinated research along physical, chemical, bacteriological, and biological lines.

The station has published two volumes of "Travaux" and others are in preparation.

Literature: Zograf (1897).

BULGARIA.

BULGARIAN ZOOLOGICAL STATION, VARNA, BULGARIA.

At the seaport of Varna on the western shore of the Black Sea there is in process of erection a magnificent building for a zoological station and aquarium, which is exceeded in cost and dimensions only by the station at Naples. It was begun in 1906 and approaches completion at the close of 1909. The total cost of the structure will be in the neighborhood of 500,000 francs. The enterprise owes its origin to Prince (now King) Ferdinand of Bulgaria, who for many years has followed with interest the station at Naples. Minister Ivan Schischmanof, of the department of education, and Prof. P. Stoianoff, of the University at Sophia, have been instrumental in furthering the enterprise.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ALLEN, E. J., et al. Plymouth marine invertebrate fauna, being brief notes on the local distribution of species occurring in the neighbourhood. Compiled from records of the laboratory. J. Mar. Biol. Ass., n. s., v. 7, p. 155–298, 1904.

ALLEN, E. J. An account of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 8 p. Plymouth, 1907.

ANON. An English biological station. The Times, March 31, 1884. Repr., 4 p., 1884.

Report of the meeting held in the rooms of the Royal Society on March 31, 1884, for the purpose of forming a society for the biological investigation of the coasts of the United Kingdom. 20 p., London, 1884.

Trondhjems biologiske station. Meddelelser fra stations anlæggets arbeidskomite. 26 p., 4 pls., Trondhjem, 1901.

Herstellung von Kitt für Aquarien. Allg. Fisch.-Zeit., Bd. 30, p. 469, 1905. Guide to the aquarium of the zoological station at Naples. Sixth ed., with 175 illustrations. 101 p., Naples, 1906.

Das neue Königliche Institut für Binnenfischerei am Müggelsee bei Berlin. Zentralbl. f. Bauverwaltung, v. 28, p. 421-422, 1908, 4 Abb.

ANTHONY, R. La piscifacture du turbot au laboratoire du Muséum (Saint-Vaastla-Hougue). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1907, p. 557–559, 9 figs.

Pisciculture marine industrielle. La Science au XX Siècle, v. 6, p. 41-48, 1908, 7 figs.

Le laboratoire maritime du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue) pendant l'année 1907. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (9), v. 7, p. 27-78, 1908, pl. 2, 20 figs.

AWERINZEW, S. Die Marine biologische Station an der Murman-Küste. Zool. Anz., v. 29, p. 704-707, 1906.

Die biologische Meeresstation in Alexandrovsk (an der Murman-Küste). Intern. Rev. Hydrob. u. Hydrog., v. 2, p. 499–502, 1909, 5 figs.

BAGLIONI, S. Die neue physiologische Abtheilung der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel. Die Umschau, (Frankfurt a. M.), Vol. II, p. 116-118, 1907, 2 figs. BATHER, F. A. The Swedish marine biological station. Nat. Sci., v. 7, p. 407-416, 1895, pl. 20, 2 figs.

BERTHOLD, G. Ueber die Vertheilung der Algen im Golf von Neapel, nebst einem Verzeichnis der bisher daselbst beobachteten Arten. Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neapel, Bd. 3, p. 393-537, 1882, 3 Tab.

BORODIN, J. P. The fresh-water biological station at Bologoe of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of St. Petersburg. Sketch of its origin, present condition, and activities. Rep. Biol. F. W. Sta. Imp. Soc. Nat. St. Petersburg, v. 1, p. i-lvii, 1901, 5 figs.

The fresh-water biological station of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of St. Petersburg. Ibid., v. 2, p. v-lxxi, 1906.