heroic Jesuits, in whom strangely commingled the most diverse elements to form a character, at the same time admirable and repellant.

or "The Wolf and Pot," inscribed beneath. He was one of a numerous family of children and became, at the age of 14, a page at the luxurious court of Ferdinand and Isabella. He accompanied the king in his Portuguese, French, and Moorish wars, and achieved a high reputation for valor and efficiency. A severe wound in the leg in 1521, at which time he fell into the hands of the French, confined him to a sick bed for a considerable period, during which time his reflections upon religious subjects determined his future career. When he regained health he made a pilgrimage to Montserrat, assuming the garb of a beggar, and dwelling in a solitary cave, during which time he subjected himself to fasting, scourging, and other self-imposed penances, so severe as to often imperil his life. It was at this time that he conceived the idea of a religious organization of a semimilitary character, with its headquarters at Jerusalem. It was not, however, until September 27, 1541, that a bull for the establishment of the new order, which he had planned, was issued by Pope Paul the Third. When the organization of the Society of Jesus was effected in the spring of 1541, Loyola was made its general, and he at once established himself at Rome, where he devoted himself to the work of the order which he had founded. He died in Rome, July 31, 1556, and was canonized by Gregory the Fifteenth, in 1622, under the title of Saint Ignatius de Loyola. Vide Vie de St. Ignace, Paris, 1679, and Ignatius Loyola and the early Jesuits, London, 1871.

Following closely upon the track of the great voyagers, the Jesuits set up the symbols of their order in the most hopeless places, and undertook, with irrepressible zeal, the sanctification of savage souls, darkened and degraded by ages of besetting superstition and vice, and though the methods which they employed were often pitiably disproportioned to the magnitude of a task, which we now know can be accomplished only through the patient education of head and heart, by processes slow and painful, we do wrong if we fail to concede to them sincerity of purpose, or deny them the merit of having achieved

a measure of success.

The Jesuits of the period of which we write, were a fair product of their age; an age of superficial knowledge and chivalrous adventure; of childish superstition and romantic achievement, and in estimating them, as well as their contemporaries, who opposed them, we should keep clearly in view the influences which surrounded both, and helped to shape their characters and qualify their acts. The Jesuit missionaries were pioneers in that great movement, which has already accomplished so much for the uplifting of mankind, and which, with a constantly increasing knowledge of proper methods of work, is slowly but surely transforming the world. When the

2

vancouriers of this movement, Biard' and Massé, in the early summer of 1611, knelt on the serene shores of Port Royal, and mingled their voices with the songs

1 Pierre Biard was a native of Grenoble, and was associated with Enemond Massé until the capture of the colony, which they had established at Mount Desert, by Argal in 1613. He died while a chaplain in the French army, at Avignon, November 17, 1622.

2 Enemond Massé was born at Lyons in 1574, and before leaving his native country was socius to Father Coton. He arrived at Port Royal in company with Biard, June 11, 1611, and with his associate immedi ately entered upon his missionary labors. Owing to constant discord between the missionaries and the governor of the colony, De Pourtrincourt, they resolved to abandon their mission at Port Royal, and accordingly, in conjunction with the Sieur de la Saussaye, the agent of that great patroness of missions, the Marchioness de Guerchville, the lay brother, Gilbert du Thet and Fathers Quentin and Lalemant, they planned to establish a new mission at Kadesquit, or Kenduskeag, the present site of the city of Bangor. Coasting along the shores of Maine, they were attracted by the enchanting scenery of Mount Desert, and resolved to go no further, but to land and establish their colony there. The place selected for the site of their colony they called St. Saveur, and they went vigorously to work, erecting a small fort and several habitations for the shelter of the colonists, about twenty-five in number. The aban donment of their original design was fatal to the success of their enterprise, for they were hardly settled in their new home when Capt. Samuel Argal,

of the wood birds in thanks for the auspicious ending of their perilous journey, the entire continent was a wilderness, wherein the gospel was unknown to its native inhabitants. These had seen the whitefaced European greedy to despoil them of their furry wealth, and had learned to distrust him, hence, they turned instinctively from this new variety of his kind, whose motives in seeking them they were unable to comprehend; but when they saw the blackrobed strangers patiently enduring all the hardships attend. ant upon savage life, and apparently seeking to minister to their welfare, the scornful indifference with which they first listened to their despised visitors, gave place to a vagrant attention, and then to a wondering interest, which often culminated in a par

from the Virginia colony, attacked and broke up their settlement. Gilbert du Thet was killed in the fight, and Biard and Massé, with the others, made prisoners. Massé was transported to France, but returned to Canada in 1625, and was made prisoner by Kirk, and again transported across the ocean; but he returned to Canada in 1633, and died in 1646, while on the way to confess the garrison of Fort Richelieu, to prepare them to celebrate the feast of Candlemas. Vide Voyages du Sieur Champlain, Paris, 1632, vol. 1, pp. 98-114. Relations des Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, vol. 1, p. 28 et passim. Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, à Paris, 1744, Tome, 1, p. 416.

tial subjection of will and purpose to men, whose seeming effeminacy had at first been offensive to them. Biard and Massé were followed by others, and not long after the Puritans, under Winthrop, began to set up the altars of their faith on the sterile New England shores, the Jesuits had already gained the ascendancy in New France, whose southern borders, yet undefined, were soon found to be in dangerous proximity to the rapidly advancing English colonists, to whom everything French was hateful.

Race antagonism, which had existed in the hearts of French and English alike from immemorial time, was quickened as they drew nearer together and regarded the complexion of each other's religious faith; hence conflict was a necessity, a conflict in which the weaker natives were bound to be ground to powder by the opposing forces between which they found themselves. With all the hostility of their race to the English, the French Jesuits, unless we fancy them to have been above the reach of human passions, could hardly be expected to remain indifferent spectators to the encroachment of their enemies upon territory wherein they exercised authority, nor to refrain from arousing against them the jealousy of their savage allies, ever ready, upon the slightest