App. Div.] FIRST DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1899. poration was appointed on September 29, 1896, as temporary receiver and as permanent receiver on August 5, 1897; that the said. Meacham Arms Company, a creditor of this domestic corporation,. was a foreign corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Missouri; that on December 20, 1897, the said Meacham Arms Company duly made and executed a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors to one Marshall F. McDonald of St. Louis, Mo., which was duly acknowledged on December 21, 1897, and was recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds for the city of St. Louis on December 22, 1897; that by that assignment the said E. C. Meacham Arms Company did "bargain, sell, transfer, convey and set over unto the said party of the second part, his successors and assigns, in trust the following property, to wit: All the choses in action, book accounts, promissory notes and other evidences of debt and all other property rights and contracts of whatever kind and description, and all property, whether real, personal or mixed (it being the intention and object of this conveyance to convey to said second party and to include herein all the property and assets of and belonging to said first party), owned by and belonging to the said party of the first part, whether located, situated or contained in its place of business at No. 306 North Fourth Street, St. Louis, Missouri, to have and to hold the same unto said party of the second part and his successors forever, in trust, however," for the benefit of the creditors of the said corporation, certain of the creditors being preferred by said assignment; that the said McDonald, the assignee, accepted the said trust, proceeded to take possession of the property conveyed by the said assignment, and administered the same until his death on April 5, 1898; and that thereupon, and on or about April 6, 1898, by an order of the Circuit Court of the State of Missouri, one William M. Bulkley, of the city of St. Louis, was appointed trustee to execute the said deed of trust in place of the original trustee upon the execution of a bond in the penalty of $30,000; and that the said substituted trustee was, by the order appointing him, vested with all the power and authority of the original trustee, and that the said Bulkley, as trustee, was ordered and directed to take possession, charge and control of all the assets of the trust estate conveyed by the said deed which remained unadministered. FIRST DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1899. [Vol. 38. There can be no doubt, I think, that if this foreign corporation had transferred this account against this domestic corporation by an assignment specifically describing it to an assignee named, such transfer would have been valid and would have vested in the assignee the demand against the corporation, Hulbert Bros. & Co., and would have entitled the assignee to collect the amount of the dividend from the receiver. Under the terms of the order directing the payment by the receiver, such an assignee would have been entitled to the dividend from the receiver. The instrument transferring this claim against the domestic corporation was a general assignment of the property of the corporation to a trustee for the benefit of creditors; but this general assignment was sufficient upon its face to transfer to the assignee the claim or demand against this domestic corporation, unless the law of the State of Missouri, the domicile of the foreign corporation (assignor) and the place where the assignment was executed, made such assignment void. There was no evidence offered in the court below as to the law of the State of Missouri, nor was there evidence that, by the law of that State, such assignment was not a valid, legal transfer of the property of the assignor; and in the absence of such proof, the rules of the common law will be deemed to prevail. It is a general rule that the validity of a transfer of personal property is governed by the law of the domicile of the owner. This rule applies to a transfer by a voluntary assignment by a debtor of all his property for the benefit of creditors as well as to a specific transfer by sale or contract, and the title of such assignee, valid by the law of the domicile, will prevail against the lien of an attachment issued and levied in another State or country subsequent to the assignment in favor of a creditor in such other State or country, whether a citizen or non-resident, upon a debt or chattel belonging to the assignor, embraced in the assignment. This rule does not apply to a transfer of personal property in invitum under foreign insolvent or bankrupt laws, good according to the law of the jurisdiction where the proceedings were taken. Such a transfer by operation of law will not be recognized in another jurisdiction where it comes in conflict with the rights of the creditors of such other jurisdiction who have acquired liens upon the property of their debtor, although such liens were acquired subsequent to and with notice of the transfer in insolvency or bankruptcy. (Barth App. Div.] FIRST DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1899. v. Backus, 140 N. Y. 230, 235.) The reason of the distinction here taken is apparent. Where the transfer of the title to property is by the voluntary act of the owner, evidenced by a deed or assignment, the right of the owner of the property to make a disposition of it is recognized, and his voluntary transfer of the property, valid by the law of his domicile where the deed or assignment was executed, transfers a good title to the property wherever situated. Where, however, the transfer is by operation of law, not the voluntary act of the owner of the property, the effect of such proceeding upon property in a foreign State depends upon the enforcement of the law of a State different from that in which it is sought to be enforced, and requires that it should be given an extraterritorial operation which the rules of comity do not require to be given to the prejudice of the citizen of the State in which the property is situated. The right of the owner of property to dispose of it is recognized, but the right of a foreign State to step in and dispose of the property of a resident of that State, where such disposition would be to the prejudice of citizens of the State where the property is situated, is not recognized. It seems to be settled that at common law a general assignment in trust for the benefit of creditors may be made by an insolvent corporation (Vanderpoel v. Gorman, 140 N. Y. 563, 568), and this right to make an assignment for the benefit of creditors includes the right to prefer one creditor of a corporation. Such a preference is not unlawful. "The right of a failing debtor to prefer one creditor to another in the distribution of his property while it has been often regretted, is recognized both in courts of law and equity. * * * A corporation possesses in this respect the same right as an individual." (Coats v. Donnell, 94 N. Y. 168, 178.) In the absence, therefore, of any proof of the laws of the State of Missouri restricting the right of this corporation to make a general assignment for the benefit of creditors with preferences, it must be held that the rules of the common law prevail, and that such a general assignment is valid. The only remaining question is whether the recognition of the title under this assignment would contravene the statutory law of the State or be repugnant to its general policy. Section 48 of the Stock Corporation Law (Chap. 564, Laws of 1890, as amd. by chap. 688, Laws of 1892) prohibits a corporation from making any FIRST DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1899. [Vol. 38. conveyance, assignment or transfer of any property when the company is insolvent, if its insolvency is imminent, with intent to give a preference to any particular creditor over another. But it is settled that this section is applicable to domestic and not to foreign corporations. (Vanderpoel v. Gorman, 140 N. Y. 562, 569.) No statute to which our attention has been called declares that such an assignment, made by a foreign corporation, shall be invalid. Chapter 384 of the Laws of 1897, by which an additional section (§ 60) is added to the Stock Corporation Law, does not attempt to define what transfers by a foreign corporation would be illegal. That section provides that the officers, directors and stockholders of a foreign corporation, transacting business within this State, except moneyed and railroad corporations, shall be liable, under the provisions of the chapter, in the same manner and to the same extent as the officers, directors and stockholders of a domestic corporation for an illegal transfer of the stock and property of such corporation when it is insolvent, or its insolvency is threatened, and that such liability may be enforced in the courts of this State in the same manner as similar liabilities imposed by law upon the officers, directors and stockholders of domestic corporations. To bring a transfer under the provisions of this act, it must be shown to be an illegal transfer of the stock and property of such corporation; and there is nothing in the act that makes a transfer by a foreign corporation illegal which, before the passage of the act, was legal. This section would not apply for the additional reason that it is confined to foreign corporations transacting business within this State, and there is no evidence that this foreign corporation ever transacted business here. Indeed, it may be said that the Legislature of this State would have no power to restrict the authority of a foreign corporation not transacting business within this State from exercising the power vested in it by the law of the State of its domicile; and while it is undoubtedly true that this State could refuse to recognize and enforce a transfer of property within its limits by a foreign corporation which, though valid in the State of its domicile, was opposed to the policy of this State, to justify such action there must be a clear declaration that the State had adopted a policy in relation to the transfer of property within this State which would be opposed or invalidated by the recog FIRST DEPARTMENT, MARCH TERM, 1899. App. Div.] nition of the right of a foreign corporation to exercise this power, authorized by the State which had created it, and in which the act or transfer was executed. In this connection there seems to me to be a distinction between an act of a foreign corporation doing business in this State where the act sought to be invalidated was performed here and when such a corporation was not doing business within this State, and where the act was performed in the State of its domicile. The Legislature of this State would have undoubted authority to regulate the act of a foreign corporation performed or attempted to be performed within this State and in which property located within this State was involved. It would be powerless to declare invalid or illegal an act of a foreign corporation performed in the State of its domicile. It might refuse to recognize or enforce in this State such an act, but to justify the courts in taking such a position, a legislative declaration of a policy inconsistent with the enforcement of the act of a foreign corporation valid in the State of its domicile must exist. The remarks of Judge PECKHAM in the case of Vanderpoel v. Gorman (140 N. Y. 563), in which the question of the validity of a general assignment by a foreign corporation with preferences, made in contemplation of insolvency, was reserved, evidently related to such an assignment, which, although made by a foreign corporation, was actually executed in this State. At page 575 the learned judge says: "If the exercise of certain powers by a foreign corporation in this State would violate our public policy, there is no doubt that the corporation could not here legally exercise such powers, and the fact that it did violate our public policy might in many cases be proved by our statute in regard to our own corporations. But it was not intended to assert that in all cases where a statute did prohibit corporations from doing certain things, it necessarily included foreign corporations, or that such corporations could not thereafter exercise any power prohibited to a domestic corporation, because in such case its exercise by a foreign corporation would be a violation of a public policy evidenced by the statute. I think I have shown in the case at bar that the difference between the two classes of corporations, with reference to the thing prohibited to the domestic corporation, precludes this kind of proof of a public policy APP. DIV.-VOL. XXXVIII. 42 |