.

410

APPENDIX.—V.

and upon which (notwithstanding his Britannic Majesty's mediation) they may not agree, hostilities between the Republic and the Empire shall not recommence until after the five years stipulated in Article X.; nor shall hostilities then commence without six months' notice being given, reciprocally, with the knowledge of the mediating power.

XIX. The exchange of the ratifications of the present convention shall be effected in the fortress of Monte Video within the term of seventy days, or sooner if it be possible, reckoning from the date hereof.

In testimony whereof we, the undersigned, Plenipotentiaries of the Government of the Republic of the United Provinces, and of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, in virtue of our full powers, do sign the present convention with our hands, and have affixed thereto the impressions of our arms.

Done in the city of Rio Janeiro, on the 27th day of the month of August, in the year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ 1828.

Both the high contracting parties engage to employ such means as may be in their power in order that the navigation of the River Plate, and of all the rivers that empty into it, may be kept free for the use of the subjects of the two nations for the space of fifteen years, in the manner which may be agreed upon in the definitive treaty of peace.

The present additional article shall have the same force and effect as if it were inserted word for word in the preliminary convention of this date.

Done in the city of Rio Janeiro, &c. &c.

VI.

(Translation from the Archivo Americano, published at Buenos Ayres.) SECRET INSTRUCTIONS FURNISHED TO THE MARQUIS OF ST. AMARO ON HIS PROCEEDING TO EUROPE ON A SPECIAL EMBASSY FROM HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY DON PEDRO I.

1830.

Rio de Janeiro, April 21, 1830.

MOST ILLUSTRIOUS AND EXCELLENT SIR,

1. BESIDES the affairs relative to the present Portuguese question, there exist others also of urgency which H. I. M. has thought proper to confide to the well-known zeal and loyalty of Y. E.

2. The Imperial Government is informed that the leading Sovereigns of Europe, after establishing the new monarchy in Greece, purpose to occupy themselves with the means of pacifying the Spanish Americas. The defeat at Tampico of the last military expedition against Mexico doubtless affords to the aforesaid Sovereigns a powerful motive for obliging the Court of Madrid, after the failure of so many attempts, to agree to some adjustment having for its object a pacification so much to be desired. It is indeed impossible that the civilized world can any longer behold with indifference the lamentable, immoral, and dangerous picture of so many States involved in anarchy, and verging on the brink of destruction.

3. It being, then, highly possible that the great Powers intend to enter into discussions upon this affair, and that Y. E., as an Ambassador from America, may be consulted upon it, H. I. M., in his wisdom, deems it convenient to the interests of the Empire to furnish Y. E. with the necessary instructions to take part therein with the character of H. I. M.'s Plenipotentiary. In truth, placed as Brazil is, in the centre of South America, and surrounded by the States which formerly belonged to Spain, it neither can nor ought to be indifferent to their policy, affecting as it may perhaps its own security, nor to any negotiation whatsoever conceived and carried on by the Governments of Europe, with the just as well as desirable object of regulating and constituting the aforesaid States, and thereby putting an end to the civil dissensions which are deluging them with blood.

4. H. I. M. consequently desires that as soon as Y. E. should be invited by any of the said Governments to give your opinion upon this difficult affair, or whenever you may be sure yourself that the affair in question is really under their consideration, you will declare yourself authorized to take part in the negotiations in

question, guiding yourself in their progress by the following in

structions:

5. Y. E. will endeavour to demonstrate to the Sovereigns who may take part in this negotiation, that the only efficacious means for the pacification and constitution of the old Spanish colonies is that of establishing constitutional or representative Monarchies in the different States which are independent. The ideas and the principles which in the course of twenty years of revolution have been imbibed by the present generation are opposed to the establishment of any absolute form of government.

So for the like reason it was that in Europe Louis XVIII., notwithstanding France had been under the military despotism of Napoleon, and that he might count upon being supported by the numerous armies which re-established him on the throne, judged, in his wisdom, that it was better for him to give a charter to the French than assume an absolute authority. In fact, if the character and customs of the Spanish Americans are adapted on the one hand to a Monarchy, their new notions and principles, shaken by so many disasters, incline them on the other towards a mixed form of government; and upon this point it is that Y. E. will insist with all possible force.

6. In treating of the founding of representative Monarchies, and only in that case, Y. E. will manifest the expediency of considering the rising national pride of the new American States. Already separate and independent of each other, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and the Argentine Provinces may constitute so many distinct and separate Monarchies. The division of any of these states, or their union with others, would meet with serious impediments from the spirit of the people.

7. With regard to the new Oriental State, or Cisplatine Province, which does not form part of the Argentine territory which was incorporated with Brazil, and cannot exist in a state of independence, Y. E. will opportunely and frankly endeavour to prove the necessity of again incorporating it with the Empire. It is the only side on which Brazil is vulnerable. It is difficult, if not impossible, to prevent acts of hostility, and to put down the outrages of malefactors on either side of the frontiers. It forms the natural boundary of the Empire, and would be the means of preventing future causes of dispute between Brazil and the Southern States.

8. In case England and France should oppose its reannexation to Brazil, Y. E. will insist, for reasons of political expediency, which are obvious and weighty, that if the Oriental State is to remain independent, it should be constituted into a duchy or principality, so as in no manner to form part of the Argentine Monarchy.

9. In the choice of Princes for the thrones of the new Monarchies,

and if it should be necessary to bring them from Europe, Y. E. will not hesitate to give your vote in favour of such members of the august family of Bourbon as may be disposed to repair to America. Those princes, besides the prestige in their favour as descendants or nearly connected with the dynasty which for so many years reigned over the States in question, offer through their relationship and friendship with so many Sovereigns a solid guarantee for the tranquillity and consolidation of the new Monarchies.

10. In the event of any young Princes being selected, as for example the second son of the Duke d'Orléans, or of any other having sons, it will be expedient, and H. I. M. desires, that Y. E. should immediately propose a marriage or promise of marriage between them and the Princesses of Brazil. Indeed it is necessary to declare to Y. E. that the second son of the Duke d'Orléans should be expressly named, as H. R. H. has already shown himself disposed to marry him to the young Queen of Portugal, even though she should not be restored to her throne.

11. Y. E. may engage and promise that H. I. M. will employ every means of persuasion and counsel on his part in order to pacify the new States, and with a view to the projected establishment of representative Monarchies binds himself immediately to open and cultivate relations of intimate friendship with the new Monarchs. Having had the glory of founding and maintaining almost alone the first constitutional Monarchy in the New World, H. M. the Emperor wishes to see his noble example imitated and those principles of government which he has adopted made general in all South America.

12. If for this desirable object it should be required that H. I. M. should engage to lend material assistance, or to administer subsidies of money and of land and sea forces, Y. E., referring to our political and financial circumstances, will represent the impossibility of the Imperial Government contracting such obligations.

13. If after repeated instances Y. E. should deem it absolutely necessary to make some promise of assistance, H. I. M. will not hesitate to bind himself to defend and aid the Monarchical representative Government which may be established in the Argentine Provinces by a sufficient naval force stationed in the Rio de la Plata, and the land forces which he maintains on the southern frontier of the Empire.

14. This obligation not to be valid-

1st. Unless the Cisplatine Province should be incorporated with the Empire; because then H. I. M. could with greater promptness and facility aid the new Monarchy with a division of the army and of the squadron which he would be obliged to keep there.

2nd. Unless constitutional Monarchies be previously esta

blished in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia; because otherwise the Imperial Government, having to take the initiative, might be exposed to insult or invasion on the part of the adjoining Provinces.

15. If in the course of the negotiation any notion of altering the territorial limits of the Empire should be manifested, under the pretext of giving greater extension to or rounding any of the neighbouring States, Y. E. will exert yourself to repel such an idea; finally declaring that H. I. M. cannot engage, without the previous approbation of the General Legislative Assembly, to dismember or to cede any part of the territory of the Empire in virtue of a treaty celebrated in time of

peace.

16. In conformity with the principles laid down in these instructions, Y. E. is authorized by H. M. the Emperor, our Master, to negotiate and conclude with the great Powers of Europe a convention or treaty, subject to H. I. M.'s ratification.

God preserve Y. E. many years.

Palace of Rio Janeiro, April 21st, 1830.

MIGUEL CALMON DU PIN E ALMEIDA.

N.B.--Of the Princesses of Brazil, Doña Francisca is married to the Prince de Joinville, and the other, Doña Januaria, to the Count d'Aquila, brother to the King of Naples;-the Emperor himself has married into the same family;-so far realizing the expressed wishes of their father.

With regard to the establishment of Monarchies in the New States of America, whatever may have been the opinions of some of their leading men a quarter of a century ago in favour of such a system, time and circumstances seem now to have definitively set at rest all question amongst them upon that point. The Republican forms of government are apparently everywhere much too firmly rooted to be changed. The people have become habituated to them, and would in all probability repel by force any attempt on the part of Foreign governments to interfere with them.

On the question of the incorporation of the Banda Oriental with Brazil (the independence of which not two years before the date of these instructions the Emperor had solemnly recognized by a treaty made under British mediation, and pledged himself to maintain), it appears by the last accounts received from that part of the world that the Brazilian Government, profiting by the late division of parties and the entire prostration of the country, has marched a powerful army into it, and made treaties with certain parties there which appear virtually to give them all the power and influence over the new state, short of absolute sovereignty, which Don Pedro himself desired.

It is for others to judge how far this is in accordance with the bonâ fide intents of the Convention of 1828, one main object of which on the part of the mediating power was to make a sort of neutral ground of that which had so long been the battlefield between the people of Spanish and Portuguese origin ; and by the creation of an intermediate and independent state so to separate them as to prevent the chance of future collisions between them; as an additional security against which the contracting parties were bound by a special article not to renew hostilities without six months' previous notice to each other, and to the mediating power.