Charlotte, was to make the Indians friendly to the British crown, and unfriendly to the colonists, in case of a war between the two countries, which so soon followed this campaign, we can never know, with absolute certainty. We are well aware though, that GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON always did believe, that Dunmore's object was to engage the Indians to take up the tomahawk against the colonists, as soon as war existed between the colonies and England. So believed Chief Justice Marshall, as we know, from his own lips.

Thus ended, this campaign of Earl Dunmore, in November, 1774, by which, a cessation of hostilities was obtained, and a few prisoners were exchanged, but this was all. The unprovoked, cold blooded murders, at the mouth of Captina creek, and of the Indians who were encamped at the mouth of Great Yellow creek, within the now limits of Columbiana county, Ohio, produced this war, which in the end cost many lives, as well as much money.

It appears, that the Indians knew the plan of Dunmore's campaign, and took the best means of defeating it. Their operations were so secretly managed, that Lewis knew of their approach only fifteen minutes before they attacked him. By hemming him into a corner, they intended to destroy Lewis and his army; and had that been effected, Lord Dunmore, with his thousand men, would, in all probability, have been destroyed also. CORNPLANTER intended to prevent the junction of Lewis and Dunmore. The Virginians, (with what truth we do not positively now know,) did believe, that Dunmore, while at Wheeling, received dispatches from his government, in which, he was instructed to patch up a peace with the Indians, and make them friendly to England, and unfriendly to the colonists. Those who thought so, said, hence, the change of his plan, in not joining Lewis, at Point Pleasant. That Dunmore had a good understanding with the principal Indian chiefs, before Lewis reached him near Charlotte, is certain, otherwise he would not have ordered Lewis back with a force, which might have been otherwise greatly needed.

Before Dunmore had reached the Ohio river the people about

Wheeling, in the early part of the month of June, had sent out a force under Colonel Augus McDonald of about four hundred men, who penetrated into the Indian country, as far as the mouth of the Wappatomica, near where Dresden now is, on the Muskingum river. Jonathan Zane, Thomas Nicholson and Taddy Kelly were their pilots. They destroyed the Indian towns along the Muskingum river, exasperated the Indians greatly, killed one Indian, and returned as they came, carrying with them, a few prisoners, which were exchanged in the autumn, at the treaty of Dunmore's camp Charlotte, near Pickaway Plains.

After his campaign was ended, Earl Dunmore soon abandoned his colonial government, and went off to England.

Congress declared us an independent nation 4th July 1776, and in 1778, they sent out a small force under General McIntosh, for the defence of the western frontiers. This force arrived at Pittsburgh, and descended the Ohio, thirty miles, and erected a fort at the mouth of Beaver creek, where Beaver is now, and called it 'FORT MCINTOSH'. This little fort, was well supplied with provisions, and had in it, a six pounder. In the autumn of that year, McIntosh was ordered, by Congress, to penetrate the Indian country and destroy the towns on the Sandusky river. With one thousand men, he attempted to obey his orders, but on reaching the Tuscarawas river, near Zoar he concluded to go no farther, but erect a fort and tarry there. He erected a fort and called it LAURENS, in honor of the president of Congress.

Provisioning the fort, and leaving colonel John Gibson and one hundred and fifty men in it, to stay there until spring, McIntosh returned to Pittsburgh, with the remainder of his force. This fort was on the bank of the Tuscarawas, in the present county of Tuscarawas, near the canal, three miles north of Zoar. The Indians soon learned the existence of this fort, and in January 1779, they approached it, stole the horses, in the night, belonging to the garrison, and taking the bells off them, sent the horses to a distance from the fort, and secreted themselves beside the path which led through the high prairie

grass near the garrison. Having thus secreted themselves, in the high weeds and grass, they rattled the horse bells, at the end of the line of those farthest from the fort, who formed this ambuscade. The stratagem succeeded perfectly: sixteen men, from the fort, were sent out for the horses, and of these, fourteen, were killed by the Indians, the other two, were made prisoners, and but only one of them returned, after the peace, or was ever heard from by his friends.

On the evening of the same day, the Indians, marched slowly, in single file, across the prairie, in full view of our people in fort Lawrens. Dressed and painted, in their best war style they thus marched along, in full view, to the number of eight hundred and forty seven warriors. Having shown themselves, they took their position on a high piece of ground, on the opposite side of the river, south of the now town of Bolivar, and so near the garrison, that they could be heard distinctly, and easily from the fort. This body of Indians continued to invest the fort, during six weeks, at the end of which time, they pretended to go off, but, in reality, divided into small parties, they continued in the vicinity, for the purpose of doing mischief, more effectually, in which, they but too well succeeded. Colonel Gibson and his men, supposing the Indians to be gone off, started off Colonel Clark, of the Pennsylvania line, with some twelve or more invalids, to Fort McIntosh, but being waylaid, the most of them were killed by the Indians, about two miles from the fort. The Colonel and three others, saved their lives, by running to the garrison. A party from the fort, on the same evening, made a sortie and recovered the dead bodies of the invalids, and buried them in front of the gate, at the fort.

Three or four days after this disaster, General McIntosh, with seven hundred men, arrived, bringing provisions. Overjoyed at the sight of this relief, Gibson's command, fired volleys, of firearms in honor of the occasion. The provisions were on packhorses, and these horses taking fright at the firing of the guns, ran off into the woods, and scattered the provisions through the forest and prairies, far and wide all around the fort. Thus it was mostly lost or fell into

the hands of the Indians. After McIntosh arrived, he recovered the bodies, or rather skeletons of those who fell, when the horses were stolen. These bodies had been mangled by wolves and other wild animals. To revenge themselves on the wolves, the men made a pit, put the dead bodies of the soldiers into it, and covered them so as to leave a pit, so slightly covered as not to bear a wolf. On the summit of the pile, they placed a piece of meat. Next morning, they found seven wolves in the pit, which after shooting the wolves, they then covered up and made it the grave of the soldiers and the wolves.

For two weeks before McIntosh arrived, the garrison had been on short allowance of sour flour and bad meat. Two men had died from eating wild parsnips, and four others nearly shared their fate, but were saved by medical aid. After the arrival of the provisions, forty of the men made themselves sick by eating to excess. Those who had suffered so much, and so long, were now relieved, and marched back to Fort McIntosh. On the second day of their march, great numbers of their friends met them, bringing provisions, and consolation for the sufferers. Major Vernon now took the command of Fort Laurens, but abandoned it altogether in the autumn of 1779. We find, though, that this fort was occupied again, so far as to hold an Indian treaty here, in the winter of 1785. And the same winter George R. Clark, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee, commissioners, held a treaty at Fort McIntosh, 21st January, 1785, which was ratified 2d June, 1785, as the journal of the old congress shows, unless it be expunged by order of the United States senate.

There was a campaign against the Indians, in 1782, in the spring, only six years before the first settlement at Marietta. This expedition was commanded by Colonel Williamson. In 1772 the Moravian missionaries established a missionary sta tion on the upper part of the Muskingum river. They built several villages, and induced many christian Indians to settle in the now counties of Tuscarawas and Coshocton. These

christian Indians, were finally, either all murdered, or driven away by Colonel Williamson and his party, in 1782. Another expedition immediately afterwards started from Wheeling under Colonel Crawford; it pressed forward to Upper Sandusky, was finally defeated; Crawford was taken prisoner and burnt to death at the stake, within the now limits of the county which bears his name. Those who wish for a full account of this last expedition, in all its horrors of detail, may consult Doddridge's notes, Heckewelder's narrative, Loskiel's Moravian missions, or any similar publication, relative to that period. For ourselves, we wish a moment's respite, from Indian warfaro, and to say, in conclusion, that there was one expedition after another, year after year, from about Wheeling, and along the Ohio river, above that point, into the Indian country, from the year 1774, up to 1782-3. All these expeditions were unauthorized by law, they began wrong, were badly conducted, and ended in nothing beneficial to the white settlements. These expeditions were undertaken at the expense of individuals, without the aid of the nation or of any state authority. There was no good discipline among these militia, who suffered dreadfully, on their painful marches, without a sufficiency of food, raiment, or of arms and ammunition. They exaspe rated, but did not conquer the enemy. The Indians managed their affairs pretty much in the same way until the nation finally put an end to the whole business under General Wayne. For the honor of human nature would that these things had never been. Having related briefly indeed what was going forward in the eastern half, of what is now Ohio, ever since the French were expelled from the country, in 1763, up to 1782 or 3, which was the last of those fatal efforts to establish our dominion over the Indian nations, during that period; we now descend the Ohio river to ascertain what had been doing in that part of Kentucky, adjacent to us.

In 1754, James McBride had traversed some part of Kentucky. His flattering account of the country, when he returned home, induced Daniel Boon, thirteen years af terwards to visit the same country, in company with McBride