Ordinary Foundations: Including The Coffer-dam Process for Piers

30 feet abutments allowed barrels bolts bottom bracing bridge broken stone building built caisson calked carried cent CHILLICOTHE clay clean coffer coffer-dam construction contractor cost course creosoting crib cubic yard cylinders deposited depth derrick Douglas fir dredging driven edge ELEVATION Engineer excavation Fahrenheit filled with concrete foundation gravel grillage hammer inches in diameter iron joints laid layer length less Lidgerwood limestone load low water masonry material metal method morocco mortar necessary Northern Pacific Railway ordinary piers pile-driver piles pipe plank plans plates Portland cement pounds per square practice pressure proper puddle quarry Railway rammed removed riprap river riveted rock sand sheet-piling sheeting shown in Fig side solid space spans specific gravity specifications square foot square inch steam steel strength structure surface tensile tensile strength tests timber tion tons per square tube vertical walls weight Wisconsin yellow pine ΙΟ