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division, as exercise of police power, administration of charity, care of public health, and the administration of local justice. It is the agency of the State.

PAGE 243. Naturalization.

Collective naturalization is incident

to conquest, as instance the people of Louisiana Territory, Texas, Florida, and the Gadsden Purchase, also the Porto Ricans.

The first naturalization treaty was with the North German Confederation, February 22, 1868, which stipulated for a five years' period of residence as a condition essential to naturalization.

PAGE 244. Neutrality. The policy of the United States is, an enemy's goods found on board a neutral ship may lawfully be seized as prize of war, and goods of a neutral found on board an enemy's ship are to be restored, war giving right to capture the goods of an enemy but not those of a friend, the neutral flag no protection to enemy's property, the belligerent flag no hostile character to neutral property. The United States courts are trying to obtain international agreement that all private property at sea, not contraband of war, should be exempt from capture and confiscation in time of war.

A belligerent warship is permitted to enter a neutral port, when not in distress, unless notice to the contrary is formally given by the neutral government; if in distress, the rule must bear equally upon both belligerents, and may procure such supplies, not contraband of war (q.v.) as the neutral government may permit. A limited supply of coal is allowed to be taken in, the rule adopted by England during the Civil War (January 31, 1862) and the United States by proclamation, October 8, 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, is the general custom, a supply sufficient to enable the vessel to reach a port of her own country or a nearer destination, a second supply not to be given save with the express permission of a government.

The neutrality laws of the United States, though passed in 1794 and 1818, are to-day fully in accordance with the standard of neutral obligation as determined by international law.

PAGE 252.

Pourparler (pör-pär'lā).

In French law, the conversations and negotiations which have taken place between the parties in order to make an agreement. These consultations form no part of the agreement or treaty between nations; they are simply a preliminary conference, a consultation prior to subsequent negotiations. See “Modus Vivendi," ," "Protocol," "Treaties."

PAGE 252. Protocol. The only territory directly acquired by protocol was Horse Shoe Reef in Lake Erie, which was transferred to the

United States by a protocol and statement, no formal treaty ever having been made.

PAGE 252. Protectorate. Relation assumed by a stronger nation toward a weak one, whereby the former protects the latter from a hostile invasion or dictation, and interferes more or less in its domestic concerns.

The relation is established by a treaty, by the terms of which the extent and character of the protectorate are determined; in the majority of cases the foreign relations of the protected country includes the power to engage in war, both in great part regulated by the protector.

Where exercised the countries are not in any sense within the boundaries of the United States, yet they are so influenced as not to be completely independent.

The first country over which the United States established a protectorate was Liberia, in Africa, founded as a Republic in 1820.

The political relation of the Indian nations towards the United States is that of semi-sovereign states, under the exclusive protectorate of the United States.

Protector, in English history, signified a kind of regent; the Duke of Bedford was the first protector of England (under Henry IV). Its special use in its present sense was in reference to the "Protectorate of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland," when Oliver Cromwell held the title of "Lord Protector" (1658).

PAGE 253. Reciprocity. A relation between two independent powers, such that the citizens of each are guaranteed certain commercial privileges at the hands of the other, a commercial policy, a mutual grant of privileges. It is usually referred to as tariff reductions or concessions in compensation for reductions made in favor of a nation by another nation.

The term was first employed during the eighteenth century, compelling trade to travel in vessels belonging to the nation enacting the navigation laws. Its first breakdown was by England, in 1783, when American bottoms were put on the same basis as her own vessels. In 1815 a treaty concluded, by one clause of which ships of neither nation liable to greater charges in the ports of the other than were exacted by such nation in its own ports.

The first reciprocity treaty was with the British North American Possessions (Canada), concluded June 5, 1854; ratifications exchanged at Washington, September 9, 1854; proclaimed September 11, 1854; took effect March 16, 1855; terminated March 17, 1866.

The next treaty was with Hawaii, September 9, 1876; terminated April 30, 1900.

PAGE 257.

Retorsion. An application of the same rule of conduct in our relations with another country as is applied, by that country, in its

relations with us; law of retaliation in international affairs, whether
upon people, aliens, or citizens, or privileges to ambassadors or other
diplomatic representatives.

The main tendency is with countries that derive a large portion of
revenue from custom duties; a native production falls in price on
account of foreign competition; the remedy is by an increase of duty
upon the foreign article. Retaliatory measures, or retorsion, are resorted
to toward compelling a removal of the trade restriction.

Acts of retorsion are classified as imperfect rights, except when resorted
to by way of retaliation for similar acts on the part of another country,
and amount to a just cause for war. See "Reprisal," which is resorted
to when perfect rights have been denied, or an absolute refusal of justice ;
they are acts of violence, and regarded by the country to which they are
directed as a justifiable cause for a declaration of war.

SOME OF THE AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE COMPILATION OF THIS
VOLUME.

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A Short History of the English Colonies in America. Lodge.

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Concise History of the American People. Patton.

Constitutional and Political History of the United States. Von Holst.
Constitutional Convention. Jameson.

Constitutional History and Government of the United States. Landon.

Constitutional History of the American People.

Constitution of the United States. Paschal.

Cyclopædia of Political Science. Lalor.

Dictionary of American Politics. Brown.

Dictionary of United States History. Jameson.

Thorpe.

Electoral System of the United States. McKnight.

Elements of Politics. Sedgwick.

Expansion of the American People. Sparks.

Brown.

Genesis of the United States.

Government in the United States. Lansing and Jones.

Graphic History of the United States. Garnett.

History of Political Parties in the United States. Hopkins.

History of Presidential Elections. Stanwood.

History of the Federal Government. Freeman.

History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution.
Curtis.

History of the People of the United States. McMaster.

Lansman's Record.

Manual of the Constitution.

Farrar.

Manual of United States History. Eliot.
Method of Electing the President. Cooley.
Narrative and Critical History of America.
Our Presidents and How We Make Them.
Outlines of Constitutional History. Porter.
Political Annals of America. Chalmers.

Winsor.

McClure.

Political and Civil History of the United States. Pitkin.

Political Grammar. Mansfield.

Political History of the United States. Goldwin Smith.

Political Parties of New York. Van Buren.

Political Parties in the United States, 1846-1861. Macy.

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Political Science and Constitutional Law. Burgess.

Political Text-book. Greeley.

Powers of Executive Department. Conkling.

Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government.
Sources of the Constitution of the United States.

Davis.

Stevens.

Southern History of the War of Secession. Pollard.

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A, in President's name, 363.

Abolitionists, 149.

Absaloms, 150.

Accidental President, 340.

Acquired territory, 206.

INDEX.

"American Fabius," 334.
"American Herschel," 335.
"American Louis Philippe," 340.
American National, 151.

American Party, 151, 152.

Act of Congress - Routine of a Bill, American Prohibition, 152.
202.

American Protective Association, 152.
Anglo-American Republican, 153.
"American Sphinx," 343.

Address to inhabitants of
American colonies (1774), 53.
Address to inhabitants of Quebec
(1774), 54.

Address to the people (1774), 53.
Administration, the executive part of
government, 195.
Admiralty law, 233.

American Union inaugurated, 53.
Annapolis Convention (1786), 50.
Annexation, 198. See "Cessions, of
Territory," 15.

Annual message of President, 275.
Anti-Clintonians, 153.

Adventurers' and Planters' Co. (1609), | Anti-Expansionists, 153.

12.

Age: President, exception of, 35 years,
282; connected with civil and politi-
cal rights, 195.

Agrarians, 150.

Albany Convention (1754), 50.
Albany Regency, 150.

Alien and Sedition laws, 196.

Aliens, definition, their obligations,
415.

Allegiance, 196.

Allied Third Party, 150.
Amalgamationists, 151.
Ambassadors: extraordinary and plen-
ipotentiary, their duties; in Conti-
nental service; word in Constitution;
when appointed; first appointment;
style or term used by foreign gov-
ernments, 196, 197, 198.

Amendments to the Constitution, 91.
Amnesty: Lincoln's proclamation,

129; Johnson's proclamation, 130;
Roosevelt's proclamation (Philip-
pines), 133; compared with pardon,
198; action, 1862, 198; proclama-
tions, 198; earliest recorded, 198.
"America's first gentleman," 344.
"American Cæsar," 343.

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