dates, on the rule of law and a sound money platform, with the old and familiar principles and doctrines that were the governing principles of Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson, and the long line of strong men who made the Democratic Party the great power it was before the Civil War.

Nationalist. A movement that had its origin under the ideas as set forth in the novel "Looking Backward," by Edward Bellamy (1888). They entered into the Populist movement, not because they accepted that in its present form as ideal, but because that movement seemed to give the Nationalists the best opportunity for the diffusion of their principles. With the Socialist Labor Party they have succeeded in producing a strong sentiment in favor of independent political action on the part of wage-earners.

Nationality. The Anti-Nebraska party's interpretation of their application of the name Republican as adopted by them for a party name.

National Prohibition. Out of the Independent Order of Good Templars, instituted in 1851 on the Temperance question, emanated a faction with political tendencies, that favored and elected Neal Dow as Mayor of Portland, Maine, 1853, and in 1854, as the Temperance Party, elected Myron Clark as Governor of New York. In 1868 Illinois and Michigan had taken up the matter on local issues, and formed Temperance and Prohibition political parties.

The first move toward a national party in the interest of temperance was on May 25, 1869, during a session of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, I. O. G. T., at Oswego, New York, when a meeting was held to "favor independent action for the promotion of the temperance cause," resulting in a call for a national convention to organize a National Prohibition Party; the meeting was ultimately held at Chicago, September 1, 1869.

The first Temperance candidate for the Presidency on a national ticket was James Black, nominated in convention held at Columbus, Ohio, February 22, 1872.

The platform declaration of principles claimed the traffic in intoxicating beverages a dishonor to Christian civilization, a political wrong, and suppression only effective when legal prohibition is both State and National. That the entire prohibition of the liquor traffic is declared to be a principle good in law and feasible in practice. See" Personal Liberty."

In later conventions their declarations noted that, as Christians and temperance people, the extermination of the liquor traffic was the supreme political issue, and the only test of party fealty; nominating no person, or indorsing no candidate unless an openly avowed and consistent member, and totally separated from other parties.

At the convention held in Pittsburg, May 27, 1896, they divided into two factions, as "broad-gaugers" and "narrow-gaugers," on the silver question; the "broads" holding views approaching those of Populists,

the " narrows insisting upon prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as the only party issue. The "broads" withdrew and formed the "National Party." See "National of 1896"; "Wets" and "Drys"; "Broad" and "Narrow-gaugers."

The Prohibitionists are a political party of one idea — the prohibition by law of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks. Its first important success was the enactment of the Maine Law in 1851, the first State which, by an act of its Legislature, placed a stringent prohibition on the sale of intoxicating drinks. They have formed their ticket and promulgated their views every four years since 1872 and have never secured an electoral vote.

National Republican. A construction party operated as a check upon the naturalization law; outgrowth of the liberal wing of the Democrats in 1828, holding doctrines consisting of a modification of Federalism; a section of the Democrat-Republicans (q.v.).

The title was assumed in 1828 by the opponents of the Jackson administration, who put in nomination Anti-Masons to secure the aid of the Anti-Masonic element.

The genealogical treatment: Federalism, Republicanism, Liberal Democracy, National Republican.

Party rapidly disintegrated after its defeat in 1833; those who rallied around old Federal principles were called Whigs, and they with the National Republican remnant organized in 1838 as Whigs, nominating Harrison, the Anti-Masons supporting. See "Whigs."

National Republican League. Organized in Chickering Hall, New York City, December 15-17, 1887, by delegates from Republican clubs of the States; composed of Republican clubs organized by States and united in a national organization. Purpose, “Organization and Education"; to enlist younger men and "first voters" in the ranks of the party.

National Silver. A party advocating as their paramount issue the bimetallic standard in the money question. Nominated W. J. Bryan for President, Arthur Sewall for Vice-President, July 22, 1896, at St. Louis.

National Union Reform. Organized at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1, 1899, their platform being direct legislation under the system known as the "initiative and referendum"; the people under the initiative can demand of their representative assembly the enactment of any desired law; under referendum they can compel the submission to themselves of a proposed measure or law, when if it receives a majority of the votes cast it will be thereby enacted.

The National Party aimed to amalgamate the Silver Republicans, Populists, Social Labor, and the Liberty Party-all of the minor parties except

the Prohibitionists.

The Union Reform as a faction was first organized

in Ohio during the fall of 1898.

Native American. The Federalists being anti-alien the Democrats naturally sought alliance with aliens, as foreigners with the fiveyear naturalization limit, centring in New York, filled the New York division of Democracy, to the exclusion of native Federalism, in the control of the city government, and to meet this condition of affairs the first attempt at a Native American organization was made. It began in 1835, and with the mayoralty election of 1837 failed, was renewed in 1844, with the vital principle of American, and was successful in electing its mayor of New York, its boom being incident to the action of Bishop Hughes in a speech in Carroll Hall, 1843, in which he advocated a distinct organization, as a party, of the Irish voters of New York. This

was the first attempt to organize foreign citizens for political purposes. The party advocated the extension of the naturalization law to twentyone years, which with other extreme measures resulted in its defeat in 1845, through the strong opposition of Democrats and the Irish and Roman Catholic element.

It first presented national candidates in 1848, named at a convention in Philadelphia in September, 1847, not by nomination but by recommendation of General Taylor as President.

Negrophilites. Accorded to members of the anti-slavery parties, in the way of reproach.

North Americans. Northern anti-slavery section of the American party (q.v.).

Nullification. Organized in Charleston, South Carolina, by John C. Calhoun in 1831 and 1832; confined within South Carolina. See "Political Vocabulary,' "Nullification."

Old Hunkers. See "Hunkers."

Old Line Whig. A name for the unprogressive, conservative faction of the Whig party (1840-1852).

Particularists. A division of the Whigs (q.v.) that at the close of the Revolution believed the State government should be supreme, and that no central power should have sufficient authority to coerce a State, or keep it to the compact against its will; while accepting the necessity of union they had fear that the States would lose their power or surrender their independence. (See "Strong Government Whigs.") They were strong advocates for local self-government, with State rights uppermost. See "Anti-Federalists."

Partido Conservador. A peace movement party in the Philippines (March, 1901), recommending acceptance of United States sovereignty as a temporary expedient, expressing hope that independence

would be ultimately granted; composed of loyal Filipinos who never entered politics. Name suggested by Judge William H. Taft, President of the Philippine Commission.

Peace. Combination of Democrat-Republicans and Federalists who were opposed to the war of 1812. The faction was mainly composed of New Englanders.

Peace Democracy. Controlled the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, August 29, 1864, and declared in its platform that it was the sense of the American people that, after four years of failure to restore the Union by war, during which the Constitution had been violated in all its parts under the plea of military necessity, a cessation of hostilities ought to be obtained.

The Union Party (q.v.) called them "Copperheads" (q.v.).

People's. Originated in New York in 1823, as the Democratic supporters of Mr. Crawford and the Albany Regency (q.v.), advocating electors should be chosen by the people and not by the legislature, proclaiming they would favor only such candidate as would avow himself in favor of giving the people the right of appointing presidential electors. See "Anti-monopoly " and "Progressive People's."

People's. Organized at Omaha, Nebraska, July 2, 1892, the logical outcome of the Farmer's Alliance (q.v.) and other industrial unions.

The platform declares that the great trinity of law, money, and transportation should not become private monopolies levying excessive tribute. That the government should issue money for distribution, not through private banks. That postal savings banks be established. Objects to alien ownership of land. Directs return to the people, for actual settlers, all lands held by corporations in excess of their needs. The sentiment is against unrestricted emigration; in favor of a free ballot, a graduated income tax, election of senators by a direct vote of the people, and the legislative system known as the "Initiative and Referendum." See Index, "Referendum."

Claim it is destined to be a permanent force, not only politically, but in the social and other affairs of the nation. It is for a popular government equal rights before the law. See Free Silverites," "Populists," "Democrats," "Middle-of-the-Road Men," and "Federate."

Personal Liberty. Originated in New York, in 1887, as a proliquor combination alleging sumptuary laws to have nowhere proved effectual in extirpating intemperance or in reducing immorality or vice, but invariably stirred up ill-feeling, that under pretence of serving religion and morality, of aiding in the prevention of crime, and diminishing the causes of pauperism, attempts are multiplying to encroach upon the rights of person and property guaranteed, laws having been passed detrimentally affecting time-honored customs and individual rights and privi

leges. "That as a political body they use all honorable means to promote the cause of civil and religious liberty by insisting upon the repeal of the obnoxious portions of the excise laws until that result be attained."

Pewter Muggers. A New York faction of the Democratic Party opposed to Tammany candidates in 1828. Their meetings being held in a Frankfort Street resort over pewter mugs, the name was affixed by their opponents.

Pharisees. See "Dudes."

Popocrat. A composite of Populist and Democrat — originated by the New York Sun in the Presidential campaign of 1896, as an outcome of the control of the Democratic convention at Chicago by the Populists (see "Democrat"). The invented word described the combined forces of the two parties who, on other issues besides that of silver- notably the " government by injunction," and the income tax- - were in full

agreement.

Popular Sovereignty. A section of the pro-slavery element of 1853, declaring the right of the inhabitants of each Territory to decide for themselves whether the State should come into the Union free or slave. In one or the other form the principle was adopted by the Democratic Party, although it was rejected in both forms by a great body of its Northern members. Its opponents designated the faction as "Squatter" Sovereignty, this term having been applied by Calhoun in derision. Popular sovereignty was expressed in a doctrine advanced by Lewis Cass in 1847. It died with slavery; it was a makeshift.

"Popular sovereignty in the Territories is and always has been a privilege, and not a right, and the privilege is always to be exercised in strict conformity to the terms of the grant." Lalor, “Cyclo. of Political Science."

Populist. A designation for a member of the People's Party of 1892. See" Popocrat " and "Demulist."

The first National Convention of the Populist Party was held in Omaha, Nebraska, July 4, 1892. The "Populists (1900) in Nebraska were officially known as the People's Independent Party (see "Middle-of-the-Road Men," "Free Silver"). The Populist doctrine in the year 1900 of "sixteen to one" meant that the government should coin all silver brought to its mints, for the benefit of the owner, into silver dollars having sixteen times the weight of pure metal that the gold dollars have, and that these silver dollars should be full legal tender for all debts, public and private, at their face value, the same as gold dollars. See "Ratio," in Index.

Progressive Labor. The radical, or socialistic, element that withdrew from the United Labor Party, at Syracuse, New York, August 19, 1886 (q.v.); their platform notes that the soil of every country is the social and common inheritance of the people, that labor produces all wealth, which includes the instruments through which alone the forces