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TË Temple. time of the fecond Dutch war. About the end of fummer, About the end of fummer, however, 1673, the king wishing to put an end to the war, fent for Sir William, and defired him to go to Holland to negotiate a peace; but powers having been fent from thence at this time to the Marquis de Frefno, the Spanish ambaffador at London, Sir William was ordered to confer with him; and a treaty was accordingly concluded in three days, and the point carried refpecting the fuperiority of the British flag, which had been fo long contefted. In June 1674 he was again fent ambassador to Holland to offer the king's mediation between France and the confederates, then at war, which was accepted not long after; Lord Berkeley, Sir William Temple, and Sir Leoline Jenkins, being declared ambassadors and mediators; and Nimeguen, which Sir William had propofed, was at length agreed upon by all parties to be the place of treaty. During his ftay at the Hague, the prince of Orange, who was fond of the English languae, and of the plain English way of eating, conftantly dined and fupped once or twice a week at his house; and by this familiarity he fo much gained the prince's confidence and efteem, that he had a confiderable hand in his marriage with the Princess Mary, daughter of James II. In July 1676 he removed his family to Nimeguen, where he spent the remainder of that year without making any progrefs in the treaty; and the year following his fon was fent over with letters from the lord treasurer, ordering him to return, and fucceed Mr Coventry as fecretary of fate, In confequence of this order, Sir William came over to England in the fpring of 1677; and though the affair of the secretary's place was dropped at his defire, he did not return to Nimeguen that year. About this time, the prince having the king's leave to come over, he foon after married the Princess Mary; and this grave occafion for a new coolnels between lord Arlington and Sir William, as he and the lord treasurer Olborn, who was related to Sir William's lady, were only privy to that affair. After the prince and princels were gone to Holland, as the court always feemed inclined to favour France, the king wifhed to engage Sir William in fome negotiations with that crown: but he was fo ill fatisfied with this propofal, that he offered to give up all pretenfions to the office of fecretary; and defiring the lord treasurer to acquaint his majefty with his intentions, retired to Sheen, in hopes of being taken at his word. Upon a discovery, however, of the French defigns not to evacuate the Spanish towns agreed by the treaty to be delivered up, the king commanded him to go upon a third embaffy to the ftates; with whom he concluded a treaty: by which England engaged, in cafe France refufed to evacuate the towns in forty days, to declare war immediately against that nation : but before half that time was elapfed, one Du Cross was fent from the English court to Holland upon a bufinefs which damped all the good humour exciter by the treaty there, and which produced fuch fudden and altonishing changes in this country, as gave Sir William a diftate for all public employments.

In 1679 he went back to Nimeguen, where the French delayed to fign the treaty till the laft hour; but having concluded it, he returned to the Hague, whence he was foon after fent for to enter upon the fecretary's office, which Mr Coventry at length refolved to refign. He according ly came over, and went to court, as all his friends hoped, with a full intention of affuming his office; but he started fome difficulty, because he had not a feat in the houfe of commons, thinking that, by his not being a member, the public business would fuffer at fuch a critical time, when the contests between the two parties ran fo high that the king thought fit to fend the duke of York into Flanders, and the parliament to put the lord treasurer Danby into the

TEM Tower. Tower. After this his majesty still preffed Sir William to Temple. be fecretary of flate; ufing as an argument for his compliance, that he had nobody to confult with at a time when he had the greatest need of the best advice. Notwithstanding all this, Sir William declined the king's offer, advising him to choose a council in whom he could confide, and upon whofe abilities he could depend. This advice the king followed; and the choice of the perfons being concerted between his majelty and Sir William, the old council was diffolved four days after, and the new one established, of which the latter was a member.

In 168c the councils began again to be changed, on the king's illness, at the end of fummer, and the duke of York's return privately to court. In this juncture Sir William, en deavouring to bring to the king's favour and befinefs fomet perfons to whom his majefty had taken a dislike, if not an aver fion, he met with such treatment from them as gave him a fresh diftalte to the court, at which he feldom made his appearance; so that he refided principally at Sheen Soon after this the king fent for him again; and having propofed that he should go as ambaffador into Spain, Sir William consented but when his equipage was almost ready, and part of the money paid down for it, the king changed his mind, and told him that he would have him deter his jour ney till the end of the feffion of parliament, in which he was chofen a member for the university of Cambridge. In this feffion the fpirit of party ran fo high that it was impoffible to bring the house to any kind of temper. The duke was fent into Scotland; but this would not fatisfy them, nor any thing but a bill of exclufion; which Sir William trenuously oppofed, faying, that "His endeavour ever fhould be to unite the royal family, and that he would never enter into any councils to divide them." Not long after this period, the parliasient being diffolved by his majefty, without the advice of his privy council, and contrary to what he had promiled, Sir William made a bold speech against it 5 for which he was very ill ufed by fome of thofe friends who had been moft earnett in promoting the laft change in the ministry. Upon this he grew quite tired of public bulinets, declined the offer he had of again ferving for the university in the next parliament, that was foon after called, and met at Oxford; and feeing his majefty resolved to govern without his parliament, and to fupply his treafury through another channel, he retired to Sheen a few days after, whence he fent word by his fon, that "he would pass the reft of his days like a good fubject, but would never more meddle with public affairs." From that time Sir William lived at this place till the end of that reign and for fome time in the next; when having purchased a small feat, called Moor Purk, near Farnham in Surry, which he conceived a great fondness for on account of ita folitude and retirement, and its healthy and pleasant fituation, and being much afflicted with the gout, and broken with age and infirmities- he refolved to spend the remainder of his life in this agreeable retreat. In his way thither, therefore, he waited on king James, who was then at Windfor, and begged his favour and protection to one "that would always live as a good fubject, but, whatever might happen, never again enter upon any public employment;" deliring his majelty to give no credit to any thing he might hear to the contrary. The king, who used to say that Sir William Temple's character was always to be believed, promised him whatever he dehired, gently reproached him for not entering into his fervice, which, he faid, was his own fault; and kept his word as faithfully to Sir William as Sir William did to his majelty, during the furprifing turn of affairs that foon after followed by the arrival of the prince of Orange. At the time of this happy revolution, in 1688, Moor-Park becoming un

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mans, fignified nothing more than a place fet apart and Temple: confecrated by the augurs, whether incloled or open, in the city or in the fields.

Temple. fafe, as it lay in the way of both armies, he went back to the house at Sheen, which he had given up to his son; to whom he refuted leave, though importunately begged, to go and meet the prince of Orange at his landing: but after king James's abdication, when the Prince reached Windfor, he went thither to wait upon his highnefs, and carried his fon along with him. The prince preffed him to enter into his fervice, and to be secretary of state; but his age and infirmities confirming him in the refolution he had made not to meddle any more with public affairs, he was fatisfied that his fon alone fhould enjoy his majefty's favour. Mr John Temple was upon this appointed fecretary at war; but he had hardly been a week in that office, when he refolved to put an end to his own existence; which he did on the 14th of April 1689, by throwing himself out of a boat, hired for that purpofe, in fhooting London-bridge; having firft put ones into his pocket to make him fink speedily.

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In 1694 Sir William had the misfortune to lofe his lady, who was a very extraordinary woman, as well as an affec tionate wife. He was then confiderably turned of fixty; at which age he practifed what he had so often declared to be bis opinion, that " an old man ought then to confider him delf of no farther use in the world except to himself and his friends." After this he lived four years, very much afflicted with the gout; and his ftrength and fpirits being worn out by the infirmities of age, he expired in the month of Jaery 1698. He died at Moor Park, where his heart was buried in a filver box under the fun dial in his garden, oppofite to a window from which he used to contemplate and admire the works of nature, with his fifter, the ingeni ous lady Gifford. This was according to his will; in purfuance of which his body was privately interred in WeftWeft minter Abbey, and a marble monument erected in 1722, a ter the death of lady Gifford, who refembled him in genius 28 well as in perlon, and left behind her the character of one of the best and most conftant friends in the world.

Sir William Temple's principal works are, 1. Memoirs from 1672 to 1692: They are very useful for those who wish to be acquainted with the affairs of that period. 2. Remarks upon the State of the United Provinces. 3. An Introduction to the Hiftory of England: This is a Sketch or a General Hiftory. 4. Letters written during his laft embaffes. And 5. Mifcellanies, which contain a great many curious pieces that difplay confiderable depth of thought. He was an accomplished gentleman, a found politician, a patriot, and a great fcholar. And if this great idea fhould perchance be fhaded by fome touches of vanity and Spleen, the reader will be fo candid as to confider, that the greatest, wifeft, and the beft of men, have ftill fome failings and imperfections which are infeparable from human

nature.

TEMPLE, templum, a public building, erected in honour of fome deity, either true or false; and wherein the people meet to pay religious worship to the fame. The word is formed from the Latin templum, which fome derive from the Greek Ts, fignifying the fame thing; and others from *1 μvw, abfcindo, “I cut off, I feparate," in regard a temple is a place feparated from common ales; others with more probability derive it from the old Latin word templare, to contemplate." It is certain the ancient augurs gave the name templa to thofe parts of the heavens which were marked out for the obfervation of the fight of birds. Their formula was this: Templa tefqua funto. Temples were originally al open, and hence received their name. See Phil. Tranf. n° 471. fect. 5. where we have an account of an ancient temple in Ireland of the fame fort as our famous Stonehenge. The word templum, in its primary fenfe among the old Ko

Clemens Alexandrinus and Eufebius refer the origin of temples to the fepulchres built for the dead. This notion has been lately illuftrated and confirmed by a variety of teltimonies by Mr Farmer in his Treatife on the Worship of Human Spirits, p. 373, &c. Herodotus and Strabo will have the Egyptians to have been the first who built temples to the gods. The firft erected in Greece is afcribed to Deucalion, by Apollonius, Argonaut. lib. iii. In antiquity we meet with many people who would not build any temples to their gods for fear of confining them to too narrow bounds. They performed their facrifices in all places indifferently, from a perfuafion that the whole world is the temple of God, and that he required no other. This was the doctrine of the magi, followed by the Persians, the Scythians, the Numidians, and many other nations mentioned by Herodotus. lib. i. Strabo, lib. xv. and Cicero in his fecond oration against Verres.

The Perfians, who worshipped the fun, believed it would wrong his power to inclose him in the walls of a temple, ; and hence, who had the whole world for his habitation when Xerxes ravaged Greece, the magi exhorted him to deftroy all the temples he met with.

The Sicyonians would build no temple to their godefs erect Coronis; nor the Athenians, for the like reason, any ftatue to Clemency, who, they faid, was to live in the hearts of men, not within ftone walls.

The Bithynians had no temples but the mountains to worship on; nor had the ancient Germans any other but the woods.

Even fome philofophers have blamed the use and building of temples, particularly Diogenes, Zeno, and his followers the Stoics. But it may be faid, that if God hath no need. of temples, men have need of places to meet in for the public offices of religion: accordingly temples may be traced. back even into the remoteft antiquity. See Hofpinian de Origine Templorum.

The Romans had feveral kinds of temples; whereof those built by the kings, &c. confecrated by the augurs, and wherein the exercife of religion was regularly performed, were called, by way of eminence, templa, "temples." Thole that were not confecrated, were called ædes. The little temples, that were covered or roofed, they called adicula. Those open, facella. Some other edifices, confecrated to particular myfteries of religion, they called fana and delubra.

All these kinds of temples, Vitruvius tells us, had other particular denominations, according to the form and manner of their conftruction, as will be hereafter specified.

Indeed the Romans outdid all nations with regard to temples: they not only built temples to their gods, to their virtues, to their difeafes, &c. but also to their emperors, and that their life time; inftances whereof we meet with in medals, inferiptions, and other monuments. Horace compliments Auguftus hereupon, and fets him above Hercu les and all the heroes of fable; because those were admitted into temples only after their death, whereas Auguftus had his temples and altars while living.

Prefenti tibi maturos largimur bonores ; Furandasque tuum per nomén ponimus aras. Epift. ad' Aug. Suetonius, on this occafion, gives an inftance of the mo defy of that emperor, who would allow of no temples being erected to him in the city; and even in the provinces, where he knew it was ufual to raife temples to the very proconfuls.

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Temple. refused any but thofe erected in the name of Rome as well

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The most celebrated temples among the Romans were the Capitol and Pantheon. They had alfo the temple of Saturn, which ferved for the public treasury; and the temple of Janus.

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The temple at Jerufalem was fimilar in its plan to the TABERNACLE. The first temple was begun by Solomon about the year of the world 2992, and before Chrift 1012 according to fome chronologers, and finished in eight years. Great mistakes have been committed relpecting the dimenfions of this temple, by confounding the emblematical defcription of Ezekiel with the plain account of it in the books of Kings and Chronicles. It confifted of the holy of holies, the fanctuary, and a portico. The holy of holies was a fquare room of 20 cubits; the fanctuary, or holy place, was 40 cubits long and 20 broad, confequently the length of both these together was 60 cubits. The portico, which ftood before the fanctuary, was 20 cubits long and ro cubits broad. Whether the portico was feparated by a wall from the reft of the temple or not, is not mentioned in fcripture. If it was, the whole length of the temple, computing the cubit at 22 inches, did not exceed 110 feet in length and 36 feet 8 inches in breadth. In the portico ftood the two brazen pillars called Fachin and Boaz, which, upon comparing and reconciling the feemingly different account in different places, appear to have been 40 cubits high and about 4 cubits diameter. The court probably at firft extended all round the temple. Now w we are told, that the court about the tabernacle was 100 cubits long and 50 broad; and as Solomon made every part of the temple about twice as large as the correfponding part in the tabernacle, we have reason to conclude, that the court around the temple was 200 cubits long and 100 broad. According to this defcription, which is taken from the fcripture hiftory, the temple of Solomon was by no means fo large as it is commonly reprefented. Still, however, it was very magnificent in fize and fplendid in ornament. It was plundered of its treasures in the reign of Rehoboam, and repaired by Joafh; it was again fpoiled in the time of Ahaz and of Hezekiah; and after being reftored by Jofiah, was demolished by Nebuchadnezzar in the year of the world 3'416, after it had stood 476 years according to Jofephus, and according to Usher 428 years.

The fecond temple was built by the Jews, after their return from the Babylonish captivity, under the direction and influence of Zerubbabel their governor, and of Joshua the high-prieft, with the leave and encouragement of Cyrus the Persian emperor, to whom Judea was now become a tributary kingdom. According to the Jews, this temple' was deftitute of five remarkable appendages, which were the chief glory of the firft temple; viz. the ark and mercy-feat, the Shechinah, the holy fire on the altar, which had been first kindled from heaven, the urim and thummim, and the fpirit of prophecy. This temple was plundered and profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes, who alfo caufed the public worship in it to cease; and afterwards purified by Judas Maccabæus, who restored the divine worship; and after having stood five hundred years, rebuilt by Herod, with a magnificence approaching to that of Solomon's. Tacitus calls it immenfæ opulentiæ templum; and Josephus fays, it was the most astonishing structure he had ever seen, as well on account of its architecture as its magnitude, and likewife the richness and magnificence of its various parts and the reputation of its facred appurtenances. This temple, which Herod began to build about fixteen years before the birth of Chrift, and fo far completed in nine years and a half as to be fit for divine fervice, was at length destroyed by the Romans on the fame month and day of the month

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vol. iii. "P. 352.

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The Indian temples, or pagodas, are fometimes of a pro- Maurice's digious fize. They are commonly erected near the banks Indian Anof the Ganges, Kiftna, or other facred rivers, for the benefit tiquities, of ablution in the purifying ftream. Where no river flows near the foot of the pagoda, there is invariably in the front of it a large tank or refervoir of water. Thefe are, for the most part, of a quadrangular form, are lined with freeftone or marble, have steps regularly descending from the margin to the bottom, and Mr Crauford obferved many be- Crauford's tween three and four hundred feet in breadth. At the Sketches, entrance of all the more confiderable pagodas there is a por'vol. i. tico, fupported by rows of lofty columns, and ascended by a 106. handfome flight of ftone fteps; fometimes, as in the inftance of Tripetti*, to the number of more than a hundred. * Voyage Under this portico, and in the courts that generally inclofe des Indes, the whole building, an innumerable multitude affemble at tom. iii. the rifing of the fun; and, having bathed in the stream be. low, and, in conformity to an immemorial cuftom over all the Eaft, having left their fandals on the border of the tank, impatiently await the unfolding of the gates by the miniftring brahmin. The gate of the pagoda univerfally fronts the caft, to admit the ray of the folar orb; and, opening, prefents to the view an edifice partitioned out, according to M. Thevenot in his account of Chitanagar, in the manner of the ancient cave-temples of Elora, having a central nave or body; a gallery ranging on each fide; and, at the farther end, a fanctuary, or chapel of the deity adored, furrounded by a stone balluftrade to keep off the populace. Those who wish to perufe a more particular account of the Indian temples may confult Maurice's Indian Antiquities. See also PAGODA and SERINGHAM.

TEMPLE, in architecture. The ancient temples were distinguished, with regard to their construction, into various kinds; as, Temple in antæ, Ædes in antis. These, according to Vitruvius, were the moft fimple of all temples, having only angular pilaiters, called anta or paraffate, at the corners, and two Tuscan columns on each fide of the doors. Temple, tetraflyle, or fimple tetraftyle, was a temple that had four columns in front and as many behind. Such was the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome. Temple, prostyle, that which had only columns in its front or fore fide; as that of Ceres at Eleufis in Greece. Temple, amphiprostyle,

or

double proftyle, that which had columns both before and behind, and which was also tetraftyle. Temple, periptere, that which had four rows of infulated columns around, and was exhastyle, i. e. had fix columns in front; as the temple of Honour at Rome. Temple, diptere, that which had two wings and two rows of columns around, and was alfo octotyle, or had eight columns in front; as that of Diana at Ephefus.

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TEMPLES, among us, denote two inns of court in London, thus called, because anciently the dwelling-house of the knights-templars. At the fuppreffion of that order, they were purchased by the profeffors of the common-law, and converted into hofpitia or inns. They are called the inner and middle temple, in relation to Effex-honfe; which was alfo a part of the houfe of the templars, and called the outer temple, becaufe fituated without Temple-Bar. In the middle temple, during the time of the templars, the king's treafure was kept; as was also that of the kings of France in the houfe templars at Paris. The chief officer was the master of the temple, who was fummoned to parliament in 47 Hen. III. and from him the chief minifter of the tem ple-church is ftill called master of the temple.

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TEMPLES, in anatomy, a double part of the head, reach-
ing from the forehead and eyes to the two ears.
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ples are chiefly formed of two bones called offa temporis.
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Temporal Thefe parts, according to phyficians, were called tempora, 11 from their fhowing the age or time of a man by the colour *Tenacity of the hair, which turns white in this part before any other; which re f hy his calling men poliocrotaphi, q. d. "grey-templed." TEMPORAL, a term generally ufed for fecular, as a diftinction from ecclefiaftical. Thus we fay temporal lords, and spiritual or ecclefiaftical lords.

Blackft. Comment. vol. i.

1

1.

TEMPORALTIES of BISHOPS, are the revenues, lands, tenements, and lay-fees, belonging to bishops, as they are barons and lords of parliament.

The cuftody of the temporalties of bishops forms a branch of the king's ordinary revenues (fee REVENUE.).These, upon the vacancy of the bishopric, are immediately the right of the king, as a confequence of his prerogative in church matters; whereby he is confidered as the founder of all archbishoprics and bishoprics, to whom, during the vacancy, they revert. And for the fame reason, before the diffolution of abbeys, the king had the custody of the temporalties of all fuch abbeys and priories as were of royal foundation (but not of those founded by subjects), on the death of the abbot or prior. Another reafon may also be given why the policy of the law hath vested this custody in the king; because, as the fucceffor is not known, the lands and poffeffions of the fee would be liable to spoil and devaftation if no one had a property therein. Therefore the law has given the king, not the temporalties themselves, but the custody of the temporalties, till fuch time as a fucceffor is appointed; with power of taking to himself all the intermediate profits, without giving any account to the fucceffor; and with the right of prefenting (which the crown very frequently exercises) to fuch benefices and other preferments as fall within the time of vacation. This revenue is of fo high a nature, that it could not be granted out to a fubject, before or even after it accrued: but now, by the ftatute 15 Edw. III. ft. 4. c. 4 & 5. the king may, after the vacancy, leafe the temporalties to the dean and chapter; faving to himfelf all advowfons, efcheats, and the like. Our ancient kings, and particularly William Rufus, were not only remarkable for keeping the bifhoprics a long time va-cant, for the fake of enjoying the temporalties, but also committed horrible waftes on the woods and other parts of the eftate; and to crown all, would never, when the fee was filled up, restore to the bishop his temporalties again, unless he purchased them at an exorbitant price. To remedy which, king Hen. I. granted a charter at the beginning of his reign, promifing neither to fell, nor let to farm, or take any thing from, the domains of the church, till the fucceffor was inftalled. And it was made one of the articles of the great charter, that no wafte fhould be committed in the temporalties of bifhoprics, neither fhould the cuftody of them be fold. The fame is ordained by the ftatute of Weftminfter the firft; and the ftatute 14 Edw. III. fat. 4. c. 4. (which permits a leafe to the dean and chapter) is ftill more explicit in prohibiting the other exactions. It was alfo a frequent abufe, that the king would, for trifling or no caufes, feize the temporalties of bishops, even during their lives, into his own hands: but this is guarded against by ftatute 1 Edw. III. ft. 2. c. 2

This revenue of the king, which was formerly very confiderable, is now by a cuftomary indulgence almoft reduced to nothing for, at prefent, as foon as the new bishop is confecrated and confirmed, he ufually receives the reftitution of his temporalties quite entire and untouched from the king; and then, and not fooner, he has a fee-fimple in his bifhopric, and may maintain an action for the profits.

TENACITY, in natural philofophy, that quality of bodies by which they fuftain a confiderable preffure or force VOL XVIII Part I.

-Œhat are to be tied

Tenedos.

of any kind without breaking. It is the quality oppo-Tenaculum fite to fragility or brittleness. See STRENGTH of Materials. TENACULUM, in furgery, an inftrument used in amputation. for nulling on 11-1 Dy ngatures. See SURGERY. TENAILLES and TENAILLIONS. § 3 and 5.

See FORTIFICATION, Sect. I.

TENANT, one that holds lands or tenements of fome lord or landlord, by rent, fealty, &c. See TENURE. TENAWWIT. See Loxia, fpecies 13.

TENCH, in ichthyology. See CYPRINUS, fpecies 3. TENDER, a` small ship in the fervice of men of war, for carrying men, provifions, or any thing else that is neceffary.

TENDONS, in anatomy, are white, firm, and tenacious parts, contiguous to the muicles, and ufually forming their extremities. See ANATOMY, no 85.

TENEBRIO, in natural history, a genus of infects belonging to the order of Coleoptera. The antennæ are moniliform, the last joint being roundish; the thorax is plano-convex and marginated; the head projecting, and the elytra are fomewhat ftiff. Gmelin enumerates about 63 species. The larvae of fome live in damp places under ground among rubbish; of others in flour and different kinds of food, where they undergo their metamorphofis. The perfect infects are very troublefome in houses; eating bread, meat, &c. They precipitately avoid the light; reforting in troops to dark damp cellars, where putrefaction allures and nourishes them. They are all of a very dark gloomy appearance, from which circumftance they take their name.

TENEDOS (anc. geog.), an island on the coaft of Troas, at the distance of 40 ftadia from the continent, and 80 in compafs; with a cognominal Æolian town, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Its origin is derived from Tenues or Tenes, who being exposed in a coffer or bog by his father Cygnus the Thracian, at the inftigation of the mother-in-law, was by fate carried to this island, made king of it, and at length worshipped as a god on account of his virtues. The ifland was famous for its earthen ware, for which purpose it had an excellent red clay; and hence Bochart would derive the appellation from tinedom, a "red clay." Tenedia fecuris, is a proverbial faying to denote feverity; from a law there paffed, that perfons found in the act of adultery fhould be put to death; a feverity executed on the king's fon; and therefore, in the coins of Tenedos, on one are two heads in memorial of the king and his fon, and on the reverse an axe, (Ariftotle). This ifland ftill retains its ancient name ; and is one of the fmalleft iflands of the Archipelago, fituated near the coaft of Leffer Afia, weft of the ruins of Troy. It is chiefly rocky, but fertile, being remarkable for producing the beft Mufcodine wine in the Levant; and its pofition, thus near the mouth of the Hellefpont, has given it importance in all ages; veffels bound toward Conftantinople finding fhelter in its port, or fafe anchorage in the road, during the Etefian or contrary winds, and in foul weather. The emperor Juftinian erected a magazine to receive the cargoes of the corn-fhips froun Alexandria, when detained there. This was a lofty building, two hundred and eighty feet long and ninety broad. The voyage from Egypt was rendered lefs precarious, and the grain preferved until it could be transported to the capital. Afterwards, during the troubles of the Greek empire, Tenedos experienced. a variety of fortune. The pirates, who infefled thefe feas, made it for many years their place of rendezvous.;' and Othman feized it in 1302, procured vessels, and thence fubdued the other inlands of the Archipelago. It has continued in the poffeffion of the Turks ever fince 3 B

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TEN
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Teneriff and on the eaftern fide is a pretty large town, feated at
the foot of a mountain, with a fine harbour commanded by
a cafle. E. Long. 27. o. N. Lat. 29. 30.
TENBRICE, an island of A fring and one of the Canaries,
being the most confiderable for riches, trade, and ca....
It lies to the fouth of the island of Salvages, to the weft of
the Grand Canary, to the north of the island of Gomera,
and to the eaft of that of Palma. It is of a triangular form,
being about 45 miles in length and 20 in breadth; and in
the centre is the famous peak, called by the natives El Pico de
Teyde, which in clear weather may be seen at the distance
of 120 miles, like a thin blue vapour very little darker than
the sky.

Glas's Hi

The most frequented harbour is called Santa Cruz, which is on the fouth fide of the island, and where fhips with good anchors and cables may be fafe in all weathers. At this port is the principal commercial town in the island, called alfo Santa Cruz, in the middle of which is a mole, built at a vaft expence for the convenience of landing; between the mole and the town is a fort called St Philips, and near it is a fteep rocky den or valley, beginning at the sea shore, and running far in land, which would render the attack of an enemy very difficult; there are also other forts for its defence, all joined together by a thick ftone wall, and mounted with cannon.

Santa Cruz is a large town, containing feveral churches ftorical Ac- and convents, an hospital, and the best conftructed private count of the buildings of any in the Canary islands. in the Canary islands. It contains about Conary Iflands. 7000 inhabitants; it is not fortified on the land fide, and all the country near it is dry, ftony, and barren.

About four leagues to the fouth of Santa Cruz, close to the fea, there is a cave, with a chapel called the chapel of our Lady of Candelarie, in which is an image of the Virgin Mary, that is held in as much reverence here as that of Diana was at Ephefus. This chapel is endowed with fo many ornaments that it is the richeft place in all the feven iflands. At a certain season of the year almost all the inhabitants go thither on pilgrimage, and innumerable and incredible ftories are related and univerfally believed concerning this image.

About four miles in land from Santa Cruz ftands the city of St Chryftobal de la Laguna, which is the metropolis of the island, and contains two parish churches and five convents, but has no trade, being inhabited principally by the gentry of the ifland; the inhabitants are numerous, yet nobody is feen in the fireets, which are folitary and defolate, so that grafs grows in those that are moft frequented. There are many other towns in the island which contain a great number of people, but none are more than three leagues from the fea.

All the fertile ground within a league of the fea is covered with vines; that of the next league is fown with corn, the third is adorned with woods, and above the woods are the clouds, for the ifland gradually ascends fom the fea, rifing on all fides till it terminates in the peak, which is the

centre.

On the south-eaft of the island inland from Candelaria is a town called Guimar, where there are fome families which know themselves to be the genuine unmixed offspring of the original natives; but they know nothing of the manners of their ancestors, nor have they preferved any remains of their language. They are fairer than the Spaniards of Andalufa.

Teneriff contains about 96,000 perfons, fuppofed to be equal to the number of inhabitants of all the reft of the feven islands put together. The peasants in general are wretchedly clothed; when they do appear better, they are habited in the Spanish fashion. The men, in a genteeler line, dress

6

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TEN

White's

very gayly, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It Teneriff is remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and ease; which may be attributed to the long cloaks they usually O by the lower New South wear. The women wear ranks are of black ftuff, thofe of the higher of black filk; Wales, pa and fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty are 18. far from being over careful in concealing their faces by them. The young ladies wear their fine long black hair plaited, and faftened with a comb or a riband on the top of the head. The common people, and in this they refemble the inhabitants of most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif covered, have in them a strong tendency to thieving, they are befides lazy, and the most importunate beggars in the world. "I observed likewise (fays Mr White) that the itch was fo common among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence, that one would almost be led to believe it was epidemic there. Some of the women are fo abandoned and shameless, that it would be doing an injuftice to the prostitutes met with in the ftreets of London to fay they are like them. The females of every degree are faid to be of an amorous conftitution, and addicted to intrigue; for which no houses could be better adapted than those in Teneriff

"The manufactures carried on here are very few, and the product of them little more than fufficient for their own confumption. They confift of taffeties, gauze, coarse linens, blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal dependence of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of stock for fhipping.. With these the island abounds: and, in their feason, preduces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable productions of the European gardens, in the greatest plenty. Teneriff enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate. Indeed none feems better adapted for the reltoration of a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may graduate the air, and choose that state of it which beft fuits his complaint. But although the inhabitants are thus healthy, and have so little occafion for medical aid, they loudly complain of the want of knowledge in the profeffional gentlemen of the island."

1

The height of the peak of Teneriff has been fo variously eftimated and calculated by different travellers and geogra phers, that we can only take the mean between the two Rye's Excurs Dr Halley allows but two extremes of their decifions. fion to the miles and a quarter from the level of the fea to the fum-Peak of Ter mit of the fugar-loaf, whilft the Spanish account of the Ca.neriff nary iflands, tranflated by Mr Glas in 1763, makes it no less than five miles; and others have affigned a height different from both thefe. That it is an extinguifhed volcano is univerfally known; and we are perfuaded that the following account of the crater, and of fome experiments made on its brink by M. Mongez on the 24th of Auguft 1785, will prove not unacceptable to our chemical readers.

"The crater of the peak of Teneriff (fays he) is a trué fulphur-pit, fimilar to thofe of Italy. It is about 50 fathoms long and 40 broad, rifing abruptly from east to west. At the edges of the crater, particularly on the under finte, are many fpiracles, or natural chimneys, from which there exhale aqueous vapours and fulphureous acids, which are fo Journal de Phyfiques hot as to make the thermometer rife from 9° to 34° of Reaumur. The infide of the crater is covered with yellow, red, or white, argillaceous earth, and blocks of lava partly decompofed.. Under thefe blocks are found fuperb cryftals of fulphur; thefe are eight fided rhomboidal cryftals, fometimes an inch in length, and, I fuppofe, they are the finest crystals of volcanic fulphur that have ever been found. The water that exhales from the fpiracles is perfectly pure, and not in the leaft acid, as I was convinced by feveral experiments.

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