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A study of the figures would seem to indicate that the 1909 estimates of milk production for a number of states included considerable quantities of milk estimated for cows which, while they were classified as dairy cows (cows kept for milk), were not actually of the dairy type, nor kept mainly for milk production. For this reason, comparisons of milk production for 1919 and 1909 have been based on the production as reported, rather than on the estimated totals.

TABLE 4.-DAIRY COWS ON FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1920, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS, 1919 AND 1909.

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11.02,529, 331, 413 Gals..

Total production of milk,

incl. estimates....1919..

Butter made.... .1919.. 3, 565, 305

1909.. 3, 787, 749

Cheese made.......1919.. 17,956

Milk sold.................

Cream sold.

Butter fat sold..

1909.. 12, 054 .1919.. 710, 694 1909.. 493, 916 .1919.. 445, 611 1909.. 164, 117 .1919.. 875, 200 1909.. 361, 126

55.3 59.5 0.3 0.2

2.6 13. 6

1909..1, 785, 408

5.7 19.7 28.1

Value of milk, cream,

and butter fat sold, and of butter and

Butter sold.........1919.. 1, 269, 814

cheese made1....1919..

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Average per unit.

$346, 355, 759 $0.49 $222, 861, 440 0.22

$2, 268, 025 0.36 $1, 148, 708 0.12

$717, 380, 222 0.28 7.8 1,937, 255, 864 Gals.. $252, 436, 757 0. 13 6.9 82, 247, 580 Gals.. $111, 905, 929 1.36 54, 933, 583 Gals.. $37, 655, 047 0.69 532, 244, 072 Lbs.. $303, 552, 156 0.57 305, 662, 587 Lbs.. $82, 311, 511 0.27 207, 859, 564 Lbs.. $106, 973, 742 0.51 415, 080, 489 Lbs.. $100, 378, 123 0.24

$1,481,462,091 $596, 413, 463 $885, 048, 628 148. 4

$1,239,812,049 $473, 769, 412 $766, 042, 637 161.7

1 This item represents the total farm value of dairy products, excluding milk and cream consumed as such on the farm where produced. Figures for 1919 do not include "cheese sold," as that item was not reported for 1919. The value of cheese sold in 1909 was $987,974.

Value of all dairy products.-The total value of dairy products in 1919 (excluding the value of milk and cream consumed as such on the farm where produced) was $1,481,462,091, as compared with $596,413,463 in 1909. This value is obtained by adding together the values of milk, cream, and butter fat sold and of butter and cheese made.

Of the total value of dairy products in 1919, the East North Central division reported $448,600,891, or

30.3 per cent; the Middle Atlantic division, $298,511,901, or 20.1 per cent; and the West North Central division, $263,048,219, or 17.8 per cent. These three divisions together reported over two-thirds (68.2 per cent) of the total. It is probable, however, that the relative importance of the home consumption of milk and cream is considerably greater in the South and somewhat greater in the West than it is in the North, and that if the value of all dairy products, including such consumption, could be computed accurately, the Southern and Western divisions would show somewhat larger percentages of the aggregate for the United States than the available figures indicate.

Milk production: 1919 and 1909.-The figures representing milk produced in 1919, "as reported," include (1) milk reported as produced in 1919 on farms reporting dairy cows on hand January 1, 1920, and (2) milk reported as produced on farms not reporting any dairy cows. The second item would ordinarily represent milk produced by beef cows milked a part of the year as a secondary source of income, plus the small amount of milk produced in 1919 on farms which actually had no cows on January 1, 1920. The figures representing the "total production of milk, including estimates," for 1919, include not only the milk actually reported but also an estimate of the amount of milk produced on farms which reported dairy cows but not the amount of milk produced.

The total quantity of milk produced on farms in the United States during the calendar year 1919 was 7,805,143,792 gallons. This quantity includes estimates of the production on those farms which reported dairy cows on hand on January 1, 1920, but failed to report any milk production for 1919. The quantity of milk actually reported for 1919 was 6,893,727,418 gallons, as compared with 5,813,699,474 gallons actually reported for 1909, representing an increase of 1,080,027,944 gallons, or 18.6 per cent. The total milk production for 1909, including estimates, as given in the reports of the Thirteenth Census, was 7,466,406,384 gallons. It is believed, however, that the estimates made for 1909 were somewhat too large, for reasons already mentioned; hence all comparisons are made, in the present report, on the basis of the figures as reported.

The average production of milk per dairy cow in 1919, for the United States as a whole, was 366 gallons, as compared with 362 gallons in 1909. This average was computed, in each case, by dividing the quantity of milk reported for farms also reporting dairy cows by the number of dairy cows on' these farms on the census date. By reason of the changes in the classification of cows, however, the figures are not altogether satisfactory for comparative purposes.

Butter made on farms and in factories.-The quantity of butter made on farms decreased from 994,650,610 pounds in 1909 to 707,666,492 pounds in 1919,

or 28.9 per cent. This decrease is mainly due to the fact that the production of butter is being rapidly transferred from the farms to the factories. This movement is especially marked in those states where specialized dairy farming is important.

The production of butter in 1919 in the factories of the butter, cheese, and condensed milk industry, as reported in the census of manufactures, amounted to 920,550,066 pounds, as compared with 624,764,653 pounds in 1909.1 The combined farm and factory production of butter thus amounted to 1,628,216,558 pounds in 1919 and 1,619,415,263 pounds in 1909. The slight increase in the total production indicates that the growth of the factory production of butter somewhat more than made up for the decline in the farm production.

Figures for butter made on farms, from 1849 to 1919, and for butter made in factories, from 1879 to 1919, are presented for the United States as a whole in Table 5, and by divisions and states in Tables 9 and 10.

BUTTER MADE ON FARMS AND IN FACTORIES: 1879 TO 1919.

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1 Not including 17,955,316 pounds of butter in 1919 and 2,381,212 pounds in 1909 made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk.

Not including 1,761,621 pounds of cheese in 1919 and 49,413 pounds in 1909 made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk.

Butter sold by farmers.-The amount of butter sold in 1919 was 207,859,564 pounds, as compared with 415,080,489 pounds in 1909, and 518,042,767 pounds

The figures given in this paragraph are exclusive of butter made as an incidental product in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk. This amounted to 17,955,316 pounds in 1919 and 2,381,212 pounds in 1909.

in 1899. The 1919 sales thus represented only about half the sales in 1909. It is apparent, therefore, that the production of butter on farms for sale is decreasing much more rapidly than the production for home use-though farmers in some sections of the country are not only ceasing to make butter to sell, but in many cases are not even making it for home use.

Cheese made on farms and in factories.-The manufacture of cheese in the United States is an important industry only within certain limited areas. There were 6,371,396 pounds of cheese made on farms in 1919, as compared with a production of 9,405,864 pounds in 1909, representing a decrease of 32.3 per cent. The total number of farms in the United States reporting cheese produced increased from 12,054 in 1909 to 17,956 in 1919, while the average production per farm has decreased more than one-half, or from 780 to 355 pounds. It is possible, however, that occasional reports of cottage cheese made in 1919 may account for the increase in the number of farms reporting-though it was not intended that this variety of cheese should be considered.

As in the case of the production of butter, data are also given in Table 5 relative to the production of cheese on farms and in factories over such periods of time as figures for both are available. The decline. in the making of cheese on farms has been more or less steady since 1849, while the manufacture of cheese in factories has had a very rapid increase since 1879. The amount of cheese made in factories during 1919 was 473,569,199 pounds, as compared with 311,126,317 pounds in 1909. The total amount of cheese made on farms and in factories in the United States in 1919 was 479,940,595 pounds, as compared with 320,532,181 pounds in 1909, an increase of 159,408,414 pounds, or 49.7 per cent.

Milk, cream, and butter fat sold. By reason of the use of the butter-fat content as a basis of payment for both milk and cream, especially when these products are purchased by factories, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory figures representing the quantity of either milk or cream sold by farmers. Since the farmer will frequently have a record of the number of pounds of butter fat for which he has received payment, but would have to estimate the number of gallons of cream or milk which this represented, it has been thought best to present figures for the butter fat as if it were a distinct product. The quantities of milk and cream sold, as shown, in gallons, in the census reports for 1919 (and also for 1909) are made up largely of milk or cream sold for consumption, as such, in cities and towns.

2 The figures given in this paragraph are exclusive of cheese made as an incidental product in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than butter, cheese, or condensed milk. This amounted to 1,761,621 pounds in 1919 and 49,413 pounds in 1909.

The quantity of butter fat sold represents the butterfat content of additional milk and cream sold on a butter-fat basis. Roughly, the states where the sales of butter fat are large are the states where the factory production of butter is important; the states where the sales of milk and cream are relatively large are the states which have a large urban population to be supplied with fresh milk; and the states where the principal item in the sales of dairy products is butter are those where dairy products are still produced mainly for home use, with merely incidental sales.

The total quantity of milk sold in 1919 was 2,529,331,413 gallons, as compared with 1,937,255,864 gallons in 1909, representing an increase of 592,075,549 gallons, or 30.6 per cent. The total value of milk sold. in 1919 was $717,380,222, or 57.9 per cent of the total receipts from the sale of dairy products, while in 1909 the

receipts from the sale of milk formed 53.3 per cent of the total receipts from the sale of dairy products.

The quantity of cream sold in 1919 was 82,247,580 gallons, as compared with 54,933,583 gallons in 1909, an increase of 27,313,997 gallons, or 49.7 per cent in the decade.

There were 532,244,072 pounds of butter fat reported as sold in 1919, as compared with 305,662,587 pounds in 1909, an increase of 226,581,485 pounds, or 74.1 per cent, in the decade. The data for butter fat sold relate, as already indicated, to milk or cream sold by the farmer on the basis of their content of butterfat.

Further information with regard to milk, cream, and butter fat sold by farmers may be found in Table 2.

Tables for divisions and states.-The statistics for dairy products are presented, by divisions and states, in Tables 6 to 19, inclusive.

TABLE 6.-DAIRY COWS ON FARMS, 1920, AND MILK PRODUCED, AS REPORTED AND INCLUDING ESTIMATES, 1919, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES.

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