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NOTES:-The Newly Discovered Quarto of Titus Andro- QUERIES:-Permission Cap-Lord De Tabley and N. & Q Parlour-Cardinal Newman or Another? 147-Authors of Burns's Letters to George Thomson-Scottish Naval and REPLIES:-"Lamb" in Place-names, 149-Split Infinitive, 1598, the date of the well-known attribution 150-Bibliographical Notes on Dickens and Thackeray-question Shakespeare's. In the conjectural Patents of Precedence, 151-"Tourmaline "-" Wassail" -Goldsmith's Edwin and Angelina-Con- Contraction, Notes. THE NEWLY DISCOVERED QUARTO (1594) THE following notes, I may say by way of preface, have the approval of Dr. Richard Garnett, to whose high authority I submitted them before sending them to N. & Q. At the time when he wrote on the subject in the Illustrated History of English Literature,' he was inclined to limit Shakespeare's interference with the play to the fifth act, but he permits me to say that the passages adduced by me make it probable, in his judgment, that traces of Shakespeare's hand may be found in other parts of the play as well. I daresay that many of the parallels which I quote have been already pointed out; but I have found them independently, and adduce them now with a special intention. And it will be noted that I quote almost entirely from plays attributed, with great probability, to dates approximating to 1594, when a certain set of thoughts, turns of phrase, &c., might be in Shakespeare's mind, and ready to appear in work he was engaged upon about that date. For my drift is this. If these passages are not in the newly found quarto, then Shakespeare's part in Titus Andronieus' took place between 1594 and dates of first writing or production of other plays I follow Prof. Dowden. (a) Tit. And.,' II. i. 82 sq. : She is a woman, therefore may be woo'd; She is a woman, therefore may be won; She is Lavinia, therefore must be lov'd. 1 Henry VI.,' V. iii. 77-8 (conj. date 1590-1): She's beautiful, and therefore to be woo She is a woman, therefore to be won. That both these passages are Shakespeare's is probable from their resemblance to lines in Sonnet xli., of course Shakespeare's beyond question :— Gentle thou art, and therefore to be won; Beauteous thou art, therefore to be assailed. (b) 'T. A.,' III. ii. ad in. : Marcus, unknit that sorrow-wreathen knot. 'Taming of the Shrew,' V. ii. 136: Fie, fie! unknit that threatening unkind brow. connected with this passage of the 'Taming, There is a difficulty which I cannot solve surely Shakespearian, if any part of the Taming' is so. The Cambridge editors do not reprint the quarto of 1594, the old Taming,' on the ground that Shakespeare had nothing whatever to do with it. Yet they record various readings from this same quarto in this speech of Katharine's; and for anything they tell us it may be substantially the same probable that Shakespeare had something to as the text of the folios here. If so, it is do with the 1594 Quarto of the Taming'; and I am much inclined to Craik's opinion that the 'Love's Labour's Won,' mentioned by Meres in 1598, is Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew' under an alias. The coincidence in date between the newly found Titus Andronicus' and this early quarto seems to me to be of significance. (c) 'T. A.,' III. ii ad fin. : I'll to thy closet; and go read with thee Titus. Come, take away.-Lavinia, come with me Cf. ib. III. ii. 155 sq. It is noteworthy that this scene of Act III. of 'Titus Andronicus' is not found in any of the quartos accessible hitherto; its presence or absence in the newly found quarto will be of significance. (d) 'T. A.,' IV. ii. 122 : He is your brother, lords, sensibly fed Of that self-blood that first gave life to you, 'Richard II.,' I. ii. 22 : Ah, Gaunt, his blood was thine! that bed, that womb, That metal, that self-mould that fashion'd thee, (e) 'T. A.,' V. iii. 73 : Lest Rome herself be bane unto herself, 'Richard II.,' II. i. 69 :— That England, that was wont to conquer others, (f) There is a peculiarly Shakespearian manner which has not been sufficiently noted by Shakespeare students, and this neglect has led even Theobald to make a wrong conjecture. In 'Macbeth,' I. ii. 56, the folios punctuate Point against point, rebellious Arme 'gainst arm. Theobald, however, places the comma after "rebellious": Point against point rebellious, arm, &c. (1) Turn face to face, and bloody point to point. You have congreeted. 'Henry V.,' V. ii. 30. (4) Lastly, and significant as nearest in date of production to 1594 (if not in that same year) : face to face And frowning brow to brow. 'Richard II,' I. i. 18. Now (5) for the same arrangement and place of adjective compare 'T. A.,' V. iii. 156: Tear for tear, and loving kiss for kiss. (g) There is a parallelism which I rather mention than press. 'T. A.,' III. i. 233-4 :Then give me leave, for losers will have leave To ease their stomachs with their bitter tongues. are, And you the empress! Later, Titus (below) says:Welcome, dread Fury, to my woeful house: Rapine and Murder, you are welcome too: How like the empress and her sons you are! I am aware that these repetitions, &c., are capable of another explanation, and perhaps the taking up of the name Rapine and Murder by Tamora after Titus may be part of the "closing" with him of which she speaks, 1. 70 (I here conjectured "glosing," but I think this in any case unnecessary). I only mention this scene as one which it might be worth while to scrutinize as it stands in the newly found quarto, keeping this suggestion of alternative treatment in view. D. C. TOVEY. HERIOT. (See 9th S. x. 228, 333, 433, 497; xi. 75, 173.) IN Scotland a herezeld or heriot was a casualty exigible on the death of a tenant. It was payable to the landlord by the heirs of a deceased tenant, and could be exacted only in baronies where the custom was established by early practice. It is doubtful whether or not herezeld still exists; some authorities hold that it is entirely obsolete. Even in the eighteenth century it was seldom exacted, and then only in some districts of the Highlands and in some of the southern counties. A herezeld was "the best aucht ox, kow, or uther beast, quhilk ane husbandman possessour of the aucht pairt of ane dauach of land (foure oxen gang) dwelland and deceasand theirupon hes in his possession the time of his decease, quhilk aucht and suld be given to hes landislord or maister of the said land." In Green's Encyclopædia of Scots Law (1897, vol. vi. p. 180) this is said to mean "the best movable, or, more properly, the best thing capable of moving-e.g., ox, cow, horse, &c.-of which the tenant died possessed." According to Craig, Jus Feudale,' third edition (1732), the herezeld was originally a testamentary bequest by the tenant as a mark of gratitude; but it was claimed after wards as a right. It was due only when the tenant was residing and died on the estate, and it was not due when he had been warned to remove, and a decree of removing had been obtained against him. It could not be exacted from feuars, but from tenants only (see Hunter on 'Landlord and Tenant,' 1876, vol. ii. p. 302). In an action decided in 1763 it was observed that "a herezeld is not a casualty incident to a feudal holding; it was originally due only in the case of a tenant at will dying in possession of a farm, and by acceptation of it the master is bound to continue the widow and children of the tenant deceased in possession of the farm for another year, on the same terms." Stair ('Institutions,' ii. 3, 80) says that herezelds were "introduced by custom from the Germans, as the word of their language expressing the same evidenceth; which signifieth the gratuity left by the labourers of the ground to their master, and which is now due by custom, whether left or not; and therefore rather from custom than from the nature of the fee. And we have neither rule nor example for paying it by any but by the labourers of the ground, so that, though it be not expressed, it is not reserved to the superior, but belongs to the vassal, as Skene, voce Herezeld' ('De Verborum Significatione, subjoined to his edition of Acta Parl., 1597), observeth; but whereas he seemeth to make a herezeld only due by tenants possessing four oxengang of land to their masters going to the war, such poor tenants possessing only four oxgate of land or less, not being able, by reason of poverty, to go in person with him; yet the constant custom layeth herezelds most upon tenants possessing more lands, and generally upon all who are not cottars (not paying immediately to the master, but to his tenant dwelling upon the ground), and there is no difference whether he be a master or a farmer, and it is only due at the tenant's death." Jamieson ('Scottish Dictionary') defines heriot as "The fine exacted by a superior on the death of his tenant (Galloway)." He says the word is radically different from the old Scottish term "herreyelde," which was used in the same sense. He derives heriot from A.-S. heregeat. "It primarily signified the tribute given to the lord of a manor for his better preparation for war; but came at length to denote the best aucht or beast of whatever kind which a tenant died possessed of, due to his superior after death. It is therefore the same with the English forensic term Heriot.' There is confusion here between the terms superior" and "landlord." Jamieson, following Skene, derives herezeld from Belg. here, heer, a lord or master, and yeild, a gift, tribute, or taxation; but he holds that it was extended in Scotland to the imposition of landholders on their tenants. He adds, "The duty or gressoume (grassum) payable, according to the tenor of many modern leases, by every new successor to the lease, seems to be a relic of this custom." He calls it inhuman to tax a man's property "because of his paying the common tribute to nature," or taxing his heirs at the very time when a family had met with a severe loss. He quotes Sir David Lyndsay ('Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis') as follows: We had ane meir, that caryit salt and coill, Then scho deit, within ane day or two; The New English Dictionary' defines hereyeld, herield, hyrald, hyreild, herrezeld, herezeld, as : "The render to the superior of the best living animal of a deceased vassal; at an early date commuted for a fixed money payment, and now practically obsolete. The same word as O.E. Heregeld, used in Scotland in sense of Heriot." This definition is incorrect, for, as I have shown, heriot or hereyeld was rendered not by the heir of a vassal to his superior, but by the heir of a tenant to his landlord. J. A. Edinburgh. |