389-392; II, 298, 366; hatters,
I, 338; Homestead, II, 473, 495-
497;
in 1833-1837, I, 478-484;
in 1850-1852, I, 576, 597; in
1853, 1854, I, 607n; in 1877, II,
276; in 1880, 1881, II, 316; in
1886, II, 417, 417n, 418; in
1888, II, 474; longshoremen, II,
420-422; miners, II, 184, 185,
334, 363, 478, 497, 498, 499, 501,
508, 525, 528; moulders, I, 565;
II, 7, 51, 52, 316; navy yards,
I, 394, 395; packing industry,
II, 419; printers, I, 136, 137,
412n, 450, 552, 612; quarrymen,
II, 367; railroad, I, 622; II, 64,
186-190, 196, 334, 367–369, 382-
384, 502, 503, 508, 528; stove
mounters, II, 363, 481; switch-
men, II, 498; sympathetic. I,
585; tailors, I, 163, 164, 337,
368, 408, 409, 576; telegraphers,
II, 384; ten-hour, I, 386, 387;
textile, I, 183; II, 178, 304, 362,
363, 418, 420-423, 523, 524;
wage, I, 156, 157, 381-383, 395-
399; weavers, I, 313; women, I,
356, 418, 420-423.
Opinions: agrarianism, I, 522;
employers' associations, II, 31,
51, 52; Greeley, Horace, I, 576;
Knights of Labor, II, 347-350;
labour congresses, II, 98, 123,
129, 160; public, II, 190; St.
Crispin, II, 77-78; socialism,
II, 253, 276; trades' union, I,
363, 364, 371, 375, 377.
Suffrage, caucus system, I, 233;

democracy, I, 177, 178; exten-
sion, I, 175, 318, 319; man-
hood, I, 5, 20; personal rights
versus property rights, I, 12;
woman's, I, 297; II, 129, 211.
Sunday laws, repeal advocated, II,
208.

Syndicalism, Central Labor Union,

II, 387, 388; German trade
unions, II, 386, 387; Spies and
Parsons, II, 297.

See also, International, Black.
Sweating, introduction, I, 7, 102-

104; unions, I, 104-107;
women, I, 354.

Swinton, John. I, 19; II, 220, 363,
364, 365, 446, 447, 461.
Sylvis, Ben F., at industrial con-
vention, 1871, II, 154.
Sylvis, William H., II, 6, 7, 11, 12,

Tailors, organise in St. Louis, I,
352; strike, 1850, I, 597.
See also, Tailors, Benevolent Soci.
ety of Journeymen.
Tailors, Benevolent Society of Jour-
neymen, employment, I, 339;
transformation, I, 337.
Tailoresses of New York, strike, I,
156.

Tanners' and Curriers' Union, Na-
tional, II, 318.
Tariff, see Protectionism.
Tax Exemptions, stimulate business,
I, 37.

Taylor, Daniel B., at New York In-
dustrial congress, I, 554n.
Teamsters' Union, I, 8.
Telegraphers, aided by Knights of
Labor, II, 345.

Tenement House, cigar making, II,
178.

Tennessee, coal miners' strike, II,
498, 499; unions, in 1864, II, 19.
Terre Haute, conference, II, 318-
320.

Textile workers, organise, I, 111.
Thompsonville, conspiracy case, I,
313, 314.

Townsend, Robert, I, 411, 425, 427,
429, 463.

Trade agreements, anthracite min-

ers, II, 525; arbitration versus,
II, 527; bituminous miners, II,
179-181, 425; building trades,
II, 479, 480; employers, II, 33,
415, 416, 424; "exclusive," II,
32; impossibility, II, 359; Na-
tional Civic Federation, II, 528;
puddler's sliding scale, II, 80,
179; spread, II, 524; stove
moulders, II, 480, 481, 482;
theory, I, 14, 15; II, 520; trust,
II, 526; unions, II, 33, 36.
See also, Bargaining Power.
Trade Courts, early protective or-
ganisations, I, 80, 81.

Trade Societies, date of appearance,
1833-1837, I, 472–477.

Trades' and Labor Council of New

York, organised, II, 226.
Trades' Assemblies, boycott, II, 22,
23, 24; convention, II, 35, 36,
38, 95; co-operation, II, 23;
disappearance, II, 177; employ.
ers' associations, II, 26, 27;
federation, II, 34, 38, 39, 94, 96;
functions, II, 23, 311, 312; In-
ternational Industrial, II, 36-
39; multiplication, II, 310;
Philadelphia, II, 24-26, 39;
politics, II, 38.

Trades' Union, beginning, I, 12, 358,
365-368, 424; child labour, I,
428, 432; conspiracy, I, 408,
409; conventions, I, 424, 430-
437, 469-471; co-operation, I,
468; education, I, 427, 432;
employers, I, 368, 371, 372; fac-
tory workers, I, 374, 418, 428,
429; finances, I, 434; growth,
I, 358, 359, 379, 380; hours of
labour, I, 433, 536; influence, I,
438; jurisdictional disputes, I,
376, 377; land policy, I, 428;
labour press, I, 360; Mechanics'
Union, I, 375; membership, I,
424; need, I, 357; organisation,
I, 427, 431; politics, I, 361, 362,
426, 427; prison labour, I, 369-
371; riots, I, 377, 378; specu-
lation, I, 435; strikes, I, 363,
371, 390; Tammany, I, 461, 462;
term, I, 14; women's labour, I,
436, 437.

Trainmen's Union, organised, II,
186.

Transcendentalism, colonies, I, 505;
forms, I, 494.
See also, Anarchism.
Transportation, see Markets, Exten-
sion of.

Trevellick, Richard, II, 16, 29, 29n,

35, 115, 118, 122, 124, 126, 129,
130, 131, 133, 137, 150, 152, 153,
168, 170, 244.

Tribune, New York, boycotted, II,
317.

Troup, Alexander H., II, 97, 99, 126,
133, 170.

Truck and order system, abolition,
II, 324.

Truth, The, Haskell, II, 299.
Tucker, Benjamin R., individualistic
anarchist, I, 17.

Tucker, Gideon J., greenback candi-
date, II, 246, 247.

Typographia,

German American,
Cleveland convention, 1882, II,
326; established, II, 313; 80-
cialism, II, 226.

See also, Fowitz, Gustav.
Typographical Association, National,
cause for organisation, I, 340.
Typographical Society, Albany, I,
113; Baltimore, I, 115.

Typographical Society, Franklin, I,
109; aided, I, 112; wage scale,
I, 126.
Typographical Society, National, ap-
prenticeship policy, I, 451;
book publisher, I, 447, 448; cap-
italism, political, I, 444-446;
conventions, I, 450, 452; lo-
cals, 1836, I, 443; organisation,
I, 620, 621; "two-thirders," I,
448, 449; wage policy, I,

451.

Typographical Society, New York,
apprenticeship. I, 116; benefits,
I, 124, 125, 137; collective bar-
gaining, I, 603; depression, I,
136, 456; education, I, 249, 250;
employers, I, 119; evolution, I,
335, 336; grievances, I, 114,
115; incorporation, I, 86, 109;
minimum wage, I, 131; scabs, I,
131.

See also, Strikes.
Typographical Society, Philadelphia,
apprenticeship, I, 116; benefits,
I. 85; collective bargaining, I,
120, 121; competition of women,
I. 343, 344; co-operation with
New York local, I, 113; evolu-
tion. I, 335; Franklin Society,
I, 112; organise, I, 109.
See also, Strikes.
Typographical Society, Washington,
apprenticeship, I, 342; Duff
Green, I, 450; economic purpose,
I. 137; strike, I, 451; women
labour, I, 344.
Typographical Union, International,
apprenticeship, II. 83; boycott,
II, 317, 365; conditional mem-
bership, II, 58; conventions, II,
97, 319, 326; established, II,
58, 313; federation, II, 60, 61,
157; growth, II, 45, 1.7, 308,
313;
Negro, II, 135, 311;
Northwestern Publishers' Asso-
ciation, II, 61; political action,

II, 318; strike fund, II, 59, 60.
See also, Strikes.

U

Unemployment, Chinese, II, 148,
262, 263; Civil War, II, 10, 13;
currency policies, II, 123;
hours of labour, I, 234; in 1829,
I, 170, 171; in 1837, I, 457, 458;
in 1857-1863, I, 488; II, 204;
in 1869, II, 123; in 1873,
II, 219; in 1877, II, 253, 257;
legal tender acts, 1862, II, 15;
organisation of Chicago unem-
ployed, II, 200; Parsons, A.
R., II, 389; riot of Tompkins
Square, II, 220; union employ-
ment offices, I, 587, 588; Weit-
ling's bank of exchange, I, 514.
Union Congress, Chicago as centre,

II, 272; Philadelphia, II, 270;
restrictions, II, 273, 278.
Union Society of Carpenters, I, 110.
Union Trade Society of Journeymen
Tailors, competition of women,
I, 344; organised, I, 337.
United Cabinet Makers, New York,
II, 208.

United German Benefit Society, I,

84.

United German Trades, type of city

federation, II, 313.
United Labor Party, conventions, II,

455, 456, 459; dwindles, II, 491;
in 1887 elections, II, 467; plat-
form, II, 460; single tax, II,
468; socialists, II, 457, 458;
Union Labor Party, II, 465.
United Workers of America, II, 222,
223, 234.

Universal Brotherhood, The, II, 196.
Unskilled, Condition, 1829, I, 171;

Conflict with skilled; cigar mak-
ers, II, 400, 401; District As-
sembly 49, II, 399; in shoe in-
dustry, II, 77; iron workers, II,
407; Knights and trade union-
ists, II, 396-398, 403, 404, 427.
Organisation: attitude, II, 323;

class hate, II, 374; failure, II,
427; Illinois quarrymen's
strike, II, 367; in 1884, 1885,
II, 357, 362; International La-
bor Union, II, 280, 302; unem-
ployed, II, 389, 390.
Riots: I, 412, 416, 417.

See also, Factory System; Indus-

trial Workers of the World;
Knights of Labor.

V

Van Buren, issues ten-hour order, I,
395.

Van Patten Phillip, II, 272-286.
Virginia, mechanics aided, I, 40, 43;

monopoly grants, I, 40, 43; tar-
iff, I, 42; unions, 1863, 1864, II,
19.
Vorbote, official organ, II, 228, 271;
on anarchism, II, 296; on co-
operation, II, 230; on green-
backism, II, 287; on Interna-
tional Labor Union, II, 280; on
militarism, II, 281; on trade
unionism, II, 230, 275, 283.

W

Wages, Conditions: banks, I, 459;
bread assize, I, 52, 53; cheap
labour, I, 347; Chinese labour,
II, 264, 265; combination to
raise, I, 140-143; contract work,
I, 67, 68; co-operation, II, 53;
depression, I, 456, 457, 614, 615;
II, 185, 361; employers' associa-
tions, II, 27, 28; free land, I,
527; growth of cities, II, 359;
in 1850, I, 582; in 1854, I, 610,
611;
merchant-capitalist, I,
339; monopoly, I, 219; piece
work, I, 67, 583, 584; prices, I,
150, 396, 415, 435, 600; II, 15,
110; regulation, I, 7, 50-52, 85,
86, 87, 126, 580, 583; scarcity
of labour, I, 128; strikes, I,
110, 111, 156, 363, 381-383, 395-
401, 418, 422, 432, 424n, 441,
599; II, 78, 178, 184, 186, 312,
362-364, 367, 368, 496; sunrise
to sunset day, I, 171, 172; tar-
iff, I, 443; ten-hour day, I, 311;
trade agreement, I, 607; trades'
union, I, 7, 358, 433; unionism,
modern, I, 575, 613; II, 18, 20,
177.

Occupations: apprentices, I, 592;
carpenters, I, 359; cigar mak-
ers, I, 621; cigar makers,
women, I, 343; construction
gangs, I, 415; cordwainers, I,
442; cotton operatives, I, 111;
engineers, locomotive, II, 62;
house painters, I, 608; labour-

ers, city, I, 415, 416; machin-
ists, II, 57; moulders, II, 49,
51, 52; printers, I, 448, 451,
580, 581; puddlers, I, 552;
women, I, 354, 355, 442, 443.
Theories: abolition, II, 295; An-
drews, S. P., I, 518; collective
bargaining, I, 603, 604; price-
bargain and wage-bargain, I,
70; Steward, II, 89, 90, 303.
Wage-work, Bücher's use of term,
I, 33.

Walker, Amasa, and hours of la-
bour, II, 107.

Walker, Isaac P., I, 551, 558n, 561.
Walker v. Cronin, and expectancy as
property, II, 506.

Walking delegates, first, I, 126.
Walls, H. J., I, 162, 176.

Walsh, Mike, I, 527, 528-530, 537,
561.

Walster, Otto, II, 232, 274, 278.
Waltershausen, August Sartorius

von, cited, II, 310, 311, 312.
Ward, Osborne, at Alleghany con-
vention, II, 285.
Warehouses, marketing agencies, I,
93, 94; co-operative, I, 95-99;
development, I, 100; inade-
quacy, I, 101.

Warren, Josiah, I, 17, 18, 96, 99,

494, 511; II, 138.

Weavers' Union, organised, I, 156.
Weitling movement, programme, II,

204.

Weitling, Wilhelm, I, 17, 512, 513,
514, 515, 566, 577.

Welch, William, Philadelphia cord-
wainer, I, 60.

West, William, II, 210, 213.
Western Federation of Miners, in-

dustrial union, II, 500.

Western Greenbottle Blowers' Na-
tional Union, established, II,
313.
Weydemeyer, Joseph, I, 617, 617n,
618; II, 204, 207, 227.
Weydemeyer, Otto, II, 237, 270, 271,
302.

Whaley, J. C. C., II, 102, 112, 115,
116, 129.
Wholesale jobber, appearance, II, 5;

legal tender acts, II, 14; su-
premacy, II, 359.
Wholesale-order period, building
trades, I, 66; class struggle, I,
65, 66; markets, I, 61-63; mer-
chant-capitalist follows, I, 103;

production, I, 71; retail-shop
period, I, 61, 62.

Wilson, Charles, locomotive engi-
neer, II, 63-68.

Window Glass Workers' Association,
protest against contract immi-
grant labour, II, 372.
Windt, John, and George Henry
Evans, I, 527.

Winn, A. M., II, 147, 148, 149,
162.
Wisconsin eight-hour law, II, 108;
greenbackism, II, 244, 248;
People's Party, II, 462, 463;
unions, 1864, II, 19.

Wolf, George, I, 459, 460.
Wollstonecraft, Mary, in Lowell
strike, I, 423.

Women in labour movement, at la-
bour conventions, I, 555; II,
101, 127, 133, 277, 328, 330;
competition, I, 339, 342, 343,
430, 437, 595; co-operation, I,
566; equal pay for equal work,
II, 114; hours, I, 540, 542, 543;
in factories, I, 156, 172–174,
422; organisation, I, 350, 351,
353, 355, 356, 443; II, 128, 328,
418; strikes, I, 418-423; trade
union regulation, I, 596; wages,
I, 344, 354.

See also, Anthony, Susan B.; Bag-
ley, Sarah G.; Claflin, Tennes-
see; McDonald, Mary; Parsons,
Lucy; Putnam, Mary Kellogg ;
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Woll-
stonecraft, Mary; Woodhull,
Victoria; Wright, Frances.
Woodhull, Victoria, suffragist, II,
210, 211.

Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly, or-
gan American section of I. W.
A., II, 211, 212.
Workingmen's Advocate, The, char-
acter, II, 16; on education, I,
250-252; Tammany, I, 270;
trades' assembly supports, II,
24.

Working Men's Party, Issues: agra-

rianism, I, 211-213, 271-273;
banking system, I, 330; educa-
tion, I, 251, 252, 274, 299, 300,
327, 328; imprisonment for
debt, I, 328; in 1828, I, 216;
in 1829, 1830, I, 217, 218–229,
274-284, 295-299; mechanics'
liens, I, 329; tariff, I, 294, 295;
woman's suffrage, I, 297.

Organisation: candidates, I, 203,
208, 209, 210; class alignment,
I, 234; committee of fifty, I,
237, 238, 243, 244; conventions,
I, 196, 197, 201, 263–265, 266;
democracy, I, 331, 332; election
strength, I, 198, 199, 203-216,
239-241, 266-269; growth, I,
195, 205, 206, 207, 223, 244, 246,
255-262; old parties, I, 199-
202, 210, 211.

See also, New England Working
Men's Association.
Workingmen's Party of California,
conventions, II, 256, 257, 258;
election strength, II, 259-262;
end, II, 264; greenbackism, II,

263, 264; platform, II, 255;
sand-lot meetings, II, 255, 256;
split, II, 259, 260.

See also, Kearney, Denis.
Workingmen's Party of the United
States, factions, II, 271-274; or-
ganisation, II, 271; political ac-
tion, II, 270, 272, 277-290;
strikes, II, 276, 277.

See also, Socialist Labor Party.
Workingmen's Trade and Labor
Union of San Francisco, organ-
ised, II, 254.

Wright, Frances, I, 19, 213, 240,
240n, 250, 272, 284n, 293.
Wright, James L., II, 25, 25n, 236,
243, 247.