500, 501, 510, 510n, 512, 512n,
514, 517, 531, 531n.
Gould, Jay, II, 369, 370, 384.
Government ownership, and Ameri-
can Federation of Labor, II,
509-511; of railroads advo-
cated, II, 228, 231, 276.
Granite Cutters' National Union,
Cleveland convention, 1882, II,
326; established,
313;
Pittsburgh convention, 1881, II,
321.
Greeley, Horace, I, 17, 170, 171, 500,
507, 533, 538, 544, 544n, 548,
570, 576, 577, 588, 604.
Green, General Duff, I, 342, 445,
448, 449.
Greenbackism, Conditions: depres-
sion, II, 122, 123, 170; prosper-
ity, II, 249.
In Labour Congresses: II, 119-
124, 128, 165, 245.
In Politics: California, II, 263;
congressional election of 1878,
II, 245, 246; democrats, II,
249;
"Greenback and Labor "
combination, II, 243; National
Nominating Convention, II,
250; New York, II, 242; Ohio,
II, 248; Pennsylvania, II, 247;
Pomeroy clubs, II, 246; West,
II, 244.
Theories: anarchism versus, II,
121; Douai, II, 224; Kellogg-
ism, II, 120; Proudhonism, II,
139; socialism versus, II, 196,
237-239, 285-290; trade union-
ism versus, II, 223.
Greenback Labor Party, National,
Butler campaign, II, 440; fail-
ure, II, 251; in 1882, II, 439,
440; in Pennsylvania, II, 242,
243; national convention, II,
285; organised. II, 241-247.
Greenback Party, 1874-1877, con-
ventions, II, 168-170; Peter
Cooper, II, 171; depression, II,
170; power, II, 196, 197.
Grottkau, Paul, II, 281, 287, 296,
387, 516.
Guilds, breaking up, I, 8; char-
ters, I, 46, 48; European, I, 77;
organisation, I, 7; revival of
principle, I, 492.
Gunton, George, II, 302n, 304.
Hague, The, Congress of Interna-
tional Workingmen's Associa-
tion, II, 213, 215.
Hales, John, London General Coun-
cil, II, 212, 213.
Hanna, Mark, trade agreement, II,
180.
Harding, William, II, 96, 99, 116,
119.
Hardy, Thomas, common law, I, 148.
Haskell, Burnette G., II, 298, 299.
Hat Finishers Union, established, II,
313.
Hatters of the City of Philadelphia,
I, 157.
Haymarket bomb, II, 392-394;
eight-hour strike. II, 386.
Hebrew Trades, United, and Knights
of Labor, II, 519; organised in
New York, II, 518.
Heighton, William, education, I,
226.
Hennebery, Thomas, at Pittsburgh
convention, II, 321, 323.
Herttell, Thomas, abolition of im-
prisonment for debt, I, 328, 329.
Hewitt. Abram S., campaign, II,
Heywood, Ezra A., anarchist, II,
126. 138, 138n.
Hinchcliffe, John, II. 17, 97, 99, 103,
115, 126, 152, 170.
Hine, Lucius A., I, 533; II, 128.
Hinton, Richard, II, 314n, 455.
Historical periods, characterised. I,
11-13; philosophies, I, 13, 14.
Hobson, J. A., production theory, I.
28.
Hogan. Thomas, I, 360, 425, 434,
461.
Horseshoers' Union, established, II,
Homestead movement, see Land Pol-
icy.
Homework.
Bücher's use of the
term, I. 33; merchant-capitalist
stage, I, 103.
Hours of Labour, bakers', I. 162;
Boston ship carpenters, I, 311,
312, 325: building trades. I,
188; carpenters, I, 69; in 1839,
I. 172; labour parties, T. 331;
National Trades' Union. I, 433,
536; New England Working
Men's Association, I, 537, 539;
printers, I, 118; public employ-
ment, I, 192, 393-395; public
opinion, I, 174, 175; strikes for
shorter, I, 158-162, 183, 186-
189, 386-392; II, 367; sunrise
to sunset system, I, 158, 171,
174, 186, 189n, 544; ten-hour
movement, I, 110, 159n, 235,
303, 307, 324, 366n, 384.
Legislation, legislative investiga-
tion, I, 436, 437, 540; ten-hour
law in New Hampshire, I, 541,
542; in New York, I, 542, 543;
in Pennsylvania, I, 543; in
other states, I, 543-545.
Theories: citizenship, I, 170-172,
384, 385; make-work, I, 545,
546.
See also, Eight-Hour Day.
Housewrights of Boston, promote
inventions, I, 76.
Howard, Robert, II, 321, 322, 328,
331, 463.
Humanitarianism, anti-Chinise agi-
tation, II, 267; apprenticeship,
I, 595; co-operation, I, 565;
high-water mark, I, 564; hours
of labour, I, 536, 541; in 1837,
I, 12; in forties, I, 14; union-
ism, I, 576.
See also, Agrarianism; Associa-
tion;_ Co-operation; Land Pol-
icy; Transcendentalism.
Hungary, Bureau for recruiting
contract labourers, II, 372.
Illinois, eight hour day, II, 108;
Knights of Labor, II, 381, 382;
unions, 1863, 1864, II, 19.
Immigration, decrease, 1855, 1856,
I, 616; increase, I, 413, 488,
489.
Character: change, I, 489, 490;
Chinese, II, 149, 150; contract,
II, 117, 118, 131, 324, 372, 373,
413, 414; German forty-eight-
ers, II, 204; in eighties, II,
360, 523.
Effects: competition, I, 9, 10; II,
86, 149, 150; hours of labour, I,
544; riots, I, 412, 415; strikes,
I, 597; II, 117, 179; trade union
membership, II, 315.
Imprisonment for Debt, abolition,
I, 221, 281, 296-298, 318;
wage-earner, I, 177-180, 221n.
Incorporation of unions, before Con-
gress, II, 328; early attitude
toward, II, 314; Farmers' Alli-
ance, II, 489n; law, II, 409;
labour conventions, II, 185, 324,
325, 330; Charles Wilson's plan,
II, 66, 67.
Industrialism, first move, II, 312;
forms, II, 534, 535.
Industrialists, in Columbia Typo-
graphical Society, I, 137.
Industrial Brotherhood, beginning,
II, 196.
Industrial Congresses, 1845-1856,
aims, I, 558; bargain for votes,
I, 559; city, I, 551, 552, 557;
land reformers control, I, 550,
551; organised, I, 548; Owen's
world convention, I, 549.
Cleveland, 1873: call, II, 159;
constitution, II, 160; co-opera-
tion, II, 161; panic, II, 161;
political action, II, 161; trade
unionism, II, 160; representa-
tion, II, 159.
Indianapolis: constitution, II,
167: trade unions, II, 166.
New York, 1850: bargain for
votes, I, 559; control, I, 555,
561, 562; organised, I, 552;
purpose, I, 554; representation,
I, 553; trade unionism, I, 557.
Rochester, 1874: arbitration, II,
165; constitution, II, 162;
greenbackism, II, 164, 165; In-
dustrial Brotherhood, II, 163,
164; political action, II, 166;
representation, II, 162.
Industrial Cycles, Depression: ap-
prenticeship, II, 84; bank fail-
ures, 1837, I, 454, 455; causes,
II, 283; food riots, 1837, I, 12,
463, 464; greenbackism, II, 122,
168, 170, 245, 248, 249; in Cali-
fornia, II, 147, 148, 253, 267;
in 1829, I, 170; in 1833, I, 351;
in 1837-1852, I, 488, 489, 492;
in 1847, I, 564; in 1854, 1855,
I, 613-615; in 1857, II, 5; in
1861, II, 9, 10; in 1866-1868,
II, 115, 123, 124; in 1873-1879,
II, 195, 219, 220; in 1877, II,
185; in 1883–1885, II, 361, 362;
in 1893, II, 501; influence, I,
10; II, 472; Lassalleanism, II,
227, 228; prison labour, I, 369;
Sovereigns of Industry, II, 175;
strikes, I, 381, 382; unionism, I,
134-138, 456, 469, 614, 615; II,
46, 47, 161, 166, 175.
Prosperity: apprenticeship, II, 84;
in 1835, I, 348, 351; in 1862, II,
14, 15; in 1869, II, 55; in 1898,
II, 521; influence, I, 10; II,
472; political action, I, 326; II,
143; socialism, II, 284; strikes,
I, 381, 382.
Industrial Education, apprentice-
ship, I, 77, 78; demand, I, 284,
300, 301, 322; funds, I, 84, 85;
labour, I, 226, 228, 328.
Industrial Workers of the World, I,
17; industrialism, II, 533, 534;
organised, II, 523; trade agree-
ment, II, 527.
Infidelity, workingman accused, I,
211-213, 254, 272, 273, 290, 293.
Ingersoll, Jared, in Philadelphia
conspiracy case, I, 139.
Injunctions, see Conspiracy.
Intellectuals, term explained, I, 19,
20; welcome International, II,
210.
See also, Andrews, Stephen Pearl;
Brisbane; Cooper, Peter; Day,
H. H.; Foran, Martin A.;
George, Henry; Greeley, H.;
Hinchcliffe; Kellogg, Edward;
Lloyd, Henry D.; McNeill,
George E.; Moore, Ely; Owen,
Robert; Owen, Robert Dale;
Sorge, F. A.; Steward, Ira;
Swinton, John; Warren, Josiah;
Wright, Frances.
International, Black, Central Labor
Union, II, 387; Chicago, II,
390; collapse, II, 394; Haymar-
ket Square bomb, II, 393, 394;
information bureau, II, 296; or-
ganised, II. 291; Pittsburgh
Convention, II, 293–296.
International, Bohemian Section,
formed, II, 209, 390.
International, French Section,
formed, II, 209.
International, Red, established, II,
298-299; Socialist Labor Party,
II, 300n.
International Working People's As-
sociation, see International,
Black.
Interstate Commerce Act, injunc
tions, II, 505.
International Labor Union, conven-
tion, II, 305; failure, II, 306;
organised, II, 302; programme,
II, 303, 304; textile workers,
II, 304; unskilled, II, 280.
International Workingmen's Associ-
ation, Organisation: American
Confederation, II, 213; Ameri-
can forerunners, II, 206, 207;
Bakunin and Marx, II, 214, 215;
central committee, II, 210, 211;
councils, II, 212, 213, 215; Euro-
pean federations, II, 216, 269,
270, 271; nationalisation, II,
231, 269-271; National Labor
Union, II, 131; North American
Federation, II, 214; organs, II,
221, 222, 230, 390n; sections, II,
209, 210, 216, 217; secessionists,
II, 217, 233; unemployed, II,
219, 220; Union Congress, II,
270; United Workers of Amer-
ica affiliate, II, 222.
Theories: II, 86, 87, 302, 303;
immigration, II, 131, 132; Las-
salleanisation, II, 228, 229; po-
litical action, II, 205, 218, 219;
trade unionism, II, 205, 223-
226, 233, 234.
See also, Bakunin, Michael; Carl,
Conrad; Claflin, Tennessee;
Hales, John; Marx, Karl;
Sorge, F. A.; Stiebling, George
C.; Woodhull, Victoria; Work-
ingmen's Party of United States.
Iowa, Greenbackism, II, 244, 248.
Irish World, The, supports Henry
George, II, 451.
Iron and Steel Workers, Amalga-
mated Association of, and A.
F. of L., II, 329; established, II,
313; Homestead strike, II, 495,
497; long strike, II, 181, 184,
185; organised, II, 179; trade
agreement, II, 179–181.
Iron Moulders, see Molders Interna-
tional Union.
Irons, Martin, Southwest strike, II,
383.
Italy, contract labourers, II, 372.
Itinerancy, Bücher's use of the term,
I, 33; competition, I, 45, 48, 49,
67; wages, I, 51, 52.
Inventions, encouraged, I, 76, 77.
Jackson, Alexander, J. W., I, 430,
434.
Jackson, Andrew, I, 269, 270, 347,
Jarrett, John, II, 321-325, 329, 468.
Jessup, William J., II, 108, 113, 115,
116, 123, 124, 126, 133, 211.
Johnson, Andrew, I, 103, 104, 124,
562.
John Swinton's Paper, boycott, II,
364, 365; contract labour, II,
372; National Union Labor
Party, II, 465; strikes, II, 363;
trade unions and the Knights,
II, 414.
Jonas, Alexander, II, 278, 300.
Journeyman, Conditions: bricklay-
ers, I, 405; class conflict, I, 64;
competition, control, I, 57; com-
petition, convicts, I, 155, 344-
347; competition, women, I,
342-344; merchant-capitalist
system, I, 339, 379; politics, I,
234; printing trade, I, 446, 447,
448; Weitling, I, 514.
Demands: apprenticeship, I, 339,
340-342, 590-595; ten-hour day,
I, 159-162, 234, 310.
Junior Sons of '76, call national la-
bour convention, II, 201, 202,
235; organised, II, 196, 201;
platform, II, 202n.
Jurassian Federation,
stronghold, II, 215.
Kalloch, I. S. Reverend, mayor of
San Francisco, II, 261, 262.
Kearney, Denis, II, 249, 250, 254-
264.
Kellogg, Edward, I, 20, 519, 556;
II, 119-121, 225.
Kelley, O. H., and Patrons of Hus-
bandry, II, 172.
Kennady, A. M., II, 113, 147, 147n,
148.
Kentucky, unions, 1863, 1864, II, 19.
Klinge, Karl, socialist, II, 228, 230,
273.
Knight, H. L., II, 255, 259, 261.
Knights of Labor, Conventions:
Cincinnati, 1891, II, 494; Cleve-
land, 1882, II, 326; District As-
sembly 1 at Philadelphia, 1876,
II, 333; District Assembly 3 at
Pittsburgh, II, 333; Minneapolis
General Assembly, II, 412, 413;
Omaha, 1892, II, 494; Pitts-
burgh, 1876, II, 236, 239; Pitts-
burgh, 1881, II, 321, 322: Read-
ing, II, 335; Richmond, II, 408;
Terre Haute, II, 318-320.
Organisation: assemblies, II, 197,
199-201; beginnings, II, 196,
197; centralisation, II, 334; ele-
ments, II, 344, 345, 382, 482,
488, 492; form, II, 339; growth,
II, 339, 344, 350, 381, 396, 413,
414, 422, 423, 482; Ocean Asso-
ciation, II, 420; resistance fund,
II, 340, 341; sojourners, II,
198; Southern Farmers' Alli-
ance, II, 489, 491.
Policies: arbitration, 11, 374;
boycott, II, 317, 364, 365, 419,
444; Catholic Church, II, 339;
co-operation, I, 18; II, 351, 352,
430-438; eight-hour movement,
II, 378, 379, 392, 485; immigra-
tion, II, 372, 373; monopoly, II,
362; political action, II, 243,
351, 462, 463, 488, 493; princi-
ples, II, 198, 335, 495; secrecy,
II, 201, 232, 338, 339; socialism,
II, 519; strikes, II, 200, 334,
347-350, 367-369, 383, 384, 394,
416, 417, 419, 420-422, 483,
483n, 498, 499.
Trade Unions: American Fed-
eration of Labor, II, 484, 488;
attitude, II, 352; brewery work-
ers, II, 488; conflict, II, 397-
399, 402, 405, 406, 409, 484; fed-
eration, II, 328, 329; machinists,
II, 486; miners, II, 425, 426,
487; moulders, II, 344n, 401n;
movement within, II, 342, 346,
427; trade assemblies, II, 428,
486; trade councils, II, 311n.
See also, Powderly, Terence V.;
Sovereign, James R.
Knights of Saint Crispin, aims, II,
77; apprenticeship, II, 84; Chi-
nese labour, II, 141, 149; co-
operation, II, 79, 140, 141, 152;
eight-hour day, II, 140; factory
system, II, 76, 77; green hands,
II, 77; in seventies, II, 152,
153; Knights of Labor, II, 200,
345; membership, II, 177; or
ganised, II, 77; Phillips,
Thomas, II, 39, 40n; political
action, II, 140; strikes, II, 77,
78.
Kommunistischen
Kriege, Herman, and land reform,
I, 534, 535.
Label, anti-Chinese, II, 266, 267,
401; cigar makers, II, 266n,
401n; endorsed, II, 330;
Knights of Labor, II, 401n, 435.
Labour Congresses, 1866: co-opera-
tion, II, 101; eight-hour ques-
tion, II, 98; land question, II,
100, 101; organisation, II, 101,
102; political action, II, 99;
representation, II, 96, 97; trade
unionism, II, 98; women in in-
dustry, II, 101.
1867: constitution, II, 116; co-
operation, II, 118, 119; eight-
hour day, II, 118; greenbackism,
II, 119; immigration, II, 116-
118; Negro, II, 118; principles,
II, 122; representation, II, 115.
1868: greenbackism, 11, 128; po-
litical action, II, 125, 129;
representation, II, 126; strikes,
II, 129; women present, II, 127,
128.
1869: acts, II, 134, 135n; effect of
Sylvis' death, II, 134; repre-
sentation, II, 133.
1870: Chinese problem, II, 146;
constitution, II, 146; Negro
question, II, 144, 145; political
action, II, 145, 146; representa-
tion, II, 144.
Labour Conventions, National, Alle-
ghany City, 1879, II, 284, 285;
Baltimore Congress, 1866, II,
96; carpenters, 1836, I, 452;
cigar makers, 1864, 11, 69; Cin-
cinnati, 1887, II, 464, 465; Cin-
cinnati, 1891, II, 494; Cleve-
land, 1873, II, 159-161; Cleve-
land, 1875, II, 169; Cleveland,
1882, II, 326-328; Columbus,
1886, II, 409-412; combmakers,
1836, I, 452; currency reform-
ers, 1878, II, 244; Indianapolis,
1874, II, 166-168; industrial,
1870, II, 153; Knights of Labor,
II, 333, 334, 407, 493; Labor
Congress, 1867, II, 115–122;
1868, II, 125, 130; 1869, II,
133; 1870, II, 144-147; loom
weavers, 1836, I, 453; Louis-
ville, 1864, II, 35, 36; Machin-
ists and Blacksmiths, 1861, II,
13; National Trades' Union,
1834, I, 425-429; National
Trades' Union, 1835, I, 430-
433; National Trades' Union,
1836, I, 433-436; Newark, 1877,
II, 277-279; New York, 1883,
II, 328; nominating, 1876, II,
170; Omaha, 1892, II, 494;
Philadelphia, 1861, II, 11;
Philadelphia, 1886, II, 403;
Pittsburgh, 1876, II, 236; Pitts-
burgh, 1881, II, 321-326; Pitts-
burgh, 1883, II, 293-296; Roch-
ester, 1874, II, 162-165; St.
Louis farmers, 1889, II, 490-
492;
Terre Haute, 1881, II, 318-
320; Typographical Union, 1837,
I, 450, 453; Tyrone, 1875, II,
Labour Papers, American Banker
and Workingmen's Leader, II,
16; Arbeiter, II, 16; Baltimore
Trades' Union, I, 360; Chicago,
II, 282; Chicagoer Arbeiter-
Zeitung, II, 282; Daily Press,
I, 617; II, 17, 23; depression,
I, 456; in 1863-1873, II, 15-17;
International Labor Union, II,
304; Journal, I, 248; Mechan-
ic's Own, II, 16; Miner and Ar-
tisan, II, 17; National La-
bourer, I, 360, 375; National
Trades' Union, I, 360; New Eng-
land Artisan, I, 360; New Eng-
land Mechanic, II, 16; official,
I, 360; II, 278, 281; People's
Rights, I, 527; Philadelphia
Trades' Union, I, 360; Portland
Mechanic, I, 291; Practical Poli-
tician and Workingmen's Advo-
cate, I, 291; Reform, Die, I,
618; Republik der Arbeiter, I,
507; revolutionary, I, 564; Sen-
tinel, I, 248, 268; Soziale Repub-
lik, II, 16; Subterranean, I,
527; Washingtonian, I, 360;
Working Man's Advocate, II,
16; Working Man's National
Advocate, II, 618; Working
Man's Party, I, 268; Young
America, I, 530.
See also, Alarm, The; Arbeiter-
stimme; Arbeiterstimme des
Westens; Arbeiter-Zeitung;
Boycotter, The; Daily Evening
Voice; Delaware Free Press;
Delnicke Listy; Emancipator,
Milwaukee; Fincher's Trades'
Review; Glejcheit, Die; John
Swinton's Paper; Labor Stand-
ard; Leader, The; Mechanics'
Free Press; Milwaukee Sozial-
ist; National Socialist; New
Yorker Volkszeitung; Nye Tid;
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